Motivational Dimensions Research Articles

Development of P-TMDRE Blended Teaching Mode on E-Commerce Foundation Course in Secondary Vocational School

This research originates from the challenges faced in the teaching of depth, systematization, and coherence in the current blended teaching mode, which is based on an innovatively constructed P-TMDRE blended teaching mode of the “E-commerce foundation course” in secondary vocational schools, which is belived to improve students’ grades, due to its emphasis of in-depth systemic learning. The sample uses the method of target sampling to select 17 experts; the course practice is aimed at 80 sophomores majoring in e-commerce, divided into 40 participants in the experimental group and 40 participants in the control group. Four rounds of expert review using the Delphi method: first round: brainstorming; second round: expert opinion review stage; third round: re-evaluation stage based on the previous round of evaluation opinions; fourth round: identify, resolve, and report Workable ideas. Through the pre-test and post-test of the quasi-experimental method, the student’s grades and deep system learning ability are tested, and the effectiveness of the P-TMDRE blended teaching mode is further confirmed. Using Delphi technology to build five modules of the P-TMDRE blended teaching mode of the “E-commerce foundation course” course. After the teaching application, the average post-test scores of the control group and the experimental group were 64.765 and 75.252, with a difference of 10.487 points, indicating that the learners’ academic performance has been significantly improved. On the motivation dimension of deep systems learning, the pre-test and post-test averages are 2.91 and 4.14. In terms of learning engagement, the mean values of the pre-test and post-test were 2.93 and 4.15. In terms of deep system learning strategies, the mean values of the pre-test and post-test of the learners in the experimental group were 2.96 and 4.17, indicating that the deep system learning ability of the learners has been significantly improved.

How micro- (vs. mega-) influencers generate word of mouth in the digital economy age: The moderating role of mindset

Emerging research on social media influencer (SMI) marketing differentiates between micro-influencers and mega-influencers. In the present research, we establish that these two types of SMIs can yield different levels of consumer intention to generate word of mouth (WOM). Specifically, consumers are more likely to generate WOM about the endorsements made by micro- (vs. mega-) influencers. Importantly, however, such an effect of SMI type on the intention to generate WOM occurs only when consumers adopt a growth (but not fixed) mindset. This is because consumers with a growth (vs. fixed) mindset are more likely to rely on motivational attributions to judge people and their observed behaviors, causing them to perceive micro- (vs. mega-) influencers and their endorsements as more trustworthy. Consistent with this explanation, the qualifying effect of the consumer mindset on generating WOM is attenuated in the presence of other factors that increase endorsement trustworthiness, such as strong-tie recommendations. Our findings offer novel theoretical insights into how consumers perceive SMI endorsements and practical managerial guidance for generating WOM on social media.

The Interplay Between L2 Motivation and Proficiency in Predicting EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Engagement

Drawing on self-determination theory and L2 pragmatics, this study scrutinizes how two motivational dimensions (autonomous and controlled) can affect EFL learners’ behavioral engagement in learning pragmatics across various English proficiency levels. One hundred ninety-eight Saudi EFL learners were surveyed for their English proficiency level, L2 motivation, and pragmatic engagement. The findings revealed an overall significant positive correlation between EFL learners’ L2 motivation and pragmatic engagement. Autonomous and controlled motivations were significantly and positively correlated with pragmatic engagement among all the English proficiency groups. Learners with advanced proficiency exhibited significantly higher correlations than their counterparts, indicating that L2 motivation mediated by proficiency predicted pragmatic engagement. Learners with higher levels of English proficiency were more sensitive to the pragmatic aspects of the language and, therefore, more motivated toward active engagement in pragmatically oriented contexts than intermediate and upper-intermediate learners.

Investor Responses to Corporate Donation Frequency Strategies: The Mediating Roles of Bidirectional Motive Attributions

Corporate donation is an important business strategy, but not all donations can yield the expected positive outcomes. Thus, it is urgent to know what donation strategies firms should use to obtain positive responses from different stakeholders. By conducting two experimental studies, we explore which donation frequency strategy, one-time or multiple-time donations, drives more positive investor responses and the difference in the mediating roles of altruistic/egoistic bidirectional motive attributions. The results show that for donation projects supporting ongoing causes, a multiple-time strategy leads to investors having more positive judgments of a firm’s future earnings prospects and higher investment desirability rather than a one-time strategy because it induces more altruistic attributions. Although investors make both altruistic and egoistic attributions for both strategies, only the mediating role of altruistic attribution exists, whereas that of egoistic attribution does not. Our research contributes to the study of corporate donation strategies and corporate social responsibility (including corporate donation) motive attribution, providing valuable insights for academic research, corporate decision makers, and stakeholders invested in responsible business practices.

