Different Concentrations Of Growth Regulators Research Articles

Direct Organogenesis of Citrus Cultivars from Shoot Tip Nodal Segments.

Citrus cultivar improvement via conventional breeding strategies is impeded by factors related to its reproductive biology. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata). Among various orange cultivars, Valencia oranges have a bit of bitter tang mixed in with their sweetness, as Navel oranges are, the most widely cultivated citrus species, quite sweeter, and also don't contain any seeds. Tangelo mandarin orange cultivar is a hybrid of C. reticulata × C. maxima or × C. paradisi. The present study was undertaken to optimize the hormonal composition of the media with regard to plant growth regulators for in vitro propagation of sweet orange cultivars from nodal segment explants. The nodal segment explants were collected from three citrus cultivars, Washington Navel, Valencia and Tangelo. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of growth regulators was used for shoot proliferation and root induction, and the optimum medium composition was assessed. The patent for Citrus Tissue Culture was obtained from the Office of Research Affairs, Haramaya University. The results indicate that the highest shoot response was recorded for Washington's navel with maximum shoot proliferation rate (99.75%), shoot number per explant (1.76), shoot length (10.70 cm), leaf number per explants (3.54) after three weeks of culture. In all experiments, no growth was observed for the basal MS medium. Phytohormone combinations of IAA (1.2 mg/L) and kinetin (2.0 mg/L) were found to be the best for shoot proliferation. Among the cultivars, there were significant differences for the highest rooting rate (81.255), root number (2.22), and root length (2.95 cm) variables for Washington Navel. The lowest rooting rate (48.45%), root number (1.47) and root length (2.26 cm) were observed for Valencia. The highest rooting rate (84.90%), root number per microshoot (2.22) and root length (3.05 cm) was on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L NAA. A comparison of different concentrations of IAA and NAA on root induction of microshoots from nodal segments of citrus cultivars demonstrated NAA was a more effective hormone than IAA.

THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES OF EUROPEAN LARCH SEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN «PODILLYA»

The article highlights the main aspects of the use of growth regulators in the cultivation of European larch seedlings by seed. In the research material of the article, laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of different concentrations of growth regulators on the formation of germination and germination energy of European larch seeds. As a result of the research, it was found that the minimum concentration of agrostimulin also increased germination energy by 3.5 % and laboratory germination by 9.6 % compared to the control. It was determined that the use of higher concentrations of agrostimulin concentrations (1 and 2 ml/l) led to an increase in germination energy by 7.8 % and 11.5 %, respectively, and to an increase in germination rate by 14.7 % and 20 %. It was found that the concentration of 2.0 ml/l of emistim-C was the most effective, increasing germination energy by 12.1% compared to the control variant, and laboratory germination reached its maximum value at a concentration of 2 ml/l and exceeded the control by 15.9%. The study revealed that an increase in the concentration of PABA solutions contributes to an increase in germination energy and laboratory germination of European larch seeds. The most pronounced effect is observed at a concentration of 100 mg/l and is 59.6 % and 72.8 %, respectively. The results of the study show that solutions of Triman-1 in concentrations of 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l have a positive effect on germination energy, increasing it by 9% and 9.9% and laboratory germination of European larch seeds by 12.3% and 13.9%, respectively. Also in the course of the research, it was determined that excessive concentrations of different types of growth regulators gave insignificant results compared to the control, which indicates the ineffectiveness of their use.

Optimization of Hormonal Compositions of Media in In Vitro Propagation of Orange Cultivars from Shoot Tip Nodal Segments

