Development Of Printing Technology Research Articles

Testing materials used for 3D printing

The paper addresses issues related to 3D printing in repairing military equipment. It quoted a short story on the invention of the 3D printer and the development of printing technology. The significance of knowledge of the materials employed in 3D printing is discussed in the further part. To this end, the authors reviewed selected strength-related tests (tensile strength, in particular), to determine their application possibilities. Test samples were prepared based on a Polish standard and the material provided by two manufacturers. The tests were conducted using a Zwick Roell Z100 machine. The obtained results were presented as graphs. The paper is concluded by a short summary and an indication of further research.

Analysis on the Development of Cigarette Packaging in the Era of Intelligence

China is a big country in cigarette production and sales, how to improve the quality and efficiency of cigarette production is a key concern of practitioners. Cigarette packaging is an important part of cigarette production. In the era of intellig B ence, cigarette packaging presents a new development trend. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen research on related issues to improve the quality of cigarette packaging. This article summarizes the development process of cigarette packaging in our country, introduces the development of printing technology in the era of intelligence, summarizes the application of printing technology in cigarette packaging, analyzes and explores the development trend of cigarette packaging in the era of intelligence, and hopes to provide reference for practitioners.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ СТВОРЕННЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ ЗА АДИТИВНИМИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЯМИ

The article describes the technology of building elements of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based on the use of additive technologies (AT). AT opened a fundamentally new direction in the concept of UAV manufacturing, which makes it possible to obtain a final product of a given shape and size based on a digital prototype. The modern equipment used in JSC is constantly being improved and allows for high printing speeds to increase the quality of the product at relatively low costs. The use of AT makes it possible to significantly reduce the weight of UAV elements due to the reduction of material costs. The article examines the technological process of 3D printing of UAV elements and the technological scheme of materials selection for the manufacture of UAV elements. In the course of the conducted research, a number of problems related to the need to improve the process of 3D printing of complex elements of UAVs, in order to effectively use the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern production in combat conditions, were identified. The results of test printing, plastic tests and calculations made it possible to develop a general methodology for the production of UAV elements using additive technologies. The introduction of additive technologies for the production of UAV elements in the field will contribute to solving a wide range of combat tasks. It has been established that the use of additive technologies will entail the adjustment of UAV design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new construction strategies, the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing. The analysis of quality control mechanisms for the development of UAV elements shows that the technological scheme for the selection of composite material is an important element in the 3D printing of modern UAVs and their components. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of methods of material selection for the manufacture of UAV elements, the direction of creating new UAVs with the help of AT will steadily expand. Keywords: additive technologies, UAV, 3D printing, technology, structure.

The Comparative Analysis of 3D Printing Technology Development for Building Construction

In his State of the Union address in February 2013, U.S. President Obama mentioned the potential of 3D printers and presented a vision to expand the hub of 3D printing technology and promote manufacturing innovation. In March 2014, he was invited by the mayor of Amsterdam to visit the 3D Print Canal House, a building project using a 3D printer. This paper explores the status of 3D printer technology and the development direction for rapid 3D printing of buildings. The essential techniques necessary to construct a 3D printer for construction were analyzed. Research groups conducting building printing-related projects worldwide were described, and their core technologies were explored. The result showed that A 3D printer larger than the target size is required to print the entire structure. One of the related original technologies can present a cable-driven printing system. Suppose a nozzle that moves to a cable system after installing a post on the desired member is implemented. A flexible 3D printer that can respond to various structure sizes can be reproduced in that case. It was statistically proven that manufacturing and speed issues could be addressed with printer nozzle technology, and structural stability issues could be addressed with material technology. This study will serve as primary data for the practical application of rapid printing of buildings in the United Arab Emirates.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГРАФІЧНОГО ОФОРМЛЕННЯ ЖІНОЧИХ ЖУРНАЛІВ ГАЛИЧИНИ (КІНЕЦЬ XIX – ПОЧАТОК XX ст.)

