Different Phases Of Menstrual Cycle Research Articles

QT corrected and QTc dispersion across different phases of menstrual cycle- A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The gonadal hormones accompanying the menstrual cycle in a female affect the ventricular repolarization regionally in the cardiac muscle as well as affects its recovery time both of which are QTc AND QTd measured conventionally using a non-invasive ECG. A prolonged QTc and QTd are predictors of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine whether the cardiac ventricular repolarization is altered during different phases of menstrual cycle by the endogenous gonadal hormones. Materials and Methods: Thirty eumenorrhic females were examined using 12 lead ECG during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: It was observed that the heart rate in follicular phase was (78.8 ±7.48) while in luteal (84 ± 8.17), R-R interval in follicular was (82±5.89) while in luteal phase was (77±3.69) QT interval in follicular was (0.39±0.09) while in luteal phase was (0.33±0.08), QTc in follicular was (0.43±0.03) while in luteal phase was (0.39±0.03), QTd in follicular was (67 ± 2.30) while in luteal phase was (58±4.08). Conclusion: We hence elucidate interactions between the sex steroids and cardiac conduction dynamics which is characterized by a prolonged QTc and QTd during the follicular phase. Keywords: Endogenous, Gonadal, Menstrual cycle, Repolarization

Cardiovascular responses to sustained isometric hand grip during different phases of menstrual cycle- A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The endogenous gonadal hormones accompanying the menstrual cycle affect the cardiovascular responses to a bout of static isometric exercise. The uncertainty over the consensus as to which phase of menstrual cycle poses greater cardiovascular stress on the female was a question often unanswered. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiovascular responses like heart rate, blood pressure, rate pressure product to static isometric handgrip exercise. Materials and Methods: Thirty eumenorrhic females were examined after using a hand grip dynamometer during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: It was observed that the baseline values of heart rate in follicular phase was (78.8 ±7.48) while in luteal (84 ± 8.17), SBP in follicular phase (113.9 ± 6.63) while luteal phase (115.8 ±5.91), DBP was (72.8 ±6.90) in the follicular phase and (76.5 ± 6.82) in the luteal phase. MVC at 30% was maintained for 1, 2 and 4 mins and it was observed that all the values of HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the luteal phase. The rate of fall to baseline for all the cardiovascular parameters i.e.HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase. Conclusion: The results suggest a greater sympathetic activity during the luteal phase to a bout of static isometric exercise hence it can be inferred that the sex steroids lend themselves to an interaction with the ANS indirectly reflecting in cardiovascular system functioning. Keywords: ANS, Isometric, Gonadal, Oestrogen, Vagal.

The modulatory influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on the parasympathetic tone in sedentary females-A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The cyclical fluctuating gonadal hormones in a female affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system & a decline in parasympathetic neural activity is a forerunner to multiple cardiac conditions like MI, angina etc hence its detection at its inception is primary to institute remedial measures. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine whether the cardiac parasympathetic status of a healthy eumenorrhic female is altered during different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods- Thirty eumenorrhic females were recruited during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle & subjected to battery of parasympathetic autonomic tests. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: The results from 30:15 ratio in follicular phase was (1.19 ±0.05) while in luteal (1.08 ±0.05 ), E:I ratio in follicular ( 1.58 ±0.15 ) while in luteal phase was (1.29 ±0.25), Valsalva ratio in follicular (1.89 ±0.32 ) while in luteal phase was (1.73 ±0.34 )while the values of DBD and Tachycardia ratio were insignificant statistically. Conclusion: We hence conclude that there is an obvious interaction between the gonadal hormones and autonomic nervous system which is reflected by a reduced vagal outflow during luteal phase. Keywords: Autonomic, Deep Breathing difference, Menstrual cycle, Parasympathetic, Vagal.