Orange is one of the most horticulturally important and widely cultivated Citrus species. Citrus cultivar improvement via conventional breeding strategies is normally impeded by factors related to its reproductive biology. The present study was undertaken to investigate the optimization of growth regulators’ composition of media in in vitro propagation of orange cultivar from nodal segment explants. The nodal segment explants were collected from sweet orange cultivars. The MS medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of growth regulators were used for shoot proliferation and root induction. The optimum compositions of growth regulators in MS medium were assessed. The result indicated that the highest shoot response was recorded for Washington naval orange with maximum shoot proliferation rate (99.75%), shoot number per explant (3.10), shoot length (10.70 cm), leaf number per explants (12.50) after three weeks of culture. In all experiments, no growth was observed for the basal MS medium. Phytohormones combinations of indole-3-acetic acid, IAA (1.2 mg/L), and kinetin (2.0 mg/L) were found to be the best for shoot proliferation. Among the cultivars, significantly, the highest rooting rate (81.25%), root number (4.95), and root length (2.95 cm) were recorded for Washington naval orange cultivar. The least rooting rate (48.45%), root number (3.55), and root length (2.26 cm) were observed from the Valencia cultivar. Significantly, the highest rooting rate (84.90%), root number per microshoot (5.20), and root length (3.05 cm) for MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The comparison of different concentrations of IAA and NAA on root induction of microshoots from nodal segments of sweet orange cultivars demonstrated NAA as the more effective hormone than IAA.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)

A cherry tomato is a small-sized tomato variety known for its round shape and sweet flavor. Therefore, at the Department of Horticulture at Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, an investigation titled "Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cherry Tomato" was conducted during the Rabi-2022-23 season to assess the impact of plant growth regulators on the growth, quality, and yield of Pusa Cherry 1 tomatoes, as well as analyze the economic aspects of different treatments. Ten treatments were employed, including control with different concentrations of growth regulators (GA3 and Auxin) and Kinetin. The study found that using plant growth regulators had a significantly positive effect on cherry tomatoes for all traits. Among the treatments tested, T3(GA3 @ 75 ppm) showed the most favourable results in terms of plant height, number of primary branches, early flowering and maturing. T3 also demonstrated superior performance in terms of fruit weight, the maximum number of fruits per plant, and yield per plant.

Introducción a cultivo de vitroplantas de “Peperina de las Lomas”(Hedeoma multiflora Benth.) como contribución para su conservación ex situ

Hedeoma multifloraBenth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic-medicinal species native to Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil that is in a state of vulnerability due to overexploitation. It is used in the preparation of flavored yerba mate and in popular medicine, mainly in abdominal conditions. The objective of this work was to adjust the micropropagation technique, study the field behavior of vitroplants, compare the seeds generated and close their cultivation cycle. Different concentrations of growth regulators were evaluated on Murashige-Skoog medium. The implantation was successful. There are no differences between the evaluated plants. It was possible to efficiently close the complete cycle in vitro, with 100% survival, flowering and production of viable seeds. This methodology will serve for its introduction to the field, subsequent domestication, reintroduction into its natural environment and mitigate the process of degradation of the populations.

Propagation of Chia Plants Using Plant Tissue Culture Technique

Back Ground: The plant tissue culture technique is one of the biotechnologies that meansisolating a plant cell, tissue or organ, sterilizing it and cultivating it on sterile artificial foodmedia under conditions completely free of pathogens, and then the transplanted part developsinto a complete plant similar to the original from which it was taken. Under controlledenvironmental conditions of temperature, humidity and lighting, as defined by others as sterilecultivation of cells, tissues, organs and their components under certain chemical and physicalconditions in vitro.Objectives: This study aimed to propagate the medicinal chia plant using the technique ofplant tissue culture.Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratoryof the College of Agriculture, Anbar University. Sterilized chia seeds were sown on the MSnutrient medium equipped with the GA3 growth regulator for the purpose of obtainingvegetative growths in the cultivation tubes, at the rate of one seed per vial, using tweezerspreviously sterilized with alcohol and flame. After obtaining the required growths, the stemnodes were cut into pieces 1 cm long and planted on MS medium prepared with differentconcentrations of BA (0.5, 1, 2, 3) mg L -1 . And by interfering with NAA (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) mg L -1with the aim of the emergence and multiplication of vegetative branches within a factorialexperiment with two factors (4 × 4) with 10 replications for each treatment. 16 hours and 8hours dark. In the rooting experiment, different concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2) mg L -1 wereused, interfering with BR (0, 0.1, 0.2) mg L -1 , and measurements were taken after one month.
 Results: It was observed through the obtained results that there were significant differencesbetween the different concentrations of growth regulators used in the experiment in themultiplication and rooting of the branches.Conclusions: Regarding the doubling stage, there is an increase in the number of branches asthe concentration of the growth regulator BA increases. For rooting, the growth regulatorbrassinosteroids outperformed auxin indole butyric acid in root lengths and numbers.Keywords: Chia Plants, Gibberellin hormone, Leaves, Stem Nodes, Tissue Culture Technique

