Different Phases Of Menstrual Cycle Research Articles

To Study the Effect of Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle on ECG & Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adult Females

Menstruation coupled periodic bleeding from the blood vessels, at the time of shedding of the uterine mucosa has directed interest, more especially in the ECG changes & Blood Pressure changes during different phases of menstrual cycle. The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the changes in the ECG & BP measured during different phases of menstrual cycle. Variation in BP during different phases of menstrual cycle can also be attributed to the effect of ovarian hormones on cardiovascular function. Since the hormonal changes follow a non-linear trend throughout the menstrual cycle, it may have unpredicted effect on BP regulation. The present study was carried out on 50 healthy female students aged 17-22 years who had regular menstrual cycle of 30 ± 3 days. The electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were taken on lead II for convenience during the different phases of the menstrual cycle (Phase I –days 1-5, Phase-II-days 9-12, Phase-III-days 1921) in female subjects & Blood Pressure was analyzed by means of Indirect method during three phases in females. Statistical analysis was done by ONEWAY-ANOVA test. The P wave amplitude, T-wave amplitude, QRS complex amplitude, QRS complex duration, PR interval, ST interval did not show any significant change during different phases of menstrual cycle, although some mild changes were observed which were statistically not significant. QT interval, RR interval has shown significant changes as longer QT interval observed in Phase-II(follicular Phase )& shorter during Phase-III (Luteal phase).The longer RR interval observed during Phase-III (luteal phase) & shorter during Phase-I (Menstrual Phase). HR was found higher in Phase-I (menstrual phase) & lower in Phase-III (luteal phase)in females. They did not show any significant changes in BP measurement taken during three phases. This study was a moderate attempt to determine regular variation in ECG & BP during the different phases of menstrual cycle in normal healthy females.

Role of sex hormones produced during menstrual cycle on brainstem encoding of speech stimulus.

There are no studies attempted to determine the effects of different phases of menstrual cycle on frequency following response (FFR) for speech stimuli. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in latencies and amplitude of FFR waves recorded at four phases of menstrual cycle. In addition, it was also attempted to determine if there is any ear effect on latency and amplitude measures across the phases of menstrual cycle. FFR was recorded in 20 females in the age range of 18-25years in the four menstrual cycles [Phase I-menses (day 1-3), Phase II-proliferative phase (day 11-14), Phase III-mid-luteal phase (day 17-22) and Phase IV-pre-menstrual phase (day 25-27)]. The results of the study showed that there was significant reduction in latencies and slight increase in amplitude during menses and mid-luteal phase compared to mid-cycle and pre-menstruation cycles. The present study supports the hypothesis that difference in the levels of sex hormones in women during menstrual cycle can affect brainstem encoding of speech stimuli.

Elevated phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration and invasion in endometrial stromal cells from endometrioma

Is phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) associated with increased motility of endometriotic cells from endometrioma? Elevated PRL-3 promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration and invasion of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from endometrioma. Overexpression of PRL-3 is associated with cancer cell migration, invasion and metastatic phenotype. Primary human ESCs were isolated from eutopic endometrium of women without endometriosis (EuCo, n = 10), with histologically proven endometrioma (EuEM, n = 19) and from the cyst wall of ovarian endometriosis (OvEM, n = 26). The expression of PRL-3 in ESCs derived from EuCo, EuEM and OvEM at different phases of menstrual cycle were compared. The protein and mRNA levels of PRL-3 were examined by western blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. ESCs from OvEM were transfected with/without short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Additionally, a plasmid-mediated delivery system was used to achieve PRL-3 overexpression in ESCs from EuEM. The cellular distribution of F-actin and α-tubulin were examined by immunocytochemistry. Cell motility was evaluated by a transwell migration/invasion assay. The protein and mRNA levels of PRL-3 are significantly elevated in ESCs from OvEM compared with EuCo and EuEM. The expression of PRL-3 was not altered between proliferative phase and secretory phase in ESCs from all groups. Knockdown of PRL-3 significantly modified the distribution of F-actin and α-tubulin cytoskeleton, inhibited cell migration and invasion. Endogenous inhibition of PRL-3 attenuated the expression of Ras homolog gene family members A and C (RhoA, RhoC), Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, but not MMP2 in ESCs from OvEM. Additionally, overexpression of PRL-3 in ESCs from EuEM up-regulates cell migration and invasion, and increases the expression of RhoA, RhoC, ROCK1 and MMP9. Lack of in vivo animal studies is the major limitation of our report. Our results should be further confirmed in a larger cohort of patients and extended to include eutopic and ectopic endometrium from patients with peritoneal endometriosis at different stages of the disease. Our study describes that elevated expression of PRL-3 contributes to the cell motility of ESCs from endometrioma. The results emphasize the importance of metastatic-related factor PRL-3 in the pathogenesis of endometrioma. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81170546) and Zhejiang Medicine Science and Technology Projects (No. Y13H040003). The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Muscular Performance during different phases of Menstrual cycle