The study focuses on women’s periodical magazines in Galicia from the end of the 19th century and up to 1939, with the aim of analyzing the peculiarities of the graphic concept of printed editions and their design, which influenced the time and genre features of printing. The object of the study is the women’s periodicals of Galicia, in particular the editions «Nova Khata», «Zhinocha dolia», «Zhinocha Volia», «Zhinoche Dilo», «Zhinochyi Holos». The article pays attention to the graphic design of women’s magazines of that period, which, although they were not richly illustrated, used various graphic elements, portraits and fashionable clippings. Editors were aware of the importance of the appearance of magazines as a supplement to textual content, especially given the growing competition among magazines. In this context, the development of printing technologies, the growing interest in art and the modernization of design influenced the creation of aesthetically attractive magazines with unique features of graphic design. The cover of the magazine plays a key role in its graphic face, encouraging readers to pick the magazine up. It consists of the title, main photo, logo and other graphic elements. White space is an important element of design, creating a sense of space and facilitating the convenient perception of information. The use of symbols and icons helps to highlight special sections and emphasize key points. Graphic effects add depth and expressiveness to the design. Ensuring design consistency between different issues is an important aspect, creating unity and logical coherence throughout the publication. Categorization and structure help organize content and make it easier for readers to navigate. The compositional and graphic complex of the cover is crucially important, advertising the concept of the publication and reflecting the level of content. The results of the study indicate that editorial offices used a variety of typographic techniques to give magazines an original look, contributing to the strengthening of national consciousness and cultural self-expression. The study will contribute to understanding the development of the women’s press and its impact on the public life of Ukrainian society in Galicia in the specified period. Keywords: graphic design, women’s magazines, magazines of Galicia, design, graphic effects, magazine cover.

20세기 어느 유학자의 생애와 편찬 활동

This paper examines the work of Songseok Lee Byung-yeon(1894-1977) as a compiler of books and documents, a twentieth-century Confucian scholar in Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do Province. Lee Byung-yeon edited and published Joseon Hwanyeoseungram(朝鮮寰輿勝覽), a vast human geography book on 129 counties in the 1930s, but even basic information on his life has not yet been reported to the academic world. Drawing on the life of Lee Byung-yeon, this paper discusses the process and backgrounds of the publication of the books he compiled: Joseon Hwanyeoseungram, Buyeo Geumseongdanji(扶餘錦城檀誌), Daesongdan Sillok, Yeonseong Chungjeonggong Yeonbo(延城忠靖公年譜), The Collected Poems of Nango(蘭皐詩集), etc. Despite living in poverty, Lee Byung-yeon gained practical knowledge and experience by participating in the compilation of documents published by his father Lee Won and uncle Lee Seok from the age of 19. Joseon Hwanyeoseungram covered data on a national scale, dealt with each county in an individual volume, and included extensive personal information. This came from Lee’s experience of assisting his father and uncle to publish documents. The success of Joseon Hwanyeoseungram had provided a stable socio-economic foundation for Lee Byung-yeon since his forties. He continued to edit and publish documents related to his ancestors, thereby enhancing the status of his forefathers and strengthening the ties of kinship. For Confucian scholars who lived in the 20th century, the social atmosphere of the time pointed to an era of crisis. They responded to the changed environment in various ways, such as compiling Confucian literature, publishing genealogies, academic research, glorifying ancestors, and preserving relics. As is well known, the development of printing technology in modern and contemporary times has produced and distributed a large amount of knowledge and information, which led to the formation of new ideas and perceptions. It is also worth noting that in combination with a new printing culture, Confucian literature, such as genealogy and collections of literary works, has also been greatly expanded. Lee Byung-yeon’s life and compilation work are a typical example of this change in circumstances.

A 3D-printed surgical guide for ischemic scar targeting and ablation.

3D printing technology development in medical fields allows to create 3D models to assist preoperative planning and support surgical procedures. Cardiac ischemic scar is clinically associated with malignant arrhythmias. Catheter ablation is aimed at eliminating the arrhythmogenic tissue until the sinus rhythm is restored. The scope of this work is to describe the workflow for a 3D surgical guide able to define the ischemic scar and target catheter ablation. For the patient-specific 3D surgical guide and 3D heart phantom model realization, both CT scan and cardiac MRI images were processed; this was necessary to extract anatomical structures and pathological information, respectively. Medical images were uploaded and processed in 3D Slicer. For the surgical guide modeling, images from CT scan and MRI were loaded in Meshmixer and merged. For the heart phantom realization, only the CT segmentation was loaded in Meshmixer. The surgical guide was printed in MED625FLX with Polyjet technology. The heart phantom was printed in polylactide with FDM technology. 3D-printed surgical model was in agreement with prespecified imputed measurements. The phantom fitting test showed high accuracy of the 3D surgical tool compared with the patient-specific reproduced heart. Anatomical references in the surgical guide ensured good stability. Ablation catheter fitting test showed high suitability of the guide for different ablation tools. A 3D-printed guide for ventricular tachycardia ablation is feasible and accurate in terms of measurements, stability, and geometrical structure. Concerning clinical use, further clinical investigations are eagerly awaited.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Electromigration Behavior of Printed Silver Wire Under High Current Density

