Development Of Processing Technology Research Articles

DESIGN AND BUILD A COCONUT HUSK CHOPPER MACHINE USING AN 8 HP GASOLINE ENGINE

The coconut frond cutter or coconut frond shredder is a device used to transform coconut fronds into small pieces, even turning them into a finely textured material. This study examines the design and development of a coconut-chopping machine that uses an 8 HP combustion motor. Structural analysis was performed on the machine frame by considering the maximum and minimum Von Mises Stresses. The analysis results show that the maximum Von Mises Stress in the frame is 1.670e+06 N/mm², while the minimum stress is 2.338e+04 N/mm². The displacement of the frame was observed at 2.642e-02 mm to 1.000e-30 mm. The safety factor of the frame was found to be 1.366e+02, indicating an adequate level of safety. Next, this study analyzed the shredding capacity of the machine. The analysis showed that the largest shredding capacity was 3619.30 kg/hour, which occurred at a high rotation of young fronds, producing fine shreds. Meanwhile, the smallest shredding capacity of 612.66 kg/hour occurs at low rotation of old fronds and produces coarse shreds. These results provide essential insights into using coconut shredding machines based on the rotation level and the processed material. This research contributes to the development of efficient and effective coconut processing technology.

The effect of pressure on degradation kinetics of polyphenols: Impact of polyphenol structure at hyperbaric storage conditions

Understanding reaction kinetics at elevated pressures is essential for developing efficient pressure-based technologies. It is especially vital for hyperbaric storage (HS), where pressure is applied for long durations. In single and multi-component models, the influence of pressure on the degradation kinetics of different catechins and anthocyanins was studied at accelerated conditions using neutral pH at pressures up to 200 MPa (HS levels) for several hours. In the neutral baroresistant buffer, pressure enhanced the degradation of all tested flavonoids with a negative activation volume. Despite the significant structural variety and major differences in the degradation rates within each tested subgroup, no significant structure-dependent effect of pressure on the activation volume was observed, which is suggestive of a similar mechanism by which pressure accelerates the degradation. The antioxidant capacity of catechins was not affected by pressure compared to control samples when the concentration of the original catechin was similar. Industrial relevanceA better understanding of pressure effects on the degradation reaction kinetics of food components can contribute to the general understanding of mechanisms related to food component degradation under high-pressure treatments. Plant-based foods are rich in polyphenolic compounds and responsible for sensory characteristics and their related health-promoting properties. In conditions similar to HS, that are known to inhibit and even, in some cases, inactivate microorganisms, when food is exposed to high pressures for a long time, it is imperative to investigate the effect of pressure on polyphenol degradation kinetics, which can lead to differences in the polyphenol compositions during the pressurized storage. However, the impact of pressure on polyphenol degradation kinetics is often overlooked. This study provides fundamental information regarding the polyphenol structure-dependent degradation kinetics of catechins and anthocyanins under pressure while taking into account the often overlooked pressure-induced pH shifts. The presented work can promote the development of novel storage and processing technologies based on high pressure that will better preserve oxidation-liable compounds with lower energetic costs.

Mechanism of initiation of ethylene cationic polymerization in the presence of an aluminum chloride aquacomplex in heptane with a stoichiometric composition of 1:1:1:2 at the quantum level

In this paper, the mechanism of ethylene initiation in the presence of an aluminum chloride – water catalyst in a heptane solvent of stoichiometric composition 1:1:1:2 was studied using the ab initio RHF theoretical quantum chemical method. The activation energy and thermal effect of this reaction were obtained. These data can be useful for further research in the field of cationic polymerization, and can also be used in the development of new technological processes of polyethylene with specified physicochemical properties characteristic of fiber optics.