Background: Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. Objective: To study muscular performance by doing hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) and time to fatigue during sustained submaximal isometric handgrip strength exercise during the different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 50 females medical students with regular menstrual cycle of age group between 19-25 years. Muscular performance was assessed by maximum voluntary contraction and time for the onset of fatigue at 30% maximum voluntary contraction, which were recorded using hand grip strength dynamometer by using Power lab 8/30 series with dual Bioamplifier (AD Instruments Australia, Model No.ML870). Results: There is no significant change in maximum voluntary contraction in terms of handgrip strength during different phase of menstrual cycle, though there is slight increase in Secretory phase comparing to Proliferative phase and menstrual phase. The time to fatigue at 30% of MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) is more in secretory phase, but slight statistically significant change is observed between proliferative phase and menstrual phase. Conclusion: Though there is slight changes in values, as these are not statistically significant, regularly menstruating female athletes do not need to adjust their menstrual phase to maximize the performance. Keywords: Hormones; Menstrual cycle; Muscular performance; Time to fatigue

Effect of Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle on Cardio-respiratory Efficiency in Normal, Overweight and Obese Female Undergraduate Students.

The influence of obesity on cardio-respiratory efficiency in the various phases of menstrual cycle is not well understood until now. As majority of Indian women have a favourable attitude towards participation in sports it is significant to understand the variation in exercise performance during different phases of menstrual cycle to have an optimum performance. To evaluate the endurance capacity and cardio-respiratory responses in normal, obese and overweight female undergraduate students during different phases of menstrual cycle. Twenty normal weight, 20 obese and 20 over weight, unmarried, undergraduate female volunteers between the age group of 18-22 years, were recruited by convenient sampling. Cardio-respiratory efficiency was assessed by cardiac efficiency test, respiratory endurance test and respiratory blast test. Overall, exercise efficiency varied significantly during the different phases of the menstrual cycle with the highest during luteal phase and lowest during menstrual phase. Similar trend was observed in all the three weight sub-categories, but it was statistically significant in the normal and overweight category only. There was no significant difference in blast test during menstrual phase, follicular phase and luteal phase of menstrual cycle among three groups of individuals. Overall the obese and overweight females had a decreased value for blast test compared to the normal individuals. Significant difference was observed in endurance test among follicular and luteal phase of normal females but there is no change in overweight and obese. Significant difference was observed in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) among luteal phase in normal and overweight individuals but there is no change in obese females. Overall obese individuals have a significant low PEFR compared to normal and overweight individuals. Significant increase in cardiac and respiratory efficiency was observed in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in normal weight where as in overweight and obese females, there is an overall decrease in fitness capacity with increase in the Body Mass Index (BMI). Therefore, practice of regular exercise and intake of healthy diet which help in reducing the weight and in turn the BMI will help in enhancing the physical fitness of the individuals.

Effect of female sex hormones on cardiorespiratory parameters.

Introduction:Female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone regulate various phases of the menstrual cycle. Hormonal changes tend to affect various parameters of physical fitness. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a measure of aerobic power. This study was planned to assess effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiorespiratory parameters like pulse rate, respiratory rate and VO2 max.Methods:100 female medical students in the age group of 17-22 years were studied for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Weight, resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and VO2 max were measured during premenstrual phase (20th-25th day) and postmenstrual phase (5th to 10th day).Results:It was observed that there was a significant increase in body weight, pulse rate, and respiratory rate during premenstrual phase. There was a decrease in VO2 max during the premenstrual phase.Conclusion:This study indicates that there is decreased cardio-respiratory efficiency during premenstrual phase.