Cyclical alteration in heart rate variability among young eumenorrheic women

Introduction: The female sex hormones are known to have a cardioprotective role in premenopausal women compared to postmenopausal women.1,2,5 The key hormone estrogen and progesterone shows a cyclical variation along the different phases of menstrual cycle. Parasympathetic activity via vagus is known to improve the cardiac function compared to sympathetic activity.3 Heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the sensitive and non-invasive method to record the cardiac autonomic activity.4 Thus we chose this study to assess how the female sex hormones affect autonomic activity on the heart during the phases of menstrual cycle. Aim: To assess the effect of cyclical alteration in female sex hormones on cardiac autonomic activity by HRV. Materials and Methods: After getting institutional ethics committee clearance, short term HRV (5 minutes) was recorded in fifty young female volunteers aged between 20-30 years within normal range of BMI and regular menstrual cycle in supine posture after 10 minutes rest using PHYSIO PAC PP4 Medicaid system Chandigarh in the autonomic function lab, Department of Physiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Ariyur, Pondicherry. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17 version. Results: The sympathetic parameters like (low frequency domain) LF nu, LF/HF ratio was significantly increased in the premenstrual phase. The parasympathetic parameters like (high frequency domain) HF nu, TP (total power) were significantly increased in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Conclusion: Thus the cardioprotective role of female sex hormones in premenopausal women was more pronounced in the proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. Keywords: Heart rate variability, Cardioprotective, Premenstrual phase, Proliferative phase.

Neuromuscular Control of Ankle-stabilizing Muscles-specific Effects of Sex and Menstrual Cycle.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in neuromuscular control and mechanical properties of the ankle-stabilizing muscles between men and women, and during different phases of menstrual cycle in women. Fifteen women with regular menstrual cycles and 17 male counterparts were included in this study. Electromyographic signals were recorded from the peroneus longus (PL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles while performing three balance tasks. Muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity of muscles were measured using a MyotonPRO in the resting position. Outcomes were measured twice (ovulation and early follicular phases) for women, while measurements were acquired only once for men. Significantly higher tibialis anterior-peroneus longus co-contraction (TA/PL ratio) was observed in all balance tasks in women than in men (p< 0.05); however, significant differences between phases of the menstrual cycle were noted only in the 2 most difficult tasks (p< 0.05). A similar pattern was observed in the postural sway. These results highlight the importance of sex-specific hormonal effects on neuromuscular control and mechanical properties, and as well as the differences during phases of the menstrual cycle. These insights assume significance in the context of developing neuromuscular strategies for the purpose of preventing lower extremity injuries during sports activities.

Assessment Hormonal Disorders of Women in Oral and Vaginal Changes

Hormonal deficiencies may contribute to the development of abnormalities of oral and vaginal tissues, such&#x0D; as pain, desquamation, recurrent oral, vaginal ulceration and delayed post-surgical healing .This study was&#x0D; done to determine the differences of cell activity in oral and vaginal mucosa .&#x0D; A total of 200 females of different age groups were used in this study Oral smears were obtained from the&#x0D; buccal mucosa by scraping the area gently using a wooden tongue depressor while vaginal smears were&#x0D; obtained from the proximal portion of the lateral wall of the vagina using Ayre’s spatula by scraping the area&#x0D; gently . In order to find to change in mucosa during different phases of menstrual cycle .&#x0D; In two groups the present results revealed that vaginal cytological patterns of each group is similar to the&#x0D; oral cytological pattern with some differences .&#x0D; In conclusion significant correlation between the hormonal fluctuations in woman and the degree of&#x0D; maturation of their oral epithelium was revealed in this study .