Understanding Community Participation in Tree Planting and Management in Deforested Areas in Cameroon's Western Highlands.

Deforestation and forest degradation continue to take place at alarming rates in Africa despite global net forest loss reductions. This is prompting large-scale forest restoration involving community volunteers to prevent, halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity for the sustainable development of forest landscapes in Africa. The study explored the motivations, challenges, barriers and negotiation strategies of community volunteers in ecosystem restoration and conservation initiatives in Cameroon's Western Highlands (Mount Bamboutos landscape), given that many such interventions are not achieving desired targets and goals. A total of 134 respondents involving farmers and local implementing NGO workers were interviewed, using semi-structured open-ended questionnaires. One focus group discussion was held with paramount traditional rulers to assess the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the community-led ecosystem restoration and conservation initiative. The principal components analysis with oblique (Direct oblimin) rotation was used to reduce the number of constitutive items in each dimension of motivation, challenge and barrier to community participation. Linear regression analysis was used to examine how the different dimensions of motivations, challenges and barriers influence community participation. Community participation was initially driven more by environmental motivations given the highly deforested and degraded Mount Bamboutos landscape, but later on driven more by economic and community motivations. Social factors were least expressed and non-significant predictors of participation. Community participation was primarily limited by management, financial, psychological, personal, and information challenges and barriers. Providing financial incentives to cover daily subsistence costs of food and transport was a key negotiation strategy that increased community participation. Conservation organisations should capitalise on environment, community and social motivational appeals during community education and awareness campaigns to increase voluntary community participation. The local knowledge on ecosystem restoration and conservation motivations, challenges, barriers, negotiation strategies, recommendations and SWOT analysis provide relevant baseline information for environment management decision-makers in Cameroon and other Sub-Saharan African countries.

Innovative Teaching Behavior and Environment in Promoting Task Motivation Among Elementary School Teachers

Teachers are expected to establish and embody an innovative teaching behavior that includes idea generation, idea championing, idea implementation, and opportunity exploration that are necessary for them to cope to the rapid educational changes. Additionally, innovative work environment also contributes to the teacher’s task motivation. The purpose of the study is to find out if innovative teaching behavior and environment promotes elementary school teacher’s task motivation . Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions. 1) To what extent does innovative teaching behavior manifest in teachers in terms of: Idea Generation; Idea Championing; Idea Implementation; and Opportunity Exploration? 2) What are the perceptions of teacher’s relative innovative work environment in terms of: Flexible Working Place; Inspiring Interior; Venues for relaxation; and Sense of Ownership? 3) What are the perceptions of teachers relative to task motivation in terms of: Responsibility; Achievement; Self-Development; and Independence? 4) Is there significant relationship between innovative teaching behavior and task motivation? 5) Is there significant relationship between innovative teaching environment and task motivation? Results revealed a significant relationship between innovative teaching behavior and task motivation, except for the domain of innovative teaching behavior particularly Idea Generation to the dimensions of task motivation in terms achievement and self-development. It also revealed a significant relationship between the Innovative Teaching Environment and Task Motivation. Thus, the hypotheses are rejected.

Factors influencing engagement in advance care planning in the community: A mixed-research synthesis