Исследование влияния комбинированного модификатора из отходов кремниевого производства на свойства серых чугунов

Introduction. During the metallurgical production of silicon, waste is generated that accumulates in dumps, causing harm to the environment. Disposal and recycling of solid waste from silicon production is especially important because They contain important chemical compounds (silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, carbon nanotubes) that can be used in other industries, which will bring greater economic value. Considering the possibilities for extracting these useful components from silicon production waste, it is necessary to bring processing technologies to the stage of widespread practical application. Therefore, the development of a special waste processing technology to obtain a useful product in the form of a composition of silicon dioxide and silicon carbide remains an urgent problem. Purpose of the work: to study the formation of the morphological form of graphite with the introduction of nano-modifiers from silicon production waste. The work examined samples of gray cast iron after modification with a combined modifier obtained from silicon production waste. The research methods are mechanical tests for statistical tension, analysis of the chemical composition and metallographic studies. Results and discussion. It was revealed that the mechanical properties of gray cast iron increased by 30-50% after modification with a combined modifier, compared with witness samples. The morphology of graphite is an important parameter affecting the properties of cast iron. It has been established that during the modification process the morphology of graphite changes from lamellar to vermicular. Specimens of gray cast iron with vermicular form of graphite have high strength values compared to specimens of gray cast iron with lamellar form of graphite. The presented results confirm the promise of the developed approach aimed at obtaining new classes of modifiers and products made of gray cast iron with a high range of mechanical properties.

Improved Sliding Mode Variable Structure Control of Robot Manipulators with Flexible Joints based on Singular Perturbation

This paper discusses the kinematics analysis method of six link mechanism based on virtual prototype technology and Adams. Firstly, the kinematics mathematical model of the six-bar linkage is deduced. Then, based on the design and development process of virtual prototype technology, the virtual prototype model of the six-bar press is established in ADAMS software. Finally, the kinematics simulation analysis is carried out for the model. The proposed method provides a reference for the parametric and optimal design analysis of the multi bar linkage of the mechanical press.

IT Skills of Young and Older People: A Qualitative Study

Both younger and older people have different ways of using and interacting with technical devices (smartphones, laptops and tablets). This study compares both user groups and explores how the technical aids are used in everyday life, what barriers exist and how technical problems are handled. In July and August 2021, 20 semi-structured interviews with young and old people were conducted and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that young people continue to use smartphones more frequently than the older participants and that smartphone functions such as making phone calls are more important for the older participants. Older people prefer a personal support by family members when technical problems occur, whereas the younger study participants favour the more impersonal option via hotlines etc. Finally, it seems to be useful to involve older people in the development process of new technologies, so that the applications can be designed to be as user-friendly as possible.

Public–Private Partnering in Nuclear Reactor Development—Historical Review and Implications for Today

Abstract The dominant nuclear reactor technologies that comprise the current global operating fleet were developed and deployed over a relatively short, midtwentieth century, period spanning the 1950s and 60 s. Four of these technologies were deployed at fleet scales and commercially exported. The historical record indicates a remarkably consistent process of phased technology development that enabled the commercialization of designs that would define the global nuclear marketplace, beginning with research and development (R&D) and advancing through test reactors, small and large demonstration reactors, and first commercial-scale units. Following proof-of-principle R&D, historical commercialization lead times (from decision to construction of a demonstration reactor to first commercial launch) ranged from 12 to16 years for these four commercial technologies. Key factors contributing to successful commercialization included durable government support for early R&D and varying degrees of public–private partnering through commercial launch. This partnering included arrangements for technical support, siting, facility ownership, nuclear material provision, and cost sharing. The policy environment was characterized by unambiguous government support; stabile, effective and informed government program management and oversight; and flexibility in the public–private partnership arrangements to promote technology development and demonstration. Government advocacy was structured to support progressively increasing industry independence and self-sufficiency. This experience is documented and analyzed in this paper to provide salient lessons and example program elements for contemporary efforts to stimulate development and commercialization of a new generation of advanced nuclear technologies through collaboration and public–private partnerships.