Variation in Acacia senegal Seed size and Germination Collected from Different Regions of Rajasthan

Acacia senegal is common in Rajasthan and its seeds are used in Panchkutta vegetable. It is good for fencing and also on bunds fencing. Seeds from different locations were collected and their seed size and other parameters were studied. Its germination in laboratory with different treatments as well as with different concentrations of Growth regulators was studied. Results shows that seed size varies with different locations even in same districts also. However there is no correlation with germination behavior. Phenological study and reproductive biology of seeds need to be studied in details.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Cotton Seedling Root Growth Parameters and Enzyme Activity.

It is well known that the survival rate of cotton seedlings is low, and the growth and development status at this stage is crucial to improve productivity. Plant hormones are important factors that promote the growth and development of cotton seedlings. Growth regulators have the same function as plant hormones. The purpose of this research is to explore the effects of different concentrations of growth regulators on cotton root morphological parameters and enzyme activities, and to find suitable plant growth regulators and their optimal concentrations to improve the growth of the cotton seedling root system. Three cotton varieties, "Zhongmian 619" (Z619), "Xinluzao 27" (Z27), and "Xinluzao 39" (Z39), and three growth regulators, gibberellin (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), and paclobutrazol (PP333), at three concentrations were used in our experiment. In Z619 and Z27, 0.050 mg/L GA3 significantly increased the total root length. Similarly, 0.010 mmol/L SA significantly increased the root growth parameters of Z619 and Z39. In Z619, 0.1 mg/L PP333 significantly increased the total root length and total surface area and reduced the average root diameter. For all three cotton varieties, 0.050 mg/L GA3 increased peroxidase (POD) activity in the roots. In Z27 and Z39, 0.80 mg/L GA3 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the roots. All SA concentrations increased SOD activity in roots of Z619 and Z27; 0.10 mg/L PP333 significantly increased SOD and POD activities in the roots of Z619 and significantly increased SOD activity in Z27. Principal component analysis indicated that 0.10 mmol/L SA was the optimal treatment for promoting the development of the roots of Z619 and 0.050 mmol/L SA was the optimal treatment for promoting the development of the roots of Z27 and Z39.

Environmental Influence of growth regulators and light condition on some callus traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ) in vitro

The study carried out in plant tissue culture laboratory at Department of Biology - College of Science - University of Al-Qadisiyah, included several experiments on the effect of different growth regulators concentration of auxins and cytokinins on the growth and characteristics of callus of Rosmarinus officinalis L. growing under light and dark conditions. Explant ( tops and the lateral buds with a length of 0.5-1.0 cm) sterilized with ethanol solution and sodium hypochlorate, then growing on MS medium with added different concentrations of growth regulators and incubated in the growth chamber under the influence of lighting factor (light and dark) at a temperature of 25 °C, the data were taken every week and after 45 days of cultivation that. The best combination 2,4-D 1.0 mg/l with BA 0.5 mg/l that gave the largest callus weight in the light 3.75 gm, while in the dark, the best combination 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA gave the largest callus weight 3.60 gm, same combination which gave the highest percentage of callus emergence after 2 weeks was 100% in the dark and 95% in the light. The texture, color and shape of the callus varied as the combination

In vitro rhizogenesis of Ananas comosus var. erectifolius under influence of synthetic auxins

Ananas comosus var. erectifolius is a bromeliad native of the Amazon Complex has aroused great interest of the industries due to a softness, strength and low density of fibers extracted from its leaves. The frequent demand and effective protocols for in vitro regeneration and establishment of species, of commercial and environmental interest, encourages studies of organogenesis induced by growth regulators. The rhizogenesis or in vitro rooting is the last step of the regeneration process and is often considered the greatest challenge to be overcome. Rhizogenesis of Ananas comosus var. erectifolius was evaluated under the influence of the growth regulators naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA). Seven experiments were performed using different concentrations of growth regulators on solid MS medium under controlled environmental conditions. The results will improve the laboratorial protocols of induction, multiplication, elongation and production of root biomass for A. comosus var. erectifolius. The in vitro rooting was feasible and better results were observed using 1.0 mg L-1 NAA + 1.0 mg L-1 IBA.