An investigation of knee position sense, balance, and dual task performance in different phases of menstrual cycle in females with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

BackgroundSex hormones have been thought to play an important role in disease progression and inflammatory activity in females with multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate knee position sense, balance, and dual task performance in different phases of menstrual cycle in females with multiple sclerosis. MethodsThe study included 14 females diagnosed with MS and 13 healthy females with regular menstrual cycles who did not use oral contraceptives. The disability level was determined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. The mental state was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Knee position sense was evaluated with an Acumar dual digital inclinometer (Acu360, Acumar, Lafayette, IN, USA). The balance was measured with the Biodex Balance System (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA). Time taken to complete the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) under 3 conditions (TUG without task, TUG with counting backward from 100 by 3s or listing the names starting with the letter “A” [TUGcognitive], and TUG while carrying three glasses of water on a tray [TUGmotor]) was measured. Measurements were conducted in the early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. ResultsAs a result, it was found that knee position sense, dynamic balance, and dual task performance decreased in the early follicular phase in both the group of females with multiple sclerosis and the control group (p<0.05). The change of dynamic balance and gait performance in the three phases of the menstrual cycle were different between the groups (p<0.05). ConclusionAs a result, it was found that knee position sense, dynamic balance, and dual task performance in females with multiple sclerosis changed throughout the menstrual cycle. The change in dynamic balance and gait performance differed from the control group during the menstrual cycle. Therefore, we think that each phase of the menstrual cycle should be taken into consideration in the follow-up of physiotherapy evaluations in females with multiple sclerosis.

Comparative study of heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure in different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy young women aged 22-40 years

Heart Rate Variability analysis has gained much importance in recent years, as a technique employed to explore the activity of autonomic nervous system (ANS), and as an important early marker for identifying different pathological conditions. Autonomic nervous activities fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the changes in the ANS activity measured by the frequency domain analysis during different phases of menstrual cycle. The subjects consisted of 50 healthy adult females aged 22-40 years who had regular menstrual cycles. The electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were taken during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed by means of two main frequency components that is the low frequency (LF) and the high frequency (HF) components using appropriate software. Heart rate (HR) and blood pr essure (BP) were also recorded. In the frequency domain analysis, the low frequency component (LF) was significantly higher (p&amp;#60;0.01) during the luteal phase and the high frequency component (HF) was significantly higher (p&amp;#60;0.01) in follicular phase. The LF/HF ratio was significantly greater in (p&amp;#60;0.01) the luteal phase compared to follicular and menstrual phases (p&amp;#60;0.001). Changes in Heart rate (HR) were maximum in the luteal phase and minimum in the follicular phase. Blood pressure (BP) did not show any significant change during different phases of menstrual cycle. These findings indicate that sympathetic nervous activity in the luteal phase is greater than in the follicular phase, whereas parasympathetic nervous activity is predominant in the follicular phase.

Cognitive performance and Heart rate variability: The influence of menstrual cycle in young subjects

Menstrual cycle characterized by various dynamic alterations in sex steroidal hormones not only alters the reproductive organs but also various systemic organs and hence higher functions are one among them. This study is an attempt to determine the influence of various hormones on cognitive function using short term heart rate variability analysis in different phases of menstrual cycle. Thirty participants were subjected for the baseline recording of HRV and psychomotor vigilance test and short term memory test along with HRV recording in three subsequent numbers of times to study variations in three different phases of menstrual cycle . Both time domain and frequency domain parameters were studied during resting state and while performing psychomotor vigilance test and short term memory test. The time domain and frequency domain parameters on comparison with resting state to during psychomotor vigilance test and short term memory test parameters were statistically insignificant in all three phases recorded. Unlikely on comparison of heart rate variability parameters both times domain and frequency domain values of RRI, RMSSD and LF (nu) values were statistically significant across the different phases suggesting upper hand of sympathetic tone. The present study indicated increased sympathetic discharge during follicular phase on comparison to luteal and menstrual phase. The results also indicated a change in cognitive functioning during different phases due to hormonal variations.