Knowledge-enhanced model with dual-graph interaction for confusing legal charge prediction

The rapid development of natural language processing (NLP) technologies has enabled the emergence of legal intelligence assistance systems, with legal charge prediction (LCP) being a critical technology. The automatic LCP aims to determine the final charges based on fact descriptions of criminal cases. LCP assists human judges in managing workloads and improving efficiency, provides accessible legal guidance for individuals, and supports enterprises in litigation financing and compliance monitoring. However, distinguishing between confusing charges in real-world judicial practice remains a significant challenge. Most exist works cannot effectively capture complex relationships and discern subtle differences in fact descriptions while ignoring the legal schematic knowledge. In order to improve confusing LCP performance, we propose a novel knowledge-aware model for legal charge prediction that leverages Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to capture complex relationships within criminal case descriptions. Specifically, the model constructs structural and semantic graphs from fact descriptions and integrates information from both through a dual-graph interaction process. A legal knowledge transformer generates key knowledge representations at schema and charge levels, while a knowledge matching network incorporates hierarchical charge knowledge into facts. Besides, we also propose two real-world datasets namely Criminal-All and Criminal-Confusing, containing 203 different charges and 86 confusing charges, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these datasets are the first well-organized datasets for confusing LCP task. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms baselines and significantly improves the distinction of confusing charges, providing valuable support for intelligent legal judgment systems.

Teaching Kazakh literature in secondary education through the technology of �reasoning, fall to thinking, thinking�

Relevance. This study highlights the relevance of Kanipa Bitibaeva's technology �Throw an idea, fall to thinking, thinking� popular in Kazakh CIS secondary schools. Purpose. The article examines the process of technology research and development for teaching foreign and domestic literature. Methodology. An analysis of the existing literature on pedagogical technologies was carried out, emphasizing the importance of a step-by-step approach and practical application of advanced domestic and global pedagogical technologies. Results. The issue on the agenda of the humanitarian education system of the state of Kazakhstan is to improve the quality of education and the formation of a well-developed personality with a rich spiritual world. Introduction of new teaching technologies, informatization of education. This technology identifies the scientific and methodological foundations of teaching, deepens the knowledge of students who study the Kazakh language and literature in depth, encourages the development of business skills, writing skills, vocabulary, and literary language, and promotes creative activities. In the global education system, the questions such as �What should be taught in the XXI century?�, �How do teachers prepare students for the XXI century?� are on the agenda. In the XXI century, our sovereign state aims to ensure that not only the economy, but also the education system meets international standards and is of high quality. Conclusions. The technologicalization of the educational process in accordance with modern requirements is based on the modernization of the content of education, the use of new teaching methods in the discovery of personality. The effectiveness of innovative technologies prevails in the implementation of these issues, and educational institutions play an important role in the implementation of the goals and objectives. Keywords: literature; pedagogical technology; methodology; innovation; fiction

Experimental Verification of Calculation Formulas for Hydraulic Characteristics of Ash Suspension Removal

Abstract The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of ash suspensions, in particular the removal of ash from the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. The importance of this research is justified by the relevance of understanding hydrodynamic processes in suspensions, which is crucial for the efficiency of mineral resource processing. The study focuses on the investigation of the physico-chemical properties of suspensions, which is fundamental for the development and optimization of technological processes. The main goal of the article is to determine the discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental data in the context of the hydraulic characteristics of ash suspensions. Focusing on this issue, the research aims to make an important contribution to the accuracy of prediction and calculation of the behavior of suspensions, which has important practical applications. The research methodology includes a series of experiments to measure various hydraulic parameters of the suspension, including suspension density, solid phase weight content, and porosity. The experiments are based on a detailed analysis of ash samples collected from the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. It is established that theoretical formulas for determining hydraulic characteristics are well confirmed experimentally. The difference is due to the accuracy of measuring the density of the solid phase and errors in measuring weight and volume; it is sufficiently small and does not have a fundamental character.