Genetic clonal fidelity assessment of rhizome-derived micropropagated Acorus calamus L. – A medicinally important plant by random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Background: Acorus calamus – a critical medicinal plant, is overexploited, leading to population reduction. Establishing an efficient in vitro protocol is essential for the large-scale production of genetically identical plants. Objectives: Development of fast and reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for A. calamus and clonal fidelity assessment of the regenerants using molecular markers. Materials and Methods: Plants were regenerated on Murashige and Skoog medium with different concentrations of growth regulators in two phases – shooting and rooting. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to evaluate the genetic stability of in vitro clones. Results: 6 Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 1.6 and 2.4 mgL−1 was effective for shoot induction, while root induction was superior in indole-3-butyric acid-incorporated medium at 2.5 mgL−. Thirteen RAPD and 16 ISSR primers produced 59 and 96 clear, unambiguous, and reproducible bands, respectively. Both the markers revealed a high monomorphism of 96.79% and 95.63% among the regenerants. Nei's genetic distance analysis disclosed a close genetic association (0.000–0.068) among the genotypes. Conclusion: ISSR was better than RAPD markers in clonal fidelity assessment of the regenerants. The in vitro protocol developed is reliable and suitable for the rapid propagation of true-to-type A. calamus plants.

Conservation of an endangered medicinal plant Taxus baccata through air layering; A method of rapid multiplication

Taxus baccata is categorized as a highly medicinal but endangered species, due to production of several economically important metabolites. Taxus baccata, a high altitude medicinal plants attract attention recently because its bark and leaves contain an alkaloid, which is the primary origin of Taxol, a vigorous anti-cancer drug. The formation of adventitious roots during air layering can be induced by various root promoting treatments and hormones which increase the root length and shoot development. Two plant growth hormones Indole-3-Butyric Acid and Napthelic Acetic Acid (IBA and NAA) with different concentration have been used for air layering on Taxus baccata. Each treatment was applied to 20 layers in replicates of 4. All the layers were carried out under uniform cultural practice during the entire period of examination. The experiments were conducted at village Ravigram, Joshimath, Chamoli (Uttarakhand) India. The stem layers pre-treatment with IBA 1000 ppm was observed most suitable condition for plant multiplication and regeneration in comparison to NAA. Effect of layering time and different concentration of growth regulators shows variation in formation of roots and callus. So 80.833% survivability was achieved with 1000 ppm of IBA and all other best results were obtained with this concentration followed by 750 ppm NAA.

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON IN VITRO AND EX VITRO CONDITIONS ON PROPAGATION OF DIANTHUS CARYOPHLLUS L.

This research was carried out in the tissue culture Laboratory at University of Baghdad during 2017-2018 in order to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on the propagation of two cultivars of Dianthus (Sun charm White and Master) under Ex vitro conditions by cultivating the single nodes using the MS medium which involved with different concentrations of growth regulators. The interaction treatment 1.0 mg /L BA + 0.2 mg /L NAA gave the highest response percent of bloom reached 100% for the red cultivar, and the treatment 1.5 mg / L BA + 0.2 mg / L gave the highest response percent to the white cultivar bloom reached 90%.In the multiplication stage, the highest branches number was obtained at 4.5 branches by the application of 2.0 mg / L BA + 0.2 and 0.4 mg /L IAA for the red cultivar, while the white variety gave the highest branches number was obtained at the treatment 2.0 mg /L BA + 0.1 mg /L IAA, which gave 4.8 branches. During the rooting stage, the application of IBA at a concentration of 1 mg / L for the red and white cultivars obtained the highest rooting ratio and the highest root length reached 70% and 2.01 cm respectively for red, while the highest rooting ratio and root length of 80% and 2.19 cm respectively were given for white cultivar, and the highest root number at a concentration of 1.5 mg /L, reached 2.50 for red and 2.30 for white. In the experiment of rooting under Ex Vitro conditions, the results revealed that the concentration of 2 mg / L IBA gave the highest rooting ratio, number, and length of roots reached 50%, 1.40 and 1.23 cm respectively for the red cultivar, while the white cultivar was gave, 70%, 1.60 and 1.20 cm respectively, and the plants were adapted under greenhouse conditions.