CRP at early follicular phase of menstrual cycle can cause misinterpretation for cardiovascular risk assessment.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-known marker of inflammation and infection in clinical practice. This study is designed to evaluate CRP levels in different phases of menstrual cycle, which might end up with misleading conclusions especially when used for cardiovascular risk assessment. Twenty-seven women were eligible for the cross-sectional study. Venous blood samples from each participant were collected twice during the menstrual cycle. The first sampling was held at 2nd to 5th days of the menstrual cycle for FSH, estradiol, CRP, and sedimentation, and the second was done at 21st to 24th days of the menstrual cycle for measurement of progesterone, CRP, and sedimentation values. CRP values were significantly higher in the early follicular phase compared to luteal phase (1.8 mg/L [0.3-7.67] vs. 0.7 mg/L [0.1-8.3], p < 0.001, respectively). In both phases of the menstrual cycle, sedimentation rate was similar (12.1±6.7 vs. 12.3±7.7; p=0.717, respectively). CRP levels in early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (menstruation) are significantly higher than CRP levels in luteal phase of the same cycle. In reproductive age women, detection of CRP for cardiovascular risk assessment during menstruation might not be appropriate.

Variations serum electrolyte level during different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy female medical students

Introduction - The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in the levels of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. But the changes occur in serum electrolyte level have not been clearly established. Objective - To compare the serum electrolyte level in different phases of menstrual cycle. Material and method - The present study was carried out on 54 healthy female medical students in the age group of 18 to 24 years with normal menstrual cycle of 27-33 days. Serum electrolytes like, calcium, sodium and potassium, were estimated during menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory phases of menstrual cycle using standard procedures. Results - There was a significant changes in the level of serum calcium during proliferative phase, sodium is increased maximally during menstrual phase and potassium in secretory phase of menstrual cycle. Conclusion - Alternation of serum calcium, serum sodium and Potassium levels were noted during uterine changes of menstrual cycle, however, none of all the mention levels were outside the physiological limits.

Normative Values of Voice Analysis Parameters With Respect to Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Adult Turkish Women

Objective measurements are quite important for assessment of voice disorders. The first aim of this study was to establish a prototype database of normative values of voice analysis parameters in healthy Turkish adult female population. The second aim was to evaluate the variations of these parameters during physiological menstrual cycle. This is a prospective, single-blind study. Eighty-nine healthy women (mean age, 31.5±6.0 years) with normal physical findings and without vocal abuse or dysphonia were participated. Detailed physical and videostroboscopic larynx examination was done. Participants' voice samples of sustained /a/ and /i/ vowels were recorded, and voice analysis was done. GRBAS scale was done by four otolaryngologists, and subjects were asked to score their own voice quality using Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) at the premenstruation, during menstruation, and postmenstruation periods. Eighty-nine healthy Turkish women's some normative acoustic vocal parameters of three different phases of menstrual cycle were reported. The data indicated that during the premenstruation period; the mean jitter %, shimmer % and noise-to-harmonic ratio values were significantly higher than that of other two periods. Variations of computerized acoustic vocal analysis parameters through menstruation cycle were in concordance with the perceptual voice assessment (GRBAS) and the questionnaire of subjects' perception of their own voices (VHI-10). In this study the normative values of voice analysis parameters of healthy adult Turkish women was reported. Adding computerized voice analysis parameters may improve the assessment and screening of voice in routine clinical practice because this is a simple and reliable method. Evaluation of voice can be performed regardless of the phases of menstrual cycle, but not performing acoustic analysis during the premenstrual period may prevent some of the unintended errors.

