Difficulties In Translation Research Articles

아랍어 무정성 주어 타동사 구문의 한국어 및 중국어 번역 양상 연구 – 주어의 변경 양상을 중심으로 –

Arabic, Korean and Chinese differ in many aspects including linguistic typology classification, sentence structure, etc. which yield difficulties in translation. The purpose of this study is to examine the translation patterns of Arabic transitives including inanimate subject into Korean and Chinese focusing on the Arabic novel, The Bamboo Stalk, and its Korean and Chinese direct translations. Transitive sentences with inanimate subjects were extracted from the Arabic text and divided into two groups: inanimate subjects with animate objects and inanimate subjects with inanimate objects. The findings showed the similarity between Korean and Chinese in the notion of the inanimate subject and the tendency to render the inanimate subjects of Arabic into other sentence components. Specifically, Arabic inanimate subjects were rendered into adverb phrases, predicates, and objects in both Korean and Chinese TT, while the rendition into a complement was only observed in Chinese. Moreover, the syntactic status of an inanimate subject accompanied by an animate object was more likely to be altered (60.9% in Korean, 62.1% in Chinese), in which case, an animate object was upgraded to a subject of the TT, while the transitive clause was rendered into intransitive or passive phrase.

Neurohormonal modulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal condition of elevated pulmonary pressures, complicated by right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension appears in various forms; one of those is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is particularly characterised by progressive remodelling and obstruction of the smaller pulmonary vessels. Neurohormonal imbalance in PAH patients is associated with worse prognosis and survival. In this back-to-basics article on neurohormonal modulation in PAH, we provide an overview of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that have been tested pre-clinically and clinically. The benefit of neurohormonal modulation strategies in PAH patients has been limited by lack of insight into how the neurohormonal system is changed throughout the disease and difficulties in translation from animal models to human trials. We propose that longitudinal and individual assessments of neurohormonal status are required to improve the timing and specificity of neurohormonal modulation strategies. Ongoing developments in imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography may become helpful to determine neurohormonal status in PAH patients in different disease stages and optimise individual treatment responses.

MAIN DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING CONTRACTUAL DOCUMENTATION (ENGLISH/RUSSIAN)

The article is devoted to one of the most common translation problems in the sphere of law, namely finding the adequate equivalents in vocabulary, especially it concerns foreign terminology, in grammar and in text structure.While it is well-known that equivalence is one of the key concepts in translation, the research on practical applications of this principle in different professional spheres is still limited. With the rise of the interest to the machine translation, the special attention to the most common translation problems in the sphere of law can contribute to the overall understanding of the translation process. The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on comparative, structural, socio-linguistic and socio-cultural aspects of translation. The material presented in the article is based on the original contracts developed in English and Russian for the major oil and gas projects to be implemented in Russia 2006-2009. The examples of vocabulary, grammar and text structures equivalents can show the reasons for emergence of the main translation difficulties - polysemantic structure of some terms, absence of concept in either language, dependence of the meaning of the term on the context, idiomatic expressions, historically established traditions in legal text formation – emphasizing the idea that equivalence principle should be considered as a priority when translating contractual documentation.

The Design of E-C Parallel Corpus in Marine Environment and the Translation Difficulties of World Ocean Review

The construction of marine environment parallel corpus is based on the translation of The World Ocean Review. The text translation has been completed, and a term list has been built. The next step is to construct the parallel corpus, and the researchers should design the corpus in order to avoid some problems before starting. During the translation process, the researchers also find some problems and try to solve them which could supply some suggestion to the future E-C translation of scientific text.

Translating texts on business and economics: some pitfalls for perspective translators

The current study aimed at investigating the most common translation problems that students of the additional professional education program “Translator for specific purpose” of Kazan Federal University had while translating texts on business and economics from Russian into English. To fulfill the aim of the research 61 participants were given authentic materials from periodicals for translation. The texts contained lexical - phraseological features that belong to the most common difficulties in translation: economic terms, non-equivalent vocabulary, neologisms, idioms, euphemisms, abbreviations. The findings of the study showed that the students have good understanding of translating the main economic terms and know the techniques in translating. The biggest challenge they faced were connected with translating idioms and faux friends. Neologisms seemed to be not difficult but quite challenging. Interviews that followed the translation tasks helped to identify perspective translators’ subjective difficulties and techniques they tackled them. The data obtained from the participants’ answers could provide profound information for syllabus design.

صعوبات الطلبة في الترجمة من اللغة العربية إلى اللغة الإندونيسية

Translation is an important part of students in learning Arabic, because it will help them in the learning process. But most of them face difficulties when trying to translate reading texts from Arabic to Indonesian. Difficulties of students in translation will hinder the way of achieve a goal of learning. The purpose of this study is to determine the difficulties of students in translating Arabic to Indonesian. The results of this study indicate that the difficulties faced by students include the form of translation difficulties themselves in the form of difficulties in choosing the meaning, form, and rules. And also includes several factors in the form of linguistic, non-linguistic, internal, and external factors.

