Different Levels Of Significance Research Articles

Measurement Method of Economic Difference of Export-oriented Green Innovation Economy in Coastal Cities Based on Taier Index

Ouyang, L. and You, D., 2019. Measurement method of economic difference of export-oriented green innovation economy in coastal cities based on Taier index. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 817–823. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Under the mode of export-oriented economy in coastal cities, there is a significant positive correlation between the development of green innovation economy and the development of export-oriented green innovation in coastal cities. In order to analyze the difference between the development and performance of export-oriented green innovation economy in coastal cities, this paper puts forward a correlation analysis model of green innovation economy development and performance under the coastal city export-oriented economic model based on Taylor index analysis and green innovation economy development effectiveness game. The Taier index mapping model is established to analyze the constraint index of the development of green innovation economy, and the financing constraint parameter model which affects the development of export-oriented green innovation in coastal cities is constructed. Taking the development efficiency and financing mode of green innovation economy as the explanatory variables, the development model of green innovation economy is constructed. The principal component game method is used to calculate the export-oriented green innovation development index of small and medium-sized coastal cities, to extract the index variables such as the growth rate of total assets, the operating profit margin and the physical property of enterprise assets for balanced game. By using the financial audit data and asset panel distribution data to analyze the Taylor index, the differences between the development and performance of the export-oriented green innovation economy in coastal cities can be quantitatively evaluated. The empirical analysis shows that the model has a good robustness in the development and performance evaluation of green innovation economy, and the effectiveness of decision-making on the development of export-oriented green innovation economy in coastal cities has been improved at different levels of significance. The decision-making effectiveness of export-oriented green innovation economy in coastal cities has a positive impact on regional economic development.

CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANT FACTORS AND LIMITATIONS IN THE STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVELY RESERVED AIRCRAFT SUBSYSTEMS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TOLERANCES

Objectives.The relevance of this article lies in the fact that the problem of increasing the reliability of subsystems of aviation and rocket and space technology in case of sudden independent refusals determines one of the important areas of scientific research. The work is aimed at identifying and analyzing specific features that must be considered when researching and developing passively redundant subsystems, taking into account tolerances in case of sudden independent failures.Method.During the study, calculations were carried out using the methods of probability, search. The necessity of taking into account assigned and implemented tolerances, multiple and non-multiple reservation, discrete scales of realizable tolerances with different levels of significance, critical probabilities, determining the probability ranges of elements, where redundancy is profitable and unprofitable, is shown.Result.The possibility of implementing any tolerance for different values of a number of increasing individual multiplicities is revealed, which allows for a given tolerance to pose the task of finding the optimal multiplicity and its corresponding optimal backup structure in the interests of ensuring maximum reliability of the redundant subsystems. Analysis of the presented dependencies for the implemented tolerances of the first and second levels shows that for each tolerance level there are equilibrium values ???????????? at which the critical values of p_kr practically do not change depending on the multiplicities ????????.Conclusion. A different nature of the change in the critical probabilities ???????????? was found depending on the multiplicities for different values of the tolerances to be realized. So, with tolerances of the first level, larger than 25%, with increasing multiplicity, p_kr increases and smaller than 25% decreases with increasing multiplicity. The similar nature of the change in the p_kr values has a 28.6% tolerance for the implemented second-level tolerances.

Life table and economic threshold concept for ecologically sustainable management of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on Jute

Life table and economic threshold (ET) level of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar on jute was calculated in West Bengal condition during 2016-2018 for environmentally benign management and better production of jute. The demographic data of D. casignetum always construct type-III survivorship curve like most of the insects. Potential fecundity (Pf) and total fertility rate (Fx) were 384.667±5.487 and 30893.60±1063.586, respectively. The average intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and the daily finite rate of increase (ë) were 0.106±0.001 and 1.111±0.003 respectively with the generation time (Tc) of 41.520±0.069 and doubling time (DT) of 6.563±0.021 days. Their mean population momentum factor of increase (PMF) was 19.676±0.605 including vital index (VI) and trend index (TI) of 0.522±0.003 and 92.359±2.648, respectively with different levels of significance. The economic injury level (EIL) and ET based on percent yield loss of jute were 7.119±2.166 and 6.385±1.969 pests per plant, respectively. At single pest observation per plant, the possible time taken to reach EIL (Ti) and ET (Tt) were 6.377±3.292 and 5.377±3.292 days, respectively which will be useful for better cultivation of jute and other subsequent crops.