English

A wide spectrum of biological function is regulated by the cyclic changes in estrogen and progesterone levels during regular menstrual cycle. However limited literature is available concerning the relationship of these hormones and cardiac autonomic activity. In the present study, we hypothesize that there would be heart rate variability during different phases of menstrual cycle, which can be attributed to the effect of ovarian steroids on cardiovascular function in women. The aim of the study is to compare the cardiac autonomic activity in the different phases of menstrual cycle (Menstrual, follicular and luteal phases) using heart rate variability. The objective is to establish a physiological correlation between the cardiac autonomic activity and different phases of menstrual cycle. The study was conducted in 48 regularly menstruating young female, of age group 18-30yrs, in the Upgraded Department of Physiology, Osmania medical college, from December 2011 to August 2013, using LABCHART software provided by ADLABS. The power spectral analysis of HRV was used to calculate low frequency(LF), high frequency (HF) component and their ratio (LF/HF) during menstrual (2±1 days), follicular(11±1 day) and luteal phases (20±1day) from the first day of bleeding. Results showed a significant increase was noted in low frequency component in luteal phase compared to follicular phase (p=0.000), whereas, a tendency for increase in high frequency component was observed in follicular phase (p=0.004). Furthermore, LF/HF was significantly higher in luteal phase than in the follicular phase (p=0.000) indicating an increased sympathetic activity. The conclusion is regulation of autonomic tone is modified during menstrual cycle. The alteration in the Ovarian hormones alterations along the menstrual cycle are associated with corresponding significant changes in multiple neuro-humoral homeostatic mechanisms regulating the cardio- vascular system. 4 The general presence of functional sex steroid hormone receptors in the cardiovascular system is well established and their expression in both heart and blood vessels have been recognized for decades.5,6,7,8 Estrogen is also associated with lower levels of endothelin and decreased sensitivity to the vaso-constrictive effects of peptide. The presence of estrogen receptors in the heart, vascular smooth muscle and autonomic brain centers, suggest a possible involvement in the regulation of cardiovascular system. In the follicular phase, estrogen causes an up-regulation in the cardiovascular or myometrial adreno-receptor.

Variation in pulmonary function tests parameters in different phases of menstrual cycle in healthy female medical students

Background: Menstrual cycle is a physiological process that occurs in women. It is characterized by periodic vaginal bleeding owing to the shedding of uterine mucosa, which has its own effect on various systems and metabolisms. Aims and Objective: To understand the variations in respiratory parameters in different phases of the menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on the selected female medical students of MLN Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fifty-five healthy female volunteers within the age group of 18–24 years who revealed a regular menstrual cycle of 28 ± 3 days were selected. We analyzed various pulmonary function parameters on three different phases of menstrual cycle (menstrual phase, 2nd day; proliferative phase, 12th day; and secretory phase, 22nd day). Result: In pulmonary function tests parameters, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) increased in the mid-secretory phase (p < 0.001); FEV1/FVC ratio was higher in the mid-secretory phase (p = 0. 026); and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was also higher in the secretory phase (p = 0.001). These values were the lowest in menstrual phase and lower in the proliferative phase when compared with the secretory phase. Conclusion: This study was a moderate attempt to determine the regular variations in different pulmonary function tests parameters, during different phases of menstrual cycle in normal healthy female subjects and evaluate various conflicting reports on female subjects.

Evaluation of immune status of young female during different phases of menstrual cycle

|| ABSTRACT Back ground: Menstruation is characterized by monthly rhythmical changes in the rates of secretion of the female sex hormones and corresponding physical changes in the ovaries and other sexual organs. There are three phases of menstrual cycle namely, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretary phase. There occur fluctuations in the levels of sex steroid hormones across different phases of menstrual cycle. Aims and objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the immune response of healthy female students of first–year MBBS (n = 40) in the age group of 18–25 years with regular menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The parameters analyzed were total leukocyte count (TLC); absolute eosinophil count (AEC); and differential leukocyte count (DLC) of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophils. The data collected were statistically analyzed. Result: There was significant increase in TLC during menstrual and secretary phase of menstrual cycle. No significant difference was observed in AEC during different phases of menstrual cycle. In DLC, there was a significant increase in the neutrophil percentage during secretary phase. Lymphocyte count increased during proliferative and secretary phase but it is not statistically significant. No significant difference was observed in monocyte and eosinophil count. Conclusion: This study shows normal variation in the leucocyte count during different phases of menstrual cycle that may help in understanding various disorders.