Representation-guided generative adversarial network for unpaired photo-to-caricature translation

Imitating the painting style of one caricature source is an interesting and important application. It requires to capture the caricature style from one reference image, and generate target caricature image with similar style representation based on one source photo. Recently, image-to-image translation is a proven and potential framework for photo-to-caricature task. However, it still suffers from three drawbacks: (1) annotating aligned photo-to-caricature pairs is expensive and time-consuming; (2) the photo-to-caricature requires to capture and exaggerate the high-level semantic representations; and (3) the multiple painting styles increase the translation difficulty. To tackle these issues, we propose an innovative representation-guided photo-to-caricature translation framework based on unpaired images. The representation-guided scheme is designed to transfer the selected caricature style. To improve image synthesis quality, we introduce one feature-pyramid adversarial network (FPAN) to provide multiple feature-level constrains. The comprehensive experiments on various caricature datasets show excellent imitation capabilities of the proposed method.

Проблема перевода художественных метафор с английского языка на русский в романе Л. Мориарти «Тайна моего мужа» (“The Husband’s Secret”)

The goal of the given research is to identify the ways to translate individual metaphors from English into Russian. The scientific novelty is a new approach to metaphor translation: in certain contexts, depending on the background knowledge of English and Russian speakers as culture bearers, the denotative component of a metaphor might prevail over the aesthetic one, which makes it possible not to translate the metaphor at all. The conducted analysis allows for the conclusion that reconstructing culture non-specific components of individual metaphors presents no difficulties for translators. Among the techniques to translate culture specific metaphors, the author identifies demetaphorization and full substitution of the original metaphor.

Effects of thinking aloud on cognitive effort in translation

This study investigates the effects of thinking aloud on cognitive effort in translation as a function of source-text difficulty level. It does so by considering time on task, duration of different translation phases (i.e., orientation, draft, revision), cognitive effort of processing the source and target texts, and translation quality. Twenty participants took part in an English–Chinese translation experiment, which comprised two matched sessions – translating while thinking aloud and translating silently. Their translation processes were recorded by means of an eye tracker and a key logger. An adapted NASA Task Load Index was employed to elicit their subjective assessments of translation difficulty levels. The quality of their translations was evaluated. The results of the study reveal a number of important effects of thinking aloud on cognitive effort during translation: on translation duration, cognitive effort, the perceived level of difficulty of a translation as measured by NASA-TLX, and on translating easier texts.

Перекладацькі особливості локалізації англомовних відеоігор (на матеріалі серії ігор «Subnautica»)

Video games are continuously growing in popularity with every year. As the video game market is growing, more games get localized into other languages including Ukrainian. There is still not enough research on translation aspects of video game localization although translation scholars and localization experts have created a solid theoretical framework for such studies. The article deals with the translation and localization features of English video games. It is important to differentiate between translation and localization. The former refers to the entire process of adapting digital products for new markets including technical, business and cultural issues. The latter is an inherent part of localization but it only involves linguistic issues. It was revealed that the main features of video game discourse are interactivity and multimodality, i.e. the application of multiple semiotic systems within one medium. They both influence the types of text in video games, thus being important aspects for localization. It is established that the main purpose of video game discourse is to engage the player. It was pointed out that in-game texts are the main assets for localization. They are divided into a user interface, narrative and descriptive passages and dialogues. Each of them serves a different communicative function. Based on the survival action-adventure video game series Subnautica, the most common translation difficulties were established. One of them is the translation of non-equivalent lexical units that are mostly presented by names of fictional animals, plants and technology. The analysis of chosen translation strategies showed that the most efficient way of dealing is realizing the motivation behind their naming and creating an equivalent that would not contradict their depiction in the game. It was stated that pragmatic translation difficulties concern creating the same communicative effect as in the original. To deal with them, the translation should have a deep understanding of video game mechanics. Stylistic translation difficulties in video games are similar to those in fiction. They concern the rendition of different registers and stylistic devices in the target language. Technical translation difficulties were described as a special type inherent to video game localization. They might be caused by character limits and variables. To solve them, the translator often resorts to compression, omission and the complete restructuring of a sentence. Thus, video game localization is a complex type of translation that shares similar features with software localization, literary and audiovisual translation. Video game localizers often employ creative transformation to deal with technological limitations. Translators in this field should be aware of all types of in-game texts and their function to correctly render them in the target language.