ПРИДАТНІСТЬ СОЛОМИ ЛЬОНУ ОЛІЙНОГО ДЛЯ ПЕРЕРОБКИ НА ВОЛОКНО

Flax belongs to the few industrial crops, from which two types of products can be obtained simultaneously - seeds and fiber. Industrial processing of straw aimed at obtaining fiber can solve issues related to providing enterprises with domestic natural raw materials. The wide range of use of fibers from linseed stalks has contributed to a number of studies on the processing of linseed stalks. However, linseed oil straw has some disadvantages that limit its use and the development of new technologies for the primary processing of flax fiber. In order to obtain more profit from flax straw, producers need to know the quality of the straw, so the factors that affect its suitability for processing and processing methods that will increase the value for processors and producers need to be researched. The factors that affect the suitability of flax straw for processing are established: trash, weeds, plant height, fiber content, straw length and orientation, and transportation cost. It has been proven that it is necessary to choose varieties of linseed with a high fiber content and to focus on varieties with high stems and during mowing to use methods that will increase the height of flax straw in order to avoid the loss of the harvest of the technical part of the stem; increase sowing rates to increase fiber yield; control the density of crops and the height of the plant to manage the ratio of seeds and straw in accordance with production tasks; check crops for clogging and the presence of weeds. It is advisable to use devices to quickly obtain data on the fiber content in order to determine the suitability of straw for processing, so it is promising to conduct further research in this direction.

The Integration of Machine Translation Technology in the Realm of Legal Interpretation

This article aims to provide an overview of the application of machine translation technology in the field of legal translation, exploring its potential, challenges, and future directions. Firstly, it reviews the development process of machine translation technology, including rule-based methods, statistical machine translation, and the application of deep learning methods. Secondly, on the basis of in-depth deconstruction of the operating rules of the big language model, it is demonstrated that the highly modeled written legal language is highly consistent with the underlying logic of the big language model because of its standardization, accuracy and de-contextualization, so compared with other styles, machine translation technology will achieve better translation results in the field of legal translation. In addition, multimodal technology can also be applied to court interpretation, which greatly alleviates the shortage of qualified interpreters and maintains judicial justice. Furthermore, it discusses the human-machine collaborative model in legal translation, emphasizing the importance of human proofreading and review in ensuring translation accuracy and reliability. Lastly, it summarizes the prospects and challenges of machine translation technology in the field of legal translation. Through a systematic review and analysis of relevant literature, this article reveals the immense potential of machine translation technology in legal translation. It can significantly enhance the efficiency and quality of legal translation, thereby enhancing the capacity of legal language services.

생성형 인공지능 챗GPT의 활용과 규제에 대한 법제검토

With the advent of ChatGPT, the boundary between humans and machines has disappeared, making it increasingly difficult for people to discern whether the person they are dealing with is a machine or a human. Nevertheless, ChatGPT is bringing about changes in the way we work, communicate, and play in the digital world by bringing about a shift in information search and access methods and creating products such as books and art.
 ChatGPT optimizes conversations using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Reinforcement Learning is a type of machine learning technique that learns how to perform a task through repeated trial and error interactions. A person scores ChatGPT's responses and reflects them in the reinforcement learning rewards algorithm to learn ChatGPT's reward model. It is learned that the more a human user judges a given query to be a good response, the greater the reward, and the more harmful text is generated, the less reward it receives. It is thanks to this RLHF technology that when talking with ChatGPT, you feel like you are talking with a logical and fluent person rather than a machine.
 ChatGPT will enable the commercialization of a generative AI service that enables interactive conversation rather than focusing on one-sided commands, and since it is a very large-scale model, versatility is its core competitiveness. In other words, ChatGPT allows you to exchange conversations and finds or converts results such as writing, composing, coding, or drawing with a single text input. As ChatGPT significantly lowers the threshold of time and limitations associated with content production, it could gain attention in a variety of fields including advertising, publishing, and gaming. Additionally, ChatGPT has great potential for growth in the field of education as it can unravel and explain complex concepts and correct errors through conversation.
 This study reviewed the technological development process and general-purpose use of generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) and the legal regulations of ChatGPT, focusing on the legal issues surrounding the emergence of generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) in the AI era.