A study of total leukocyte count in different phases of menstrual cycle

Background: The naturally occurring fluctuations in the levels of sex steroid hormones during the menstrual cycle provide a convenient basis for analyzing the interactions between sex steroid hormones and immune mechanisms. The study estimated total leukocyte count (TLC) in different phases of menstrual cycle. Aims and Objective: The aim was to study the variations in TLC in three phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The study comprises 100 girls aged between 18 and 25 years. Venous blood sample (2 ml) was collected under aseptic precautions during a single cycle in three phases of their menstrual cycle: on 2nd day, 11th day, and 21st day. Assessment of TLC was done using an automated hematology analyzer. Results: Significant changes were observed in TLC, during the three phases of menstrual cycle and more so during the secretory phase of menstrual cycle, which is probably due to the hormonal changes during the luteal phase. Conclusion: The study on changes in leukocyte counts during the menstrual cycle has indicated that there are cyclical fluctuations in the TLC over the course of the menstrual cycle, and the immune response is influenced by changes in hormone status.

Study of Audiovisual Reaction Time in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Reaction time is an indirect index of processing capabilities of the central nervous system. The present study was carried out to determine if there is any influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on simple reaction time in healthy young females. In this study, 50 young healthy female participants were presented with two visual stimuli viz. red and green light stimuli and two auditory stimuli viz. tone and click sound stimuli. Their reaction time to auditory as well as visual stimuli was recorded. Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation and data was analyzed using paired't’ test, ‘z’ test and software statistical package social science (spss version 18) was used. There was no significant difference observed when the reaction time was compared between three phases of menstrual cycle i.e. proliferative, secretory and menstrual phase for visual stimuli and auditory stimuli. There is no influence of the different phases of menstruation on the visual and auditory reaction time and hence menstrual cycle of a female need not be scrutinised for those working in professions requiring faster reaction times.

Fibrinolytic Activity of Blood and its Determinants in Healthy Medical Students

Decreased fibrinolytic activity results in longer fibrinolysis time of blood and an increased propensity for hypercoagulable states of blood. Subjects with less fibrinolytic activity are prone to coronary artery disease, stroke and thromboembolic phenomena. The study aims to identify the impact of gender, dietary habits, body mass index, physical activity level and menstrual cycle on fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects. Cross-sectional study on randomly selected 206 healthy medical students aged 17 to 23 years. Anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, physical activity level and menstrual history were obtained. Fibrinolysis time of fasting venous blood sample was determined by Euglobulin Lysis Time (ELT) method. Highly significant gender difference was noted in mean fibrinolytic activity (p=0.002). Mean fibrinolytic activity also showed a significant relationship with BMI (p=0.001) and with different phases of menstrual cycle in females (p=0.004). However, such relationship was not observed with diet and physical activity (p>0.05) in boys and girls. Gender difference, body mass index and menstrual cycle phases have influences on the fibrinolytic activity of blood. This might be due to cyclical changes in the sex hormones levels, endometrium-derived plasmin and plasminogen activators and excess production of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-I) in visceral adipocytes.

English

BACKGROUND: Menstruation is a phenomenon unique to females and nearly universal experience in women's lives and is poorly understood. It is characterized by co-ordinate sequence of hormonal changes but the changes that occur in the distribution of hematological parameters, biochemical parameters have not been clearly established. AIMS: To compare Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Serum total protein, Serum albumin, Serum globulin and Red Blood Cell count (RBC) in different phases of menstrual cycle. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study was carried out on 100 healthy female medical students in the age group of 18 to 23years with normal menstrual cycle. E.S.R, Serum total protein, Serum albumin, Serum globulin and RBC count were studied on 2nd day MP(Menstrual Phase),11th day PP(Proliferative Phase), 22ndday SP(Secretory Phase) of menstrual cycle using Wintergreen's method, semi auto analyzer Erba chem-7(BCG Dye method) for serum proteins, Hemo Auto analyzer SYSMEX KX-21 respectively. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17.0 Software. To compare means of two independent groups, student's t- test for independent samples was used. RESULTS: The study revealed that ESR was significantly (P<0.01) higher in menstrual phase compared to proliferative phase. Serum total protein was significantly increased in Secretory Phase (SP) compared to Menstrual Phase (MP) (P<0.05). Serum albumin was significantly (P<0.05) increased in proliferative phase compared to secretory phase and menstrual phase. Serum globulin was significantly increased in SP compared to PP (P<0.05). Red blood cell count showed no significant changes during various phases of menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION: In the present study we found significantly low level of serum albumin and decreased RBC count though not significant increases rouleaux formation thus increasing ESR in the menstrual phase but serum globulin and serum total protein showed increase in secretory phase which does not explain ESR

Association of increased S100A8 serum protein with early pregnancy loss.