A Study of Blood Pressure Variation in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess blood pressure variation in different phases of menstrual cycle Objectives: To investigate any changes in blood pressure during different phases of menstrual cycle using mercury sphygmomanometer. Material and Method: 30 apparently healthy female medical students aged between 18-23 years were selected for the study and blood pressure was recorded by auscultatory method using mercury sphygmomanometer during the different phase of menstrual cycle as follows: a)Menstrual phase(MP) (2nd day) b)Proliferative phase(PP) (11th day) c)Secretory phase(SP) (22nd day). Results: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17.0 Software. To compare means of two independent groups, students t- test for independent samples was used. There was no significant difference in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among different phases of the menstrual cycle Conclusion: There was no significant difference in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among different phases of the menstrual cycle. These findings should be re-examined with a larger study group.

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle. &#x0D; Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test.&#x0D; Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people.&#x0D; Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people.&#x0D; Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

Study of Variations in Heart Rate., QT and QTc During Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Aim: The present study was undertaken with the aim to investigate influence of hormonal fluctuation duringmenstrual cycle on ECG.Materials and Method: The present study was carried out on 30 healthy female medical students in theage group of 18 to 23 years with normal menstrual cycle of 27-33 days. ECG was recorded on 2nd,11th,22ndday of menstrual cycle (corresponding with menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase ofmenstrual cycle), using AD INSTRUMENT–POWERLAB®/30 Series.Results: The study revealed that Heart rate was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in secretory phase(98.26±10.44) compared to menstrual phase (91.85±10.27).QT and QTc interval showed increase duringproliferative phase but not significant.Discussion: Fluctuation in both estrogen and progesterone during menstrual cycle influence not only phase-II of cardiac action potential but also autonomic tone which could have led to prolonged QTc in Proliferativephase and increase in heart rate during secretory phase in present study, which provides a screening toolto avoid morbidity due to intake of drugs which prolonged QTc interval during menstrual cycle. But QTcinterval in present study was not increased significantly as it was done during single cycle.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CD 56+ NK (NATURAL KILLER) CELLS IN ENDOMETRIAL TISSUE OF NORMAL AND INFERTILE PATIENTS

Introduction: The endometrium is the special epithelial lining of the uterine cavity which plays important roles in different phases of menstrual cycle as well as in implantation process. The natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocytes circulating in peripheral blood, named because of their effector functions in killing target cells. Immune cells that share similar phenotypic characteristic but are poor killers which populate the uterine lining at implantation and during early pregnancy when the placenta is established and are identified by the surface marker CD56+.&#x0D; Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the mean cell count of CD56+ uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in endometrial tissue specimens and determine the association of the histopathological findings with CD56+ mean cell count.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 50 endometrial tissue samples (biopsy and dilatation and curettage specimen) received in the department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal during the period between September, 2016 and August, 2018 were selected and included in the study. Twenty-nine cases with history of primary and secondary infertility were included in the test group and 21 cases with no history of abortions and miscarriages constituted the control group. CD56+ cells were stained using mouse monoclonal CD56+ antibody and counted manually under ten high power fields (40X) and mean cell count was calculated and statistically analysed.&#x0D; Results: The age of the study group ranged from 18 to 45 years (Mean ± SE; 35.88 ± 1.13). The mean number of CD56+ NK cells was higher in control groups 56.62 ± 5.683 (Mean ± SEM; N=21) as compared to the mean number of CD 56+ NK cells in the test group 38.20 ±3.958 (Mean ± SEM; N=29). The difference was statistically significant (difference of 1.195 with 95% confidence interval of 0.536 to 3.294, p = 0.008).&#x0D; Conclusion: Mean number of CD 56+ uNK cells, show significant correlation with primary infertility and repeated miscarriages (p=0.022). CD56+ NK cells may have a role in the maintenance of normal pregnancy. It might be a useful marker for predicting risk of miscarriages and infertility.&#x0D; Keywords: CD 56+, Natural killer (NK) cells, Endometrial tissue, Primary and secondary infertility.