Abstract Background The development of innovative Advance Care Planning (ACP) health behaviour change interventions for adults (≥50 years old) in the community should be informed by a findings synthesis. The objectives of this review were to (a) identify stakeholders' perspectives on facilitators and barriers to ACP behaviours and (b) map these factors across the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation dimensions of behaviour (COM-B model). Methods This hybrid mixed-research synthesis followed a published protocol. Content analysis was applied to the results sections of the included studies. Data transformation and triangulation processes underpinned findings integration (4,5). Results The review included 117 records and studies recruited patients (62%), service providers (29%), and trusted others (9%). ACP behaviours were ACP as a general concept, (41%), communication (28.7%), documentation (22%), decision-making (5.3%), or surrogate appointment (3%). Ten categories of influencing factors were identified, ranked according to frequency of reporting. They included Connectedness, Psychological Factors, Metapreferences, Service Provision, Temporality, Sociodemographic Characteristics, Literacy, Resources, Experience, and Macro-Level Factors. Their sub-categories (52 in total) were mapped across the COM-B model. The most frequently reported Motivation sub-categories were Comfort and Readiness (n = 78), Actors and Roles Requirements (n = 56), and Perceptions and Beliefs (n = 45). The Opportunity dimension included Communication and Understanding (n = 43), Effect of the Other (n = 42), and Involvement and Collaboration (n = 41). The top Capability sub-category was ACP literacy (n = 43). Discussion The triangulation of stakeholders' perspectives facilitated identification a complex array of factors influencing ACP behaviours. Their mapping across the COM-B model informed future research, policy, and ACP intervention development. Key messages • Stakeholders’ engagement in ACP behaviours is influenced by a complex array of factors, with the majority of them falling into the categories of motivation and opportunity. • Future ACP interventions design need to build on this learning and develop strategies and policies that support meaningful stakeholders’ engagement in ACP activities, including their collaboration.

Virtual reality technology for workplace training: The case for developing cultural intelligence

Cultural intelligence (CQ) is becoming increasingly important in today’s globally interconnected business world, where employees from various national cultures work collaboratively. This research uses immersive virtual reality (VR) technology as a training device to help narrow the existing knowledge gaps in CQ scholarly literature and corporate diversity training. A VR head-mounted device was used to capture qualitative and quantitative data from participants to conduct a mixed methods study. After participants engaged in the virtual simulation, a method triangulation approach - using deductive thematic analysis, word frequency analysis, sentiment analysis, and correlational analysis - was used to draw conclusions from their reflections on CQ development. Results revealed a convergence of participant statements, sentiments, and CQ scores. In addition, the emerging themes aligned with the behavioral, cognitive, and motivational dimensions of the CQ construct. A fourth theme - VR experience - also emerged from participant reflections. Sentiments concerning their immersive experience in VR were largely positive. Lastly, the quantitative scores obtained by administering the CQ measurement scale showed a high motivational CQ score indicating participant eagerness to continue engaging in the VR environment. The topical themes that emerged from this study offer theoretical contributions and practical guidelines for CQ scholars, management researchers interested in exploring VR, and corporate training managers.

The impact of transformational leadership on enhancing organizational trust: Moderating role of empowerment

Worker empowerment is one of the main objectives of any organization. The purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust (trust in coworkers, trust in organization management, and trust in supervisors). In addition, it examines whether workers’ empowerment moderates the mentioned impact. An analytical descriptive approach was adopted, and a survey collected relevant data. A stratified random sample included 294 department managers, branch managers, and heads of departments who work in Jordanian telecommunications companies (Zain, Orange, and Umniah). The study employed SPSS and AMOS 21 for data analysis and hypotheses testing. The paper revealed a significant impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust, except for the ideal influence and inspirational motivation dimensions. Furthermore, workers’ empowerment significantly moderates the impact of transformational leadership on organizational trust at Jordan’s telecommunications companies (Zain, Orange, and Umniah). The study recommends improving transformational leadership methods in telecom businesses as one of the most critical administrative leadership techniques. It is vital to ensure the continuation of telecom business leaders in these companies to foster organizational trust between company workers and administrative leaders. Additionally, future studies should find new funding sources, identify practical ways to put strategies into practice for intellectual stimulation and arousal in these companies, and conduct more studies on transformational leadership, organizational trust, and empowerment.

Do illegitimate tasks matter for registered nurses’ work motivation? A cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative sample of Swedish nurses