Impact of Process Technology on Properties of Large-Scale Wind Turbine Blade Composite Spar Cap

As wind turbine blade length increases, reconciling lightweight design with strength necessitates continuous advancements in process technology. The impact of three different process technologies–vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM), prepreg, and pultrusion–on the properties of wind turbine blade composite spar caps was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and static and fatigue testing. The results demonstrated that the fibre weight content and 0° tensile modulus of the VARTM and pultrusion composites increased as compared to those of the prepreg samples. Subsequently, the properties of a 94-m blade were analysed using the Ansys Composite PrepPost (ACP) and static structure modules in Ansys simulations, and the weights of the spar cap were compared with test data of materials under different process technologies. The results showed that the masses of the spar cap of a 94-m blade in the pultrusion, VARTM, and prepreg processes were 7965, 9170, and 9942 kg, respectively. The quantitative influence rules on the weight of the wind turbine blade spar cap prepared through different process technologies were formulated. The findings of this study are promising and are expected to aid the development of wind turbine blade process technologies.

Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Models for Olive Detection on the Branch

The future of deep learning integration in agriculture holds great potential for advancing sustainable agricultural practices, precision agriculture and improved decision-making. With the rapid development of image processing and artificial intelligence technologies in recent years, deep learning has begun to play a major role in identifying agricultural pests and optimizing agricultural product marketing. However, there are challenges related to data quality, model scalability, and geographical limitations for widespread adoption of deep learning in agriculture. This study on Olive was conducted to improve the quality of the data set and to ensure more reliable training of object detection models. According to the result of the training process of YOLOv7 used in the study, it was concluded that it was characterized by decreasing loss values and showed an increase in the model's ability to detect objects correctly. It was observed that the other model, YOLOv8l, had a more effective learning capacity and a tendency to learn faster. The performance of both models was evaluated with various metrics, and it was determined that YOLOv8l had higher Precision, Recall, and mAP values. It was emphasized that YOLOv8l showed high performance even in low epoch numbers and can be preferred especially in cases where time and computational resources were limited. It was determined that YOLOv7 made detections in a wide confidence range, but had difficulty in detections with low confidence scores. It was observed that YOLOv8l made more stable and reliable detections with higher confidence scores. The metric data of the "YOLOv8l" model was found to be higher compared to other models. The F1 score of the YOLOv5l model was 92.337%, precision 96.568%, recall %88,462,mAP@0.5:0.65 value gave the highest score with 94.608%. This research on deep learning-based object detection models indicated that YOLOv8l showed superior performance compared to YOLOv7 and was a more reliable option for agricultural applications.

Research on Maintenance and Replacement technology of Space Mechanical Arm

This paper presents the station arm structural components and discusses the importance and challenge of station arm maintenance. The article provides the main process of the maintenance of the space station robotic arm, including the troubleshooting, the replacement and maintenance of parts, and the calibration and testing of the system. At the same time, the article also points out that the mechanical arm failure may be caused by a variety of factors, including electrical failure, mechanical failure and environmental failure, and shows some classic cases and summarizes the experience. This paper shows the development process of maintenance technology and the current research status quo. Finally, it is pointed out that the maintenance of the space station robotic arm still faces many difficulties and risks, which need further research and improvement.

Development of a Content Framework of Artificial Intelligence Integrated Education Considering Ethical Factors

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has brought about significant positive changes across society. However, it has also introduced challenges like privacy breaches, data bias, and spreading fake news. In response, several countries, including South Korea, have provided ethical guidelines and policies for AI. Yet, these measures often fall short of keeping pace with the speed and diversity of AI development. To address these issues, this study developed a comprehensive approach by integrating ethical considerations into AI education, covering the entire AI technology development and application process. It involved analyzing previous research on AI and AI ethics education and creating a draft of an integrated AI education program focused on problem-solving based on computational thinking and ethical practicality. The draft was refined and supplemented through two rounds of expert Delphi surveys, ultimately leading to an “Integrated AI Education Program.” This proposed program emphasizes that the knowledge content of AI technology and ethical considerations should not be treated separately but addressed together. It aims to enhance moral and social capacities alongside the experience of thinking like a computer scientist when solving real-life problems. Through this, the program supports the ultimate goal of AI education: to foster computational thinking while providing an educational experience that considers both technology and ethics. This study is expected to advance the discussion on integrating AI ethics into AI education curricula and contribute to developing socially responsible AI developers and users.