DETERMINAN DEBT MATURITY STRUCTURE PERUSAHAAN CONSUMER GOODS YANG TERDAFTAR DI ISSI PERIODE 2012-2015

This research analyzes the influence of firm size, profitability, tangibility, and asset maturity variable to debt maturity structure of consumer goods company in Indonesia. The population of this study consists of companies of industrial goods and consumption listed in Indonesia Sharia Stock Index period 2012-2014. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling method so that obtained 19 companies that fulfill the requirement as a sample. The result of research with Fixed Effect estimation model shows that firm size, profitability, and asset maturity have significant effect to debt maturity structure with a different level of significance. Based on the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) of 92.06% shows that the percentage of the ability of exogenous variables in explaining endogenous variables of 92.06% while the rest of 7.94% explained by other variables outside this study.

Emissions from urban bus fleets running on biodiesel blends under real-world operating conditions: Implications for designing future case studies

The present study provides firstly a comprehensive review of studies on measuring the impacts of different biodiesel blends on exhaust emissions characteristics of urban busses under real-world operating conditions. Secondly, this paper discusses the errors that can be made in conducting case studies. Thirdly and finally, it shows lessons learned and provides guidelines to setup case studies, conduct the measurements, perform the statistical analysis and report the results to policy makers and the wider audience. To achieve climate change mitigation targets, using alternative fuels, e.g., biodiesel, hydrogen or electricity for the urban fleets requires an in-depth analysis of the impacts under real-world operating conditions. Such experiments are generally very complex as numerous factors could directly or indirectly interfere with the results produced and potentially jeopardize the integrity of the research and the conclusions drawn. Results of the present research show that some vital parameters were ignored by many of the studies performed including the statistical uncertainties, driving cycle uncertainties and fuel uncertainties. Lack of appropriate experimental designs or clear assertions about the level of significance for differences in emissions/fuel consumption between alternative fuels (i.e. biodiesel) and the reference fuel used (i.e., diesel) could be regarded as the main weaknesses. Moreover, many other overarching and very influential factors (e.g., covariates/confounders) can interfere with the research outcomes as these were mostly overlooked by the reviewed studies. A careful and complete experimental design for assessments of alternative fueled vehicles are critical when conducting real-world operating condition tests. The study findings help to formulate the guidelines for assessing real-world operating condition experiments to achieve the most feasibly and meaningful research outcomes that will have significant implication for local and global policy makers. The guidelines are of use for all types of research studies that want to evaluate the effects of alternative fuels for any transportation fleet.

Regional dimension of firm level productivity determinants: the case of manufacturing and service firms in Ukraine

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to empirically investigate the regional dimension of productivity determinants for 24 regions of Ukraine using micro-level dataset for individual firms in 2013. The novelty of our analysis is the comparison of the determinants of productivity in the manufacturing and service sectors. We estimate both pooled regressions for all regions and separate regressions for particular regions. The estimation results obtained for the entire country demonstrate that the majority of our explanatory variables are statistically significant for the manufacturing sector and all are statistically significant for the service sector although at different levels of significance. At the same time, the estimation results obtained separately for each region show a large degree of heterogeneity across the regions and sectors and the lack of scale economies at the firm-level.

Breast intraoperative electron radiotherapy: Image-based setup verification and in-vivo dosimetry