Reading Literary Texts In The FL Classroom: ?, Enjoyment Or Difficulty Of Translation

Reading Literary Texts In The FL Classroom: ?, Enjoyment Or Difficulty Of Translation

Translation of English and Chinese Idioms from the Perspective of Cultural Differences

With the increasingly frequent exchanges between countries, personnel interaction is increasingly close the rapid spread of culture. Language, as a communication carrier, is indispensable, and idioms are a very important part of the language. Idioms are a refined form of language produced in people's long-term production and life. They are deeply rooted in the national culture and have become a difficulty in translation due to their high cultural content. As the language with the largest number of speakers in the world, English and Chinese idioms have their own cultural differences and are indispensable cultural wealth in the world. In order to ensure that the original text and the translation can complement each other in content and form, it is necessary to master the translation of idioms. The purpose of this paper is to study the perspective of cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms translation, this paper analyzes the method and skill of English and Chinese idioms translation, adopt the method of research experiment analyzed the influence of cultural differences on English and Chinese idioms translation, in the process of English and Chinese idioms translation now have some problems, for example, analysis, and puts forward some Suggestions. It is hoped that the translation of idioms can be considered from the perspective of cultural differences and the principle of translation should be followed to make the translation not only convey the meaning but also convey the essence to the greatest extent. According to the survey data, 80% of the scholars not only need a certain cultural basis as the background, but also show a kind of cultural difference, which has an important impact on the translation of English and Chinese idioms. Only by understanding the differences and unity of English and Chinese culture in a practical way, can idiom translation become more fluent in a real sense.

Translation of economic terms and abbreviations for websites (from project-syndicate to inosmi.ru)

The relevance of studying the methods and problems of translating terms, the equivalence of terms and abbreviations of economic orientation is a necessary condition for cross-language communication. Linguists are interested in studying the development of financial, economic, and managerial terminology of a peculiar language, plus studying the problems of their translation. A translation analyses is made to find peculiarities in terms interpretation on the internet. In English, as well as in Russian, the vocabulary is characterized by a variety of multicomponent terms. Most often, economic terms of the English language are derived phrases formed according to the morphological method, which present difficulties in translation and require various transformations.

Difficulties of Translation: the Quranic Term al-Ṣamad, its Interpretation and the History of Orthodox-Muslim Relations

Difficulties of Translation: the Quranic Term al-Ṣamad, its Interpretation and the History of Orthodox-Muslim Relations

Translation difficulties from english to Russian

The article describes some translation difficulties of the words from English to Russian. As we know understanding foreign language text is difficult skill which requires good preparation. Even knowledge of grammatical norms and lexis doesn't guarantee best results. Difficulties of translation from English to Russian can appear for different reasons-from the problem of defining the meaning of the word to misunderstanding of syntactic structure of the sentence. So there are some examples given in the article.

Адекватность передачи текстов железнодорожной тематики с япон-ского на русский язык

The article analyzes lexical and grammatical difficulties in translation of articles related to the railway field from Japanese into Russian, and suggests ways of their adequate solution. The main methods of term formation of the studied area in the Japanese language are identified and the methods of their functional implementation in Russian are considered.

Some difficulties of synchronous translation

The article analyses linguistic, psychological and organizational aspects in the work of a simultaneous translator. It gives psycho physiological characteristics, competences and skills which are required for effective work of a translator. Some typical mistakes are analyzed.

American culture-specific items designating status: Translation aspects

The study deals with culture-specific items denoting the status of a person in the novel Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell and its translations into Ukrainian and Russian. The paper focuses around lexemes that functioned during and after the Civil War and nominated the inhabitants of the USA according to their background, political and religious views, social layer, occupation, ethnic or Afro-American identity. Structuring cultural knowledge is manifested in the cultural code, which is verbalised due to the use of the abovementioned groups of words denoting status in the novel under study. With the view to the specificity of the time described, the novel abounds in culture-specific items that cause difficulty in Ukrainian and Russian translations, thus presupposing the translator’s striving for either preservation of the historical epoch in the target text or its substitution with the features of contemporary life. The translation techniques applied are transcoding; borrowing from the English or other European languages; descriptive translation (explicitation); literal translation; neutralization; approximate translation; the use of translational doublets; contextual translation; omission. Research results contribute to the development of cultural translation which studies specific differences of source and target texts with the respect both to the source and target cultures.

The Age of Translation

The Age of Translation

Research on English Translation Based on Functional Equivalence Theory and Genetic Algorithm

With the increasing development of our country and the world, the importance of English as an international language is self‐evident. But we have difficulty in English translation, especially the vocabulary and translation of business English letters, not only because we have different living habits but also because we have different ways of speaking. Based on the research of functional equivalence theory and the calculation of a genetic algorithm, the vocabulary and translation of business English letters will be better improved. This can help us communicate better with each other and learn from the advanced Western experience in China. Through the study of the algorithm, the computational advantages of the algorithm are proved. The study of this English translation model will further improve the progress and promotion of existing translation technology.