The contribution of systemic S100A8 protein in menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and early pregnancy loss (EPL) is not known. Altered expression of S100A8 in maternal decidua is associated with recurrent early pregnancy loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the systemic level of S100A8 in different phases of menstrual cycle, different trimester of pregnancy, and in EPL. Level of S100A8 was investigated in serum samples of the subjects through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S100A8 levels were elevated during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. We found no statistical difference in S100A8 level in different trimester of pregnancy. S100A8 level was found to be significantly elevated in patients with EPL. This is the first study evaluating the systemic level of S100A8 predicting its role during menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It opens a new perspective in which S100A8 can be used as a prognostic marker for EPL.

Endurance Capacity and Cardiorespiratory Responses in Sedentary Females During Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Alteration in physical work capacity of females during different phases of menstrual cycle has been reported in different populations. Pertinent data is unavailable in Eastern Indian population. The present study was aimed to determine the endurance capacity and cardiorespiratory responses during different phases of menstrual cycle in young sedentary females of Eastern region of India. Forty five unmarried young healthy sedentary females (21-25 years) were recruited in the present investigation. Duration of their menstrual cycle was 28-30 days. Cardiorespiratory parameters including the endurance capacity was determined by treadmill running with constant monitoring of heart rate by Polar heart rate monitor. The pre-exercise heart rate was significantly higher (P<0.02) in the luteal phase. The peak heart rate was significantly lower (P<0.02) in the flow phase than the follicular and luteal phases. VO2max, O2 pulse, maximum pulmonary ventilation and endurance capacity were significantly lower in the follicular phase. However, the endurance capacity was significantly lower in the flow phase. Pre-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not exhibit any significant variation in different phases of menstrual cycle. Therefore, from the present observations it may be concluded that pre-exercise heart rate and respiratory rate are significantly higher in the luteal phase whereas VO2max, O2 pulse, maximum pulmonary ventilation, endurance capacity and peak heart rate were significantly lower in the follicular phase.

Brain stem auditory evoked response during different phases of menstrual cycle

Background: Due to the existing controversy on the effect of female sex hormones on the cerebral electrophysiology and the absence of conclusive study in south India about the sex hormonal influence on brain stem auditory evoked responses during different phases of menstrual cycle, this study was chosen. Aims & Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of auditory brain stem response (ABR) with different phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy women in our area. Materials and Methods: ABR recording was done in 35 healthy regular menstruating females of 20-40 years of age with normal BMI during 4 different phases of menstrual cycle. Peak latencies of waves I-V and inter peak latencies of I-III, I-V, III-V for four phases of menstrual cycle were compared. Results: Data showed statistically significant increase in peak latencies in wave IV in phase 2 compared to all other phases. Other waves showed a trend of increase in peak latencies in the phase 2 when compared to all other phases. Inter peak latencies did not show any significant variations between different phases of menstrual cycle. Conclusion: The results favour that female sex hormones do affect the central auditory pathway in menstrual cycle.

A Study of Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Cardiac Autonomic Function

Objective: To study the effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiac autonomic functions. Method: The study was conducted in department of Physiology SSIMS&RC on 30 apparently healthy regularly menstruating female subjects in the age group of 18- 25 years based on predetermined inclusion -exclusion criteria. Effect of different phases of menstrual cycle (menstrual, proliferative and secretory) on autonomic functions was assessed using autonomic function tests like heart rate variability (HRV), isometric hand grip test, cold pressor test (CPT), heart rate (HR) response to Valsalva maneuver, blood pressure (BP) response to change in posture. Result: There is variation in autonomic function tests in different phases of menstrual cycle with predominant sympathetic activity in luteal phase than the follicular phase. Conclusion: Alteration in autonomic functions in different phases of menstrual cycle could be under the influence of fluctuating levels of female sex hormones that lead to salt and water retention.