IntroductionSingle fraction nature of intraoperative radiotherapy highly demands a quality assurance procedure to qualify both beam setup and treatment delivery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the treatment setup during breast intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) and in-vivo dose delivery verification. Materials and methodsTwenty-five breast cancer patients were enrolled and setup verification for each case was performed using C-arm imaging. The received dose by surface and distal end of target was measured by EBT2 film. The significance level of difference between obtained dosimetry results and predicted ones was evaluated by the T statistical test. ResultsAcquired C-arm images in two different oblique views revealed any misalignment between the applicator and shielding disk. The mean difference between the measured surface dose and expected one was 1.8% ± 1.2 (p = 0.983) while a great disagreement, 11.1% ± 1.5 (p < 0.001), was observed between the measured distal end dose and expected one. This discrepancy is mainly correlated to the backscattering effect from the shielding disk. Target depth nonuniformities can also contribute to this remarkable difference. ConclusionEmploying the intraoperative imaging for IOERT setup verification can considerably improve the treatment quality. Therefore, it is suggested to implement this imaging procedure as a part of treatment quality assurance. Favorable agreement between the predicted and measured surface doses demonstrates the applicability of EBT2 film for dose delivery verification. The results of in-vivo dosimetry showed that the electron backscattering from employed shielding disk can affect the received dose by the distal end of tumor bed.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN MANAJEMEN LABA PADA BEBERAPA PENELITIAN SKRIPSI PERGURUAN TINGGI, STUDI META ANALISIS

Topic about corporate governance effect on earnings management has been researched by many researcher and still exist until now. The existing research provides both consistent and inconsistent results with different levels of significance. This study aims to integrate thesis results of higher Education related to the topic of corporate governance effect on earnings management in Indonesia period 2004-2014. Data collection method use observation method with as the output thesis. The sample of this research is 23 thesis student of higher education. The sampling technique is purposive sampling technique. Researcher use meta analysis technique to integrate the result of the thesis research and show conclusions related to the effect of corporate governance on earnings management. The result of this research shows that managerial ownership, institutional ownership, the size of the board directors and the size of board commissioners effect earnings management. The correlation of the weak independent variable to the dependent variable is shown by the average correlation value below 0.25. In addition, this study also proves that the validity of agency theory in several manufacturing companies, banking, LQ45 in the study period 2004 - 2014.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN MANAJEMEN LABA PADA BEBERAPA PENELITIAN SKRIPSI PERGURUAN TINGGI, STUDI META ANALISIS

Topic about corporate governance effect on earnings management has been researched by many researcher and still exist until now. The existing research provides both consistent and inconsistent results with different levels of significance. This study aims to integrate thesis results of higher Education related to the topic of corporate governance effect on earnings management in Indonesia period 2004-2014. Data collection method use observation method with as the output thesis. The sample of this research is 23 thesis student of higher education. The sampling technique is purposive sampling technique. Researcher use meta analysis technique to integrate the result of the thesis research and show conclusions related to the effect of corporate governance on earnings management. The result of this research shows that managerial ownership, institutional ownership, the size of the board directors and the size of board commissioners effect earnings management. The correlation of the weak independent variable to the dependent variable is shown by the average correlation value below 0.25. In addition, this study also proves that the validity of agency theory in several manufacturing companies, banking, LQ45 in the study period 2004 - 2014.

CD4 Cell Counts, Lipid Profile, and Oral Manifestations in HIV-Infected and AIDS Patients.

Objectives:The present study aimed to evaluate CD4 cell counts, lipid profile, and oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and their correlation with seronegative controls.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional, hospital-based study, there were three groups of subjects: group A consisting of 500 healthy patients (controls), group B composed of 500 HIV-infected patients, and group C comprised of 500 AIDS patients based on their CD4 cell counts. CD4 cell counts were assessed using the CyFlow counter. Lipid profile was evaluated with the Erba EM 360 analyzer.Results:The results were statistically significant for CD4 cell counts (P<0.001). The levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) were significantly decreased while triglycerides (TGs) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) were significantly increased in AIDS patients compared to the controls and HIV-infected patients. Various results were obtained regarding oral manifestations with different levels of significance.Conclusion:CD4 cell counts, TC, LDLs, TGs, and VLDLs were significantly changed in HIV-infected and AIDS patients compared to the controls.