The effect of menstrual cycle on maximal breath-hold time

This study investigated the effect of menstrual cycle phase on breath-hold time (BHT). Twelve healthy females, aged 18–30 yrs, with regular menstrual cycles, without breath-hold (BH) experience, performed a BH protocol which included eight repeated maximal efforts with face immersion in cool water separated by 2-min intervals in two different phases of menstrual cycle; early follicular (EF) phase and midluteal (ML) phase. Respiratory, cardiovascular and hematological responses were studied before, during and after BH efforts. Maximal BHT was significantly higher during ML (115.59 ± 13.95 s) compared to EF (106.10 ± 12.42 s) phase of the menstrual cycle. Metabolic rate and build-up of CO2 were higher (p < 0.001) in EF compared to ML phase. In conclusion, the greater BHT observed at the ML phase of the menstrual cycle may be the result of elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone during midluteal phase affecting both ventilatory response and metabolic rate.

Heart rate variability in different phases of menstrual cycle among healthy medical students of a teaching institution, South India

Background: Cardiac autonomic function in females depends on the fluctuations in the level of endogenous sex hormones during menstrual cycle. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive test that helps to assess the function autonomic nervous system mainly the sympathovagal balance. Aims and Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the HRV in different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy females of a teaching institution, South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 19 regularly menstruating females in the age group of 18–24 years of age after taking informed consent and institutional ethical clearance. Sympathovagal balance was assessed using HRV analysis in the proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycle. Results: This study observed an increase in low frequency (LF) in normalized units domain as well as/high frequency (HF) ratio in the secretory phase and an increase in the HF normalized units domain in the proliferative phase, though statistically non-significant. A significant increase in the resting heart rate was noted among the secretory phase compared to the proliferative phase of menstrual cycle (P < 0.001). Conclusion: An increased sympathetic activity during secretory phase and an increased vagal activity in the proliferative phase were observed, which could be explained due to the fluctuating levels of sex hormones. The knowledge about the sympathetic modulation in the secretory phase can explain the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, which can in turn improve the quality of life among females.

Anemia in Menstruating Women: Variation in Hematological Parameters in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Background and Aim: Menstrual cycle is a physiological process that occurs in women. It is characterized by periodic vaginal bleeding due to shedding of uterine mucosa. This has its own effect on various systems and metabolisms. This study was attempted to understand the variations in hematological parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle. Methods: The present study was conducted on 55 healthy female volunteers within the age group of 18 to 24 years having regular menstrual cycle of 28 ± 3 days from the female medical students of M. L. N. Medical College, Allahabad, U.P. We analyzed various hematological parameters on three different phases of menstrual cycle (Menstrual phase-2nd day, Proliferative phase -12th day and Secretory phase-22nd day). Results: Regarding hematological parameters, the mean TLC and PMN count increased with time i.e. highest in secretory phase followed by proliferative phase and least in menstrual phase. In contrast, mean Hb was highest in proliferative phase followed by secretory phase and menstrual phase. Conversely, mean eosinophils level was highest in menstrual phase followed by secretory phase and least in proliferative phase. Conclusion: This study was a moderate attempt to determine regular variations in some specific hematological parameters, during different phases of menstrual cycle in normal healthy females and evaluate various changes and their association with women’s health. Eosinophil count increases in menstrual and premenstrual phase. In this phase exacerbation of menstrual asthma has also seen.

TO FIND OUT THE VARIATION OF SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC TESTS BETWEEN MALE & MENSTRUAL PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN FEMALE.

The hormonal fluctuations that occur during normal menstrual cycle has profound influence on autonomic functions. This influence on autonomic nervous system may affect cardiovagal control. The aim of the study is to find out the variation of Parasympathetic function tests during different phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females.&#x0D; The mean E:I ratio in Menstrual Phase of menstrual cycle in females is 1.34 ± 0.06.&#x0D; The mean E:I ratio in males is 1.41 ± 0.12.&#x0D; The mean Postural SBP in Menstrual Phase of menstrual cycle in females is 97.76 ± 5.13 mmHg. The mean Postural SBP in males is 103.24 ± 6.88 mmHg.&#x0D; The study concludes that there was statistically significant heart rate variability during three phases of the menstrual cycle, as observed by the increased sympathetic discharge in the luteal phase compared to the increased parasympathetic discharge in the follicular phase. The results of our study have emphasized the complexity of the relationship between ovarian steroids and various hemodynamic regulatory systems.&#x0D; Keywords: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic &amp; Menstrual.