Abstract The electromigration (EM) damage is becoming a severe problem in the printed flexible electronics as the printed circuits are fabricated thinner and thinner due to the development of printing technology. In this work, the EM behavior of printed silver wires was investigated by EM experiments and numerical simulations. The EM tests showed that voids are generated in the cathode area and hillocks are formed in the anode area for a wire with a small length. However, with the increase of wire length, hillocks tend to occur on the two sides of the silver wire middle part. The results of numerical simulations based on the atomic flux divergence (AFD) method revealed that the formation of the hillocks on the printed wire is caused by not only the mechanism of electron wind but also the strong temperature gradient along the wire length and width direction. Also, it can be concluded that the temperature gradient induced by Joule heating plays a more important role than electron wind in the atomic migration of the printed silver wire subjected to a high current density. The influence of the printed silver wire size on the EM behavior was also analyzed by numerical simulation, and the results demonstrated that the printed silver wires with a larger length and a smaller width-to-thickness ratio are more likely to develop hillocks on the two sides of silver wire middle part while subjected to a high current density.

АДИТИВНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ БРОНЕЖИЛЕТІВ

The article analyzes existing and promising body armor made using additive technologies (AT) by leading companies in the world. Considered in the article are samples of bulletproof vests, which in the future will take their rightful place in the list of military protection systems that will be used in modern combat and perform additional specific tasks. The problems and tasks that are created during the development of bulletproof vests and the directions for their solution with the help of AT are also identified. Modern equipment and material capabilities are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher precision and quality, faster print speeds and lower costs. The use of AT is also clearly illustrated by the example of optimizing the design of promising bulletproof vests. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of body armor is quite high. The use of AT can significantly reduce the weight of bulletproof vests by reducing material consumption. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of design methods, the direction of creating new bulletproof vests with the help of AT will steadily expand. The conducted studies have shown that the use of AT in the production of bulletproof vests at the present stage will improve the characteristics of bulletproof vests, reduce the overall weight and ensure the printing of bulletproof vests in the field. AT will also be able to quickly manufacture complex products and spare parts and elements that either cannot be manufactured using traditional manufacturing technologies or are needed in small quantities. Today it is already quite obvious that the development of AT will entail the adjustment of design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new strategies for building modern printers, the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing, but the future is clearly in the widespread use of additive technologies in the production of bulletproof vests. Keywords: additive technologies, body armor, 3D printing.

ПІДБІР МАТЕРІАЛУ ДЛЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ ЗА АДИТИВНИМИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЯМИ

Additive technologies have made it possible to form a fundamentally new direction in the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles production, with the help of which it is possible to manufacture single and unique samples of products due to the layer-by-layer build-up of material by the method of layer-by-layer synthesis with the simultaneous obtaining of the given shape and dimensions of the next product based on a digital prototype. Modern capabilities of equipment and materials are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher accuracy and quality, high product printing speeds and low costs. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of unmanned aerial vehicles is quite high. The use of additive technologies allows you to significantly reduce the weight of the UAV body due to the reduction of material consumption. The article investigates the properties of various polymers used in additive manufacturing, determines their impact on the quality of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, and also develops a methodology for selecting materials for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements. The conducted research revealed a whole layer of issues and problems related to the need to improve the 3D printing process, organization and management of the printing of complex elements of the air defense system, which would allow effective use of the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern production in combat conditions. According to the results of the research, the properties of the main materials for 3D printing, which are used in the FDM technology of obtaining the product, have been established. It has been established that the use of additive technologies will entail the adjustment of unmanned aerial vehicles design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new construction strategies, and the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing. The analysis of quality control mechanisms for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles elements shows that the technological scheme for the selection of composite material is an important element in the 3D printing of modern unmanned aerial vehicles and their components. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of methods of material selection for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, the direction of creating new unmanned aerial vehicles with the help of additive technologies will steadily expand. Keywords: additive technologies; unmanned aerial vehicles; 3D printing; polymer; structure.