Application of the Probability Theory Methods for Scheming the Area of Epizootiological Survey of the Central-Caucasian High-Mountain Natural Plague Focus

It is known that territories of nature plague foci are non-equal by the degree of epizootic situation tension. There are locations (sectors of primary regions) where plague has not been registered or has been registered rarely during all the time of surveillance. In this connection, it is necessary to reestablish the borders of plague focus territory for excluding the sectors without plague manifestations or the areas where plague occurs periodically. However, mathematically reliable criteria to substantiate such decisions are currently unknown to the authors. Objective was to propose evidence-based criteria for the exclusion of certain areas from plague focus territory using probabilistic approach. Material and methods . Surveillance data on Central-Caucasian natural plague focus for the period of 28 years (1987-2013) were used. For each sector of primary zoning in the focus a multiplicity of surveillances and multiplicity of plague epizooty reports was calculated. Some nonparametric techniques (Spearman correlation, quantile analysis) and concepts of probability theory were used for statistical processing. Results and discussion . By the example of Central-Caucasian high-mountain natural plague focus, the method for probability calculation for manifestations of epizooties in the sectors of plague focus is put forward. The evidence-based criteria for the exclusion of certain areas from plague focus territory using probabilistic approach are proposed. Algorithm for excluding the sectors of primary zoning from the surveillance scheme taking into account different levels of significance is presented. The ranking of the focus by the probability of epizooty detection in a sector and probability of surveillance can be utilized alongside the index of frequency of epizooties when planning epizootiological survey of the focal territory.

Drone Pilot Identification by Classifying Radio-Control Signals

Analysis of interactions with remotely controlled devices has been used to detect the onset of hijacking attacks, as well as for forensics analysis, e.g., to identify the human controller. Its effectiveness is known to depend on the remote device type as well as on the properties of the remote control signal. This paper shows that the radio control signal sent to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a typical transmitter can be captured and analyzed to identify the controlling pilot using machine learning techniques. Twenty trained pilots have been asked to fly a high-end research drone through three different trajectories. Control data have been collected and used to train multiple classifiers. Best performance has been achieved by a random forest classifier that achieved accuracy around 90% using simple time-domain features. Extensive tests have shown that the classification accuracy depends on the flight trajectory and that the pitch, roll, yaw, and thrust control signals show different levels of significance for pilot identification. This result paves the way to a number of security and forensics applications, including continuous identification of UAV pilots to mitigate the risk of hijacking.

The Effect of Agility Exercises on the COD Speed and Speed in Terms of the Frequency of the Training

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of agility exercises applied on female students who play handball in school teams on the change of direction (COD)speed and speed in terms of different exercise frequencies for 10 weeks. 75 female students have participated in the study. The first group has been applied agility exercises of 20 minutes during the handball work-out after the warm-up exercises for 5 times a week, the second group was applied these exercises for 3 times a week and the third group was applied these exercises for 2 times a week. Before and after the 10 week agility exercises, the athletes' age, sports age, height, weight, Zigzag test (COD speed) and 20m speed test measurements were taken. After the exercises, COD speed and 20m speed measurements displayed a significance level of difference in terms of the groups (p 2>1). In terms of the 20m speed measurement, the decrease in the 1st group is significantly higher than the decrease in the other two groups and there is no significant difference between the decrease values of the 2nd and 3rd groups. As a result, frequency in the agility exercises of female children who play handball in this age group is important. Within the scope of yearly planning, giving place to agility exercises in a regular manner 5 times a week each for 20 minutes can be stated to affect speed, agility and COD speed performance which are more important in this sport.

Mathematical Programming for Statistical Inference

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The study is concerned with the transforming theoretical Mathematical models into applied Mathematical programming models that are easy to handle and use. These Mathematical programming models can be applied and used in statistical inference, which used in many applied fields, for example, quality control and its application. The aim of this paper is to suggest two mathematical programming models for hypotheses tests, which make a balance between the high power (1-β), and the probability of a type I error, significance (), of the test. The paper introduces a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the two suggested mathematical programming models for tests hypotheses. The two suggested mathematical programming models solved with different sample sizes and different level of significance. The suggested models calculate the critical values which determine the rejection region exactly and the results are easy to interpret clearly. Then the conclusion for the suggested mathematical programming models makes balance between the power and the significance.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Investigation of potential risk factors associated with Salmonella presence in commercial laying hen farms in Nigeria