BackgroundA challenge in Western countries is the growing need for registered nurses (RNs’) in hospitals, primary care and home healthcare. Decreasing illegitimate tasks and strengthening RNs’ work motivation are some strategies to address this challenge. ObjectiveOur overall aim was to explore the association between RNs' experiences of illegitimate tasks and work motivation operationalised as four dimensions: work engagement, opportunities to provide high-quality care, employer satisfaction and intention to remain at the workplace. To address this aim, three specific research questions were asked: (1) Is there an association between illegitimate tasks and work motivation? (2) Do the levels of reported illegitimate tasks differ between RNs working in hospitals and those working in primary care or home healthcare settings? (3) Do associations between illegitimate work tasks and work motivation differ with type of workplace? DesignA cross-sectional design. MethodsWe used responses from a stratified population of RNs in Sweden, n = 2,333, working either in hospitals, primary care or home healthcare. Calibrating weights were applied in all analyses to ascertain the generalisability of the findings. Illegitimate tasks were measured with the Bern Illegitimate Tasks Scale. Data were analysed using chi-squared tests and linear or logistic regression analysis. Interaction was measured on the multiplicative scale by adding an interaction term to the fully adjusted models. ResultsOverall, approximately 25 % of RNs reported frequently experiencing illegitimate tasks. There were statistically significant associations between higher perceptions of illegitimate tasks and lower ratings in the four dimensions of work motivation: work engagement [beta coefficient [beta] = -0.14, confidence interval [CI] 95 % = -0.18; -0.10], opportunities to provide high-quality care [beta = -0.46, CI 95 % = -0.51; -40] and employer satisfaction [beta = -0.60, CI 95 % = -0.67; -0.54]. Experiencing higher levels of illegitimate tasks also related to a decreased intention to remain at the workplace [illegitimate tasks: odds ratio = 0.32, CI 95 % = 0.27; 0.29]. RNs who worked in home healthcare reported higher levels of illegitimate tasks than RNs who worked in hospitals. ConclusionsReducing the amount of illegitimate tasks may contribute to counteracting the shortage of RNs by increasing work motivation and willingness to remain at the workplace.

A game-based augmented reality navigation system to support makerspace user education in a university library

PurposeA makerspace has recently been identified as an essential learning field for cultivating students’ creative and thinking abilities. Creating a makerspace service within a university library is vital, as it fosters innovation, interdisciplinary learning, practical skills, entrepreneurship and career readiness while transforming the library into a dynamic centre for hands-on education and collaboration. Nevertheless, the wide-ranging functions and uses of makerspace equipment can potentially lead to a situation where librarians are overwhelmed by their duties due to manpower constraints. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel game-based augmented reality navigation system (GARNS) based on the Octalysis gamification framework and scaffolding theory to support makerspace user education, hoping to promote learners’ learning motivation and their immersive experience and to enhance the learning performance of makerspace user education.Design/methodology/approachWith a true experimental research method, 24 grade 11 students from a high school in Keelung City, Taiwan, were recruited to participate in the experiment on makerspace user education. Among them, ten students were randomly assigned to the experimental group using the GARNS and the other seven students were randomly assigned to a control group using the Web navigation system. The remaining seven students were assigned to a second control group using the narrative guided tour with a librarian to conduct makerspace user education.FindingsAnalytical results show that learners can achieve significant learning effectiveness using the GARNS, Web navigation system or traditional narrative guided tour with a librarian for makerspace user education. There were no significant differences in learning effectiveness and motivation neither between the GARNS group and the narrative guided tour with a librarian group nor between the Web navigation system group and the narrative guided tour with a librarian group. However, there were significant differences in learning effectiveness and motivation in terms of the value and expectation dimensions of learning motivation between the GARNS group and the Web navigation system group, and the GARNS group was significantly better than the Web navigation system group.Practical implicationsThe study’s practical implication on makerspace user education is to reduce the manpower of a university library with makerspace services by the proposed GARNS that can offer a practical solution to enhance the learning effectiveness and motivation of makerspace through immersive game-based autonomous learning. Additionally, the study’s theoretical contribution lies in its innovative combination of game-based learning and scaffolding theory, while its practical significance stems from its potential to revolutionize makerspace user education, enhance motivation and performance and influence the broader landscape of educational technology.Originality/valueThis study combines game-based learning with augmented reality tools to develop a novel GARNS, which provides an innovative and effective learning tool suitable for the characteristics of makerspace and contributes to promoting makerspace user education and diversified learning modes. Additionally, most interviewees believed that using GARNS for educating makerspace users could assist them in consistently evaluating, choosing and discovering educational tasks in a library makerspace. This study contributes to promoting the popularization of makerspace user education.