Response of Different Explants for Callus Induction in Cucumber

In vitro regeneration of cucumber is relatively difficult for genetic improvement. In this regard, different concentrations of growth regulators and three types of explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl and leaf disc) were investigated for their efficiency on callus induction potential. Among different explants explored for callus induction with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), leaf disc responded earlier (4.67 days) and showed higher percentage of callus induction (91.50%) with 2 mg/l 2,4-D supplemented Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. The same concentration of 2,4-D resulted in the maximum callus fresh (0.56 g) and dry weight (0.39 g) from leaf disc explant. Then the callus was transferred to untreated, 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l Kn, 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l Kn and 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l Kn fortified MS medium. After transferring the callus of different explants to shoot regeneration media containing different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Kinetin (Kn), only cotyledon callus started to regenerate shoot. The combination of BAP (2 mg/l) + NAA (0.2 mg/l) + Kn (1 mg/l) showed highest shoot regeneration percentage (67.77%) and the maximum number of shoots (5.12) per explant were recorded in the treatment combination of 2 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l NAA + 1 mg/l Kn. These results provided a basis for the optimization of the callus induction protocol of cucumber for genetic transformation.

Obtaining of the fertile sunflower-regenerants (Helianthus annuus L.) by in vitro organosesis

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the mainoilseeds in the world and by far one of the hardestcrops to cultivate in vitro. Currently, there is no registrated transgenic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety (clone, line, F1 hybrid, population). One ofthe main problems for obtaining transgenic plants isan efficient in vitro regeneration system, which willmake it possible to obtain morphologically typical fertile regenerants. It is known that the regenerative ability of sunflower can be studied in two ways: somatic embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Due to the different ratio of growth regulators such as auxin and cytokinins, it is possible to influence the frequency of regeneration from different types of tissues. Thus, at high concentrations of auxins and low concentrations of cytokinins, it is possible to induce root regeneration. And for the induction of shoot regeneration, it is better to use high concentrations of cytokinin and lowconcentrations of auxins. However, knowing differentapproaches and methods of sunflower cultivation invitro regeneration culture, today there is no universalprotocol that is suitable for all sunflower genotypes.That is why the aim of our work was to investigatethe regenerative capacity of sunflower lines and develop an effective system that will later be used forgenetic research in order to improve economicallyvaluable traits of sunflower. This article presents data on sunflower regeneration (Helianthus annuus L.) by direct organogenesis.Cotyledons of immature seeds (21 days after pollination) were used as explants. The induction andproliferation of adventive buds was tested in a basicmedium with different concentrations of growth regulators. It was found that the optimal conditions for the induction and proliferation of adventive buds is a modified MS medium supplemented with vitamins for Gamborg, 5 mg/l AgNO3, 2 mg/l 2–isopentenyladenine (2–iP), 0.5 mg/l indole–3–acetic acid (IAA), 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ).The elongation of adventitious shoots was carried out on a modified MS medium with Gamborg vitamins, 5 mg/L AgNO3, 1 mg/L 2-IP, 0.5 mg/L N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). We were the development of an effective in vitro rooting system allowed to obtain seeds.

Secondary metabolites characterization of in vitro propagated Antigonon leptopus cultures

This work was conducted on Antigonon leptopus to optimize in vitro propagation conditions for shootlets multiplication and callus culture under effect of some factors such as types of cytokinins (BA and 2ip) at different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/l) plus 0.1 mg/l of IBA that were examined for proliferated shoots with high rooting ability. Also, different concentrations of growth regulators (2,4-D, TDZ and NAA) under both light and darkness incubation were evaluated for callus tissues development. The secondary metabolites for both shootlets and callus tissues were estimated. For obtaining shootlet culture development with more proliferation and elongation of shootlets with the highest number of leaves, rooting percent and roots length, MS medium was added with 0.2 mg/l 2ip plus 0.1 mg/l IBA. While, MS supplemented with 0.4 2iP plus 0.1 IBA mg/l resulted in the highest values of all estimated pigments (Chl. a, b, carotenoid and anthocyanin) in shootlets. Using high concentration of 2ip (0.6 mg/1) enhanced the production of phenolic, flavonoids compounds, and antioxidant activity in shootlets. Low concentration of both NAA (2.5 mg/l) and TDZ (1.0 mg/l) under darkness condition produced the highest callus fresh weight. However, the same treatment (NAA at 2.5 mg/l+ TDZ at1mg/l) under light condition caused significant increment of the above-mentioned active compounds in callus tissues. The successfully acclimatized plantlets showed variations in morphological characters due to transferring them to different growth media (peat moss, perlite, clay and sand) in the greenhouse.