BackgroundIn 2012/13, the Federal government of Nigeria approved the surveillance of salmonellae in commercial poultry farms with the aim of generating baseline data for the development of a control programme. That baseline provided an opportunity to investigate potential risk factors in commercial layer farms. MethodsFive hundred and twenty-three farms were evaluated for the presence of Salmonella. Each farmer was interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Univariate analysis identified 26 variables potentially associated with Salmonella presence on the farms, with different levels of significance. To simultaneously evaluate the effect of these variables, a multivariable logistic regression model was implemented. ResultsFarmers that are member of the Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN) emerged as a risk factor, as well as being farmer as exclusive occupation. The risk of Salmonella increased in farms with a combined housing system as compared to farms with a single housing system. Moreover, in terms of farm management the use of plastic egg crates had a higher risk of Salmonella presence compared to paper crates. Higher risk of contamination was also identified in farms having regular contact with animal health workers, since this could be indicative of animal health problems requiring continuous assistance. Farms with no previous outbreak of salmonellosis were associated with an increase risk, since most of the farms in this category were newly established. With regard to feeding, the use of coccidiostats and commercial feeds were associated with the spread of Salmonella. Unexpectedly, the presence of other farms at distances further than 1 km away was associated with an increase in Salmonella presence as compared to farms which were in closer proximity. Close proximity among farms could favour the application of stricter biosecurity measures. ConclusionsThe results of the survey can be considered a baseline for implementing effective measures aimed at reducing the Salmonella prevalence in Nigerian laying hen farms.

Comparison of long-term results of trabeculectomy to treat pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma.

To compare the long term outcome of trabeculectomy in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in terms of surgical success. The success of the trabeculectomy was evaluated by three criteria. Criterion A: intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤21 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥20%; Criterion B: IOP ≤18 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥30%; Criterion C: IOP ≤15 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥50%. Patients that met these criteria without medical treatment were considered to be completely successful, while those that met these criteria with medical treatment were considered partially successful. Significance levels of differences between the POAG and PEG groups in the Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated with the log-rank test. Sixty-four eyes from 64 patients with PEG and 51 eyes from 51 patients with POAG were evaluated. No significant differences were detected between the PEG and POAG groups according to full or partial success relative to each of the three criteria (A: P=0.73, 0.32; B: P=0.73, 0.31; C:P=0.90, 0.27). There is no difference in the long-term success of trabeculectomy between PEG and POAG patients whose clinical characteristics are otherwise the same.

Interplay Between Amphetamine and Activity Level in Gene Networks of the Mouse Striatum.

The psychostimulant amphetamine can be prescribed to ameliorate the symptoms of narcolepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and to facilitate weight loss. This stimulant can also have negative effects including toxicity and addiction risk. The impact of amphetamine on gene networks is partially understood and this study addresses this gap in consideration of the physical activity. The striata of mice exposed to either amphetamine or saline treatment were compared in a mouse line selected for home cage physical overactivity, a phenotype that can be mitigated with amphetamine, and in a contemporary control line using RNA-seq. Genes presenting opposite expression patterns between treatments across lines included a pseudogene of coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 gene (Chchd2), ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (Rpph1), short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2), transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (Trpm6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 (Tnfrsf9). Genes presenting consistent treatment patterns across lines, albeit at different levels of significance included cholecystokinin (Cck), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (Vip), arginine vasopressin (Avp), oxytocin/neurophysin (Oxt), thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh), neurotensin (Nts), angiotensinogen (Agt), galanin (Gal), prolactin receptor (Prlr), and calcitonin receptor (Calcr). Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 6 (Kcnj6), and retinoic acid-related (RAR)-related orphan receptor alpha (Rora) were similarly differentially expressed between treatments across lines. Functional categories enriched among the genes presenting line-dependent amphetamine effect included genes coding for neuropeptides and associated with memory and neuroplasticity and synaptic signaling, energy, and redox processes. A line-dependent association between amphetamine exposure and the synaptic signaling genes neurogranin (Nrgn) and synaptic membrane exocytosis 1(Rims1) was highlighted in the gene networks. Our findings advance the understanding of molecular players and networks affected by amphetamine in support of the development of activity-targeted therapies that may capitalize on the benefits of this psychostimulant.