Study of Changes in QTc Interval with Menstrual Cycle in Young Adult Female Basket Ball Players

Objective&#x0D; Study of changes in QTc interval with menstrual cycle in young adult female basketball players.&#x0D; Method&#x0D; Healthy young female adults in the age group of 18–22 years physicaly fit subjects were selected among general population. Sample size was 40. Parameters of ECG, QT interval, RR interval, QTc Interval were recorded during different phases of menstrual cycle. Mean and Standard deviation was calculated.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; There was significant rise in QTc Interval recorded during menstrual phase&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Women are at risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias during menstrual phase as compared to Proliferative and Secretory phase.

Endometrium imaging using real-time rotational optical coherence tomography imaging system: A pilot, prospective and ex-vivo study.

This study aimed to evaluate a novel real-time rotational optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system (OCTIS) with a fiber-optic probe to look at endometrium and to correlate the OCTIS images with standard histology. OCT could obtain real-time images resembling histological examination. With recent development of customized probes, it allows OCT to be used in the field of gynecology.This is a pilot, prospective, ex-vivo and observational study. Women underwent hysterectomy for various gynecological conditions were recruited and OCTIS images were obtained from endometrium of 15 fresh uterus specimens immediately after hysterectomy. The excised uterus was cut open and OCTIS imaging was obtained. The scanned region of endometrium was excised for histological examination and OCTIS images were precisely compared to corresponding histological images and ultrasound images. Blinded qualitative analysis on OCTIS images was performed by 2 assessors to determine inter-rating reliability on the histopathological diagnosis.Epithelium, glands, cysts, and stroma of endometrium were clearly seen by the OCTIS. Different phases of menstrual cycle of normal endometrium could be differentiated and pathological condition such as hyperplastic and dysplasic endometrium, which corresponded well with histological findings, could be identified. The inter-rater reliability between assessors on overall OCTIS endometrium and neoplastic OCTIS endometrium was moderate (Kendall τb of 0.58) and substantial (Kendall τb of 0.76), respectively.OCTIS can provide real-time, high-resolution and rotational imaging modality to view endometrial structure with high consistency with histological examination and satisfactory agreement between observers. It has a great potential to be developed in the clinical use of endometrial assessment for gynecological applications.

Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Aerodynamic Measures among Singers and Nonsingers

Singer’s vocal apparatus is comprised of her entire body and mind and is easily influenced by hormonal variations. The hormonal changes may have adverse effects on a singer’s vocal performance. There is very little understanding about the aerodynamic measures among singers especially during the different phases of menstrual cycle in Indian population. Aims and objectives: To study the effect of menstrual cycle on aerodynamic measures among singers and nonsingers. The objectives of the study were to profile aerodynamic measures in singers and nonsingers, to compare the aerodynamic measures between the singers and nonsingers, and to study the effect of menstrual phase on aerodynamic measures between singers and nonsingers. Materials and methods: The participants in group I comprised of 30 nonsingers in the age range of 18–25 years. Group II comprised of 15 trained singers (received training formally more than 3 years), and group III had 15 untrained singers in the age range of 18–25 years. The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEVl), and peak expiratory airflow (PEF) were recorded. Descriptive statistics and repeated measure of ANOVA were done to study the effect of menstrual cycle on aerodynamic measures among singers and nonsingers using SPSS 16.0. Results: In the present study, the overall mean scores obtained for all the aerodynamic measures were reduced during menstrual phase as compared to the aerodynamic measures obtained during the follicular phase among both singers and nonsingers.