Metabolites in cultured cells of Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene display increased hypoglycemic activity compared to that seen in plant roots

Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene, (huereque) is an endemic shrub whose roots are used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Here, we establish cell cultures of I. sonorae to evaluate the presence of antidiabetic metabolites. Stem and roots sections were incubated on media with different concentrations of growth regulators to induce calli. Using B5 medium containing 25 g L−1 sucrose, 150 mg L−1ascorbic acid, 6 g L−1 agar–agar, supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 α-naphthalene-acetic acid, 0.5 mg L−1 benzyladenine and 1 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid, 95% calli induction was attained. Flavonoids and phenols in I. sonorae cultured cell suspension were investigated. The methanol extracts exhibited antioxidant activity that was attributed to phenolic compounds. These extracts stimulated glucose uptake more efficaciously than I. sonorae plant roots. This study demonstrates that in vitro cultured cells stand as a good option for production of hypoglycemic metabolites.

Studies on the effect of different concentrations of growth regulators on root and shoot on production of Kokum grafts (Garcinia indica choicy)

Studies on the effect of different concentrations of growth regulators on root and shoot on production of Kokum grafts (<i>Garcinia indica</i> choicy)

Galanthamine production in tissue culture and metabolomic study on Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton

The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids e.g. galanthamine (Gal), lycorine and narciclasine are noted for their pharmaceutical properties. Gal is a long acting, selective, and competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of early to mid-stage Alzheimer's diseases. The biosynthesis of alkaloids by plants using in vitro systems has been considered as a tool for drug discovery and production since total chemical synthesis is not economic. The biosynthetic pathways, especially for Gal, are starting to be understood, but still far from complete. This study is emphasised on the yield from whole plant and developing cell culture systems for optimized alkaloid production.In vitro cultures of Narcissus pseudonarcissus (cv. Carlton) initiated from twin-scale explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium fortified with different concentrations of growth regulators, were screened for their ability to produce alkaloids through GC–MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry). Callus obtained mainly from the MS medium containing high concentration of auxins i.e. 20 mg/l NAA (naphthalene acetic acid), while media with low auxin (4 mg/l NAA) and MS basal medium gave bulblets with both white and green shoots. Regenerated bulblets developed from callus found in both high and low auxin MS media. Tissue culture derived materials (callus and bulblets) and field grown samples (bulb, basal plate and leaves) from 'Carlton' were analyzed for galanthamine content. The highest amount of galanthamine was obtained from basal plate tissue followed by bulb tissues, leaves, bulblets with green shoots, bulblets with white shoots and regenerated bulblets. Trace amount of galanthamine was found in callus.An NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) based metabolomic analysis showed that the relative concentrations of compounds involved in phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, the initial stage biosynthetic pathways that yield the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, were higher in field samples than in vitro samples which support the GC–MS findings of high Gal production in field samples.

Significance of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR’s) on the Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop

The current studies reveal the effect of a plant growth regulator (PGRs) on growth and yield performance of wheat crop. It was demonstrated that plant morphology, physiology, biochemistry and yield of wheat crop is highly effected/ stimulated by the use of low/ different concentration of growth regulators. Various filed experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of concentrations and formulations of three PGR salts (ortho-nitrophenolate, para-nitrophenolate and Sodium-5-Nitroguaiacolate). Various compositions of PGRs were applied as foliar application during different stages of plant growth. Control measurements were also carried out simultaneously using water only. A significant increase in plant height, stem growth, leaf development, chlorophyll contents and other biochemical contents of plant has been observed by the use of PGR. The results indicate that the PGR concentrations of 100 ppm and 150 ppm were found to give the best results. From the current study, it was suggested that dose concentration ranging from100ppm to 150ppm has momentous potential on plant growth and yield of wheat crop. Also it enhances the nutritional value of crop and reduces the economic cost of former.