Hybrid chips to enable a sustainable internet of things technology: opportunities and challenges

AbstractA new technological approach is needed for the development of emerging electronic components and systems within the Internet of Things (IoT) era. New advancements and innovations are required in architectural design and hybrid systems heterogeneous integration to address the challenge of widespread IoT deployment, its power demands and sustainability. Hybrid chips are one of the emerging technologies that can help overcome the current limitations in terms of energy consumption, performance and sustainability that could shape the future of electronic systems for targeted applications. Hybrid chips combine different materials and manufacturing technologies on the same substrate or package using advanced flexible heterogeneous integration techniques, with the focus of merging the advantages of each unit or technology toward enhanced performance and new levels of emerging functionalities. The categorization of hybrid chips spans across rigid hybrid chips that follow a multi-chiplet approach, semi-flexible chips that integrate flexible units with semi-rigid ones such as thinned silicon integrated circuits, and lastly, flexible chips in which all components are inherently flexible. This perspective article analyzes technical challenges that arise concerning the development of sustainable materials and processing technologies, complex heterogeneous integration, as well as advanced packaging architectures, standardization, and reliability testing. The economic implications for the semiconductor technology transition to hybrid chips is presented in terms of manufacturing costs, economic feasibility, and market readiness. Key insights and future application opportunities are provided, while recent advancements in the field are summarized. This perspective article suggests that by addressing these challenges, hybrid chips have the potential to transform electronic components and systems across a wide range of industries and use case scenario. The advancement of hybrid chip technologies by enhancing the collaboration between industry and academia as well as policymakers will be a crucial part in the realization of required sustainability goals within the worldwide Chips Act initiative, while ensuring the technological progress has the right balance between improved performance and sustainability.

A review of virtual reality technology

Virtual reality technology (VR) is a computer simulation system that can create and experience virtual worlds. It utilizes computers to generate a simulated environment, allowing users to immerse themselves in the environment. Virtual reality technology has been one of the fastest-developing information technologies in recent years. It, along with multimedia technology and network technology, is known as the three most promising computer technologies. As an emerging science and technology, it has been less than 100 years since its emergence, and there is still great room for development in its theory and practical application. This article focuses on virtual reality technology and its applications, based on existing literature and statistical data. The main content includes its advantages, characteristics, technical composition, development history, and applications in different directions. The development process of virtual reality technology is not long, but it has unique advantages and technologies specifically serving it. It does not require much physical participation and has positive implications in applications such as education, entertainment, and healthcare. Its future direction will be towards replacing real hardware with virtual hardware, becoming more practical, intelligent, and refined.

Charting the Irreversible Degradation Modes of Low Bandgap Pb‐Sn Perovskite Compositions for De‐Risking Practical Industrial Development

AbstractThe commercialization of a solar technology necessitates the fulfillment of specific requirements both regarding efficiency and stability to enter and gain space in the photovoltaic market. These aims are heavily dependent on the selection of suitable materials, which is critical for suppressing any reliability risks arising from inherent instabilities. Focusing on the absorber material, herein the most suitable low bandgap lead‐tin composition candidate for all‐perovskite tandem applications is investigated by studying their degradation mechanisms with both widely available and advanced characterization techniques. Three irreversible degradation processes are identified in narrow bandgap Pb‐Sn perovskite absorbers: 1) Tin (Sn) oxidation upon air exposure, 2) methylammonium (MA) loss upon heat exposure, and 3) formamidinium (FA) and cesium (Cs) segregation leading to impurity phase formation. From an industrial perspective, it is proposed to refocus attention on FASn0.5Pb0.5I3 which minimizes all three effects while maintaining a suitable bandgap for a bottom cell and good performance. Moreover, a practical and highly sensitive characterization method is proposed to monitor the oxidation, which can be deployed both in laboratory and industrial environments and provide useful information for the technological development process, including, the effectiveness of encapsulation methods, and the acceptable time windows for air exposure.