Linking public service motivation, perceived external career barriers, and public-sector attraction

ABSTRACT This study explores the association of different dimensions of public service motivation (PSM) and perceived external career barriers with the attraction, including general attractiveness and prestige, of the public sector in Vietnam. Perceived external career barriers are negatively related to the public sector’s prestige and applicants’ intentions to work in the sector. The analyses also reveal that individuals who demonstrate compassion exhibit stronger intentions to join the sector. Individual intentions, however, are influenced more by perceived external career barriers than by compassion. Also, there is a significant relationship between self-sacrifice and public organisation’s general attractiveness as well as between attraction to public services and perceived prestige. By contrast, the commitment to public values dimension shows no significant correlation with any aspects of public sector attraction. Interestingly, we discovered that a higher level of self-sacrifice would dampen the negative relationship between perceived external career barriers and perceived prestige. These findings highlight the role of the two affective-based PSM dimensions on public organisational attraction. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Investigating preservice teachers' field-specific ability beliefs: Do they believe innate talent is essential for success in their subject?

Recent research proposes that teachers' mindsets vary regarding the importance of students' innate ability for success. While growth and fixed mindsets capture beliefs about intelligence, field-specific ability beliefs focus on a specific domain. Higher FAB scores indicate greater emphasis on innate ability. The present study examines the factorial validity of both field-specific beliefs and general mindsets and their associations with teacher motivation. Drawing on cross-sectional data from 1192 preservice teachers, results provide empirical support for a distinction between FABs and fixed mindset. Moreover, FABs differ significantly among preservice teachers from various subjects. Finally, FABs significantly correlate with teachers' motivational attributes.

The Influence of Bureaucrats' Communication Behavior on Performance of Metro City Government

As an autonomous region, Metro City is committed to running regional government effectively. Government performance is a measure of the success of regional government. Bureaucrats' communication behavior is a variable that can influence local government performance. Pre-surveys conducted within the Metro City government gave an impression of the government's performance, including a lack of effective communication, low knowledge and work skills, an inappropriate understanding of the roles and functions that bureaucrats must carry out, familiarity with forms of instructional communication, and differences in perceptions about provisions. who is guided. This research aims to determine the influence of bureaucrats' communication behavior on the performance of the Metro City government by analyzing the components that surround it through the dimensions of communication effectiveness, empathy, knowledge, skills, and work motives of bureaucrats. The research method uses a survey method with quantitative and qualitative data. Determination of the sample using stratified proportional random sampling. Field data was collected through a questionnaire instrument. The research results show that the communication behavior of bureaucrats in the Metro City government has a significant influence on its performance. Bureaucrats' communication behavior is reflected, among other things, in communication effectiveness. Communication is the central point of strength that unites so that there is coordination, unity, and action that moves towards the vision and mission. The easiest way to create effective communication from the research results obtained is by transferring ideas clearly so that the message conveyed is captured by bureaucrats in the same way as it was sent.

Athlete Activism, Human Rights, and the 2020 Olympic Games: A Twitter Analysis of Raven Saunders' Activism

The study considers Raven Saunders' protest at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (creating an X with raised arms on the podium of the medal award ceremony as a symbol of support for oppressed people, hereby violating the International Olympic Committee's [IOC's] Rule 50.2 Guidelines) and assesses Twitter users' reactions. The authors used a single case study approach and applied the general inductive approach to analyze 3,460 tweets. About 28.7% (15.2%) of users responded positively (negatively) to the athlete's activism. Discrete emotions often accompanied beliefs that relied on dispositional (but not situational) motive attributions, leading to favorable or unfavorable attitudes. About 48.1% made neutral posts. Important to event management, the IOC as the regulator of athlete's freedom of speech was mostly perceived critically (i. e., the IOC should 1) listen rather than speak, 2) prioritize better, 3) increase their competency, and 4) the IOC's investigation is wrong), while some users demanded further investigation.