Eficacia de la intervención con videoconsolas en pacientes con ictus: revisión sistemática

In recent years video games and games consoles have been developed that are potentially useful in rehabilitation, which has led to studies conducted to evaluate the degree of efficacy of these treatments for people following a stroke. To analyse the literature available related to the effectiveness of applying video games consoles in the functional recovery of the upper extremities in subjects who have survived a stroke. A review of the literature was conducted in the CINHAL, Medline, PEDro, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases, using the query terms 'video game', 'stroke', 'hemiplegia', 'upper extremity' and 'hemiparesis'. After applying the eligibility criteria (clinical trials published between 2007 and 2017, whose participants were adults who had suffered a stroke with involvement of the upper extremity and who used video games), the scientific quality of the selected studies was rated by means of the PEDro scale. Eleven valid clinical trials were obtained for the systematic review. The studies that were selected, all of which were quantitative, presented different data and the inferential results indicated different levels of significance between control and experimental groups (82%) or between the different types of treatment (18%). The use of video games consoles is a useful complement for the conventional rehabilitation of the upper extremities of persons who have survived a stroke, since it increases rehabilitation time and enhances the recovery of motor functioning. Nevertheless, homogeneous intervention protocols need to be implemented in order to standardise the intervention.

Incidence of deformations of the extremities of Simmental cows in different types of stalls

Problems with legs and various forms of lameness of cows, in intensive milk production, are the third significant problem occuring in this production, after mastitis and reproductive disorders, both globally and in our country. The paper analyzes the incidence of the deformation of legs of 145 cows of the Simmental breed in the Kolubara region, and the influence of paragenetic factors (housing/holding and type of stall/bedding and lactation) on the incidence of deformations. The obtained results show that, of the total number of cows assessed, 3.45% had "X" position of the front legs, 14.8% had a "X" position of the hind legs. The convergent position of the front legs was recorded in 35.86%, and divergent in 8.28% of animals. The convergent position of the hind legs was observed in 16.55% of cows, and divergent in 2.76%. The outward position of the front legs was observed in 4.14% of cows, inward position in 11.03%, and broad position in 4.14% of studied cows. Also, 17.24% of the cows had a so called sable like position of hind legs, and 7.59% showed steap angle of hind legs. The pronounced soft front leg pasterns were observed in 7.59% of the cows, and the soft pasterns of the hind legs in 33.79% of the total number of observed cows. The observed changes in the ankles in the shape of swelling were recorded in 1.38% of cattle on the carpal joint and 2.76% on the tarsal ankle. The damaged shoulder and body joint (scabbed shoulder) was observed in 43.45% of the total number of cows evaluated. Scores for the front and hind legs front, back and side views, varied at different levels of significance under the influence of the type of stall/bedding, while the scores for the condition of the hind leg pasterns varied highly significantly (p&lt;0.001) under the influence of the type of stall/bedding. The scores for the front leg pasterns and scores for shoulder and body joint were not significant (p&gt; 0.05) depending on the type of stall/bedding and the method of housing/holding of cows.

CD4 cell counts and oral manifestations in HIV infected and AIDS patients.

Context:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an acronym for AIDS caused by a retrovirus known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the body's immune system leaving a patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or unusual malignancies. According to estimates by the World Health Organization and UNAIDS, 35 million people were living with HIV globally at the end of 2013. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986. Seldom studies have been conducted correlating these parameters with oral manifestations in the Indian population.Aim:The present study was carried out to evaluate the CD4 cell counts and oral manifestations in HIV-infected and AIDS patients and to correlate them with the seronegative controls.Methodology:This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study on individuals who were divided into three groups, Group A consisting of 500 patients who were healthy controls without any systemic illness; Group B consisting of 500 patients who were diagnosed as HIV infected and Group C consisting of 500 patients diagnosed as AIDS patients depending on their CD4 cell counts. The permission from the Ethical Committee of the Institution as well as Superintendent of Government Hospital was obtained. Evaluation of CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected and AIDS patients was done using CyFlow Counter.Results:The results were found to be statistically significant with the P < 0.001 for the CD4 cell counts. Oral manifestations revealed varied results with different levels of significance.Conclusion:CD4 cell counts were significantly altered in HIV-infected and AIDS patients when compared with the controls while oral manifestations revealed varied results with different levels of significance.