Cultivating a culture of inquiry: exploring the factors influencing the integration of research and teaching in higher education institutions

PurposeTo determine the factors influencing the perception of undergraduate students toward research–teaching nexus and also to examine its impact on the attitude of the students.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a quantitative design to examine the perceptions of students in higher education institutions in India. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the data and test the hypothesis. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire for a sample of 188 students from higher education institutions (HEIs). Further, in line with the purpose of the study and to test the hypotheses, the study used descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis.FindingsThe study demonstrates that the factors influencing the perception of undergraduate students toward research teaching nexus were identified using principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation, conducted on 27 measurement items. In addition, the results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that research-based, research-tutored and research motivation dimensions, significantly impact the graduate students' perception of research–teaching nexus.Practical implicationsThe outcomes of this research may become valid input to HEI regulators, researchers and teachers while framing the policies and implementation of the same about the pertinent issues discussed in the paper. Further, it contributes to the existing theory that teaching–research quality and level of motivation are also the predominant factors influencing the teaching–research nexus among students. In addition, the outcome of this paper also supports HEIs to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) at large.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the ongoing debate and scarce literature on research–teaching nexus at the higher education level. The factors derived in this paper propose a framework for aligning teaching and research in academic programs to create high-quality human resource in the nation.

Other-Oriented Empathetic Concern as the Underlying Factor of Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives and Its Positive Application for Social Well-Being.

In recent years, research on interpersonal emotion regulation has garnered increasing attention. Extrinsic emotion regulation (EER) or the regulation of others' emotions is associated with individual personal relationships and mental health outcomes. However, investigations into why people engage in extrinsic emotion regulation are relatively rare. The current study aimed to identify the underlying factor structure of the motives of extrinsic emotion regulation, based on the Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives Scale (EERMS), to examine how these factors related to people's moral identity and social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants of this study were 464 adults (73.1% females) from China who completed an online survey based on EERMS and other related measures. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to examine the underlying structure of EER motives followed by a bifactor EFA (bi-EFA). Analyses revealed that the bi-EFA model, with an overarching factor (other-oriented empathetic concern) and three specific factors (self-orientation, reciprocation, and obligation), was best applied to the data. These factors were differently associated with social well-being indicators (moral self-identity, peer relationship quality, and perceived social support). This preliminary study supports the use of a hierarchical perspective to understand the different dimensions of motives for extrinsic emotion regulation.

RESEARCH ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND INTENTIONS OF POTENTIAL CRUISE PASSENGERS IN TURKEY

The study aims to explain the relationship between the motivations and intentions and to evaluate the differences according to their demographic characteristics. A quantitative research method was used in the study, and a questionnaire was used as a data collection technique. The research was conducted in Turkey and the data obtained from 253 questionnaires were analyzed. In conclusion, the research found that there is a positive and significant relationship between learning/discovery & thrill, which is one of the motivation dimensions, and intention. Furthermore, it was concluded that people between the ages of 46-65 have a higher intention to go on a cruise compared to people aged 25 and younger. The results obtained from this study can contribute to the advertising, promotion, marketing, and sales processes of cruise agencies in the Turkish cruise tourism market.

The Impact of the 5E Learning Model Improved with Concept Maps on Motivation

The examination of students’ motivation towards lessons is an important aspect of educational studies. The constructivist approach significantly impacts the improvement of students’ motivation. The present study aims to examine the use of the 5E learning model with concept maps to support students’ motivation and compare the 5E approach and the classical approach to teaching chemistry in terms of motivational dimensions. The main subject of this study is an assessment of students’ motivation using the 5E learning model, which promotes student-centred teaching. The study was conducted with 100 8th-grade lower secondary school students who attended a school in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) during the spring semester of the 2018/19 school year. The study was conducted with two randomly selected groups: experimental (EG) and control (CG). The lessons of the EG were taught using the 5E Learning Model Improved with Concept Maps, while lessons of the CG were conducted using the current, conventional teaching method. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was applied as a data collection tool in the study. Descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used in data analysis. As a result, it was determined that the EG students’ motivation scores showed a significant difference from the CG students’ motivation scores. Furthermore, a significant difference was established between the EG and CG students’ intrinsic goal orientation and test anxiety post-test scores. Although the EG students’ averages for other sub-dimensions were higher than the CG students’ averages, no significant difference was found between the groups.

Why Asian Restaurants? An Exploratory Study of UK Customers’ Motivation to Visit

The purpose of this study is to expand the understanding of Asian restaurants by examining customers’ motivation to visit Asian restaurants in the UK. This study adopted qualitative study approach and the results of semi-structured in-depth interviews revealed motivational attributes categorized into six motivational factors for customers to choose Asian restaurants: general attributes; sensory appeal-spiciness; variety and for change; curiosity; authenticity; and cultural experience. The overall study results suggested that how Asian restaurants enhance its experience to attract more customers and how destination management organization can cooperate.