The use of 3d printing technology in the development of a prosthetic thumb

Introduction: Over the years, the popularisation of 3D printing technology created new possibilities for developing customized and cheap prosthetics in a shorter time than time-consuming and expensive conventional methods. With the available software and knowledge, there are limitless possibilities for tailoring every prosthetic exclusively to the patient when keeping the costs reasonably low. Objective: The objective of the study was to research, review and compare data available on PubMed about the use of 3D printing in the development of a prosthetic thumb. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Conventional methods of prosthetic manufacture require a skilled professional prosthetist, a lot of time, and the costs from 4000-8000$ for a body-powered one, to 25000-50000$ for an externally powered one. That could be a major financial barrier for a patient. The 3D printing technology development over the last 15 years provided a fast and cheap method of manufacture for low-batch prosthetics, including thumb prosthetics, while being able to easily alter the project to customize it to the patient’s needs. Conclusions: There is a possibility to create fully functioning and durable thumb prosthetics with 3D printing technology. However, we need more research to provide a universal and fully customizable one to meet every patient's needs.

Characterization and Identification of Magnetic Mineral Content in Industrial Dry Ink (Toner)

Dry ink (toner) is a very promising industry. With an increase in sales based on a survey as much as 42% every years. This figure is predicted to continue to increase along with the development of printing technology using toner and the possibility to make a new formula from toner. The formula for the toner maker consists of a polymer, a colorant and a control agent. Control agents are generally used to activate the magnetic characteristics of toner the material contains is a magnetic mineral. In this study, characterization was carried out to identify magnetic minerals used as control agents for activating magnetic characteristics such as amount, composition, phase of magnetic minerals. The toner used is TN2356, SM, P115, P1102, H85, CP1028. With the susceptibility method using the Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility MS2B tool, the susceptibility values of each TN2356 (9,50 x 10−8 m3/kg) SM (514,03 x 10−8 m3/kg) P115 (46,17 x 10−8 m3/kg) CP1028 (566,80 x 10−8 m3/kg) H85 (21153,47 x 10−8 m3/kg) P1102 (21194,77 x 10−8 m3/kg). Composition of toner using X-Ray Fluorescence (Fe,Ti,Ce,Si,P). The phase used by X-Ray Diffraction is magnetite (Fe3O4),except 2 samples contain magnetic minerals but dominantly contain Cerium Oxide (CeO2) phase P115 and TN2356.

Another Tradition of Chinese Medical Knowledge Dissemination: The Characteristics and Significance of the 'Zhiguai Medical Cases' of the Song Period.

During the explanation of the origin of 'prescription,' an interesting phenomena in the accumulation and diffusion of medical knowledge in the Song Period is that many prescriptions contain narratives with bizarre elements, such as those given by God through dreams, received from 'strange people,' or from animals appearing in these dreams. This study features an anecdote called 'zhiguai Medical Cases,' which contains bizarre elements in the dissemination process of prescription, narrative of the treatment experience, and specific content of prescription, called a 'zhiguai prescription.' In previous research, such prescriptions were often called a 'God-delivered prescription.' However, a 'zhiguai prescription' appears adequate because it includes a number of factors beyond the 'God-delivered prescription.' This study examines the background of the intensive emergence of massive zhiguai medical cases in the Song Period, reviews the characteristics and significance of the zhiguai prescriptions in the context of postwar medical history, and finally investigates the influence of the bizarre narrative by tracing the dissemination of related prescriptions. This study found that the zhiguai prescription experiences were different from the so-called 'academic' that was formed in the Song Period, and it was 'another' method of medical knowledge dissemination based on their narratives. The emergence of many zhiguai medical cases in the Song Period, especially in the Southern Song period, is related to the activities of the literati official. The literati officials of the Song Period frequently witnessed strange or anomalous phenomena in their daily life. They relied on them to relieve the powerlessness of reality and left records. In addition, unlike the authors of the zhiguai genre of the previous era, they maintained an attitude faithful to the facts when recording them. The massive appearance of the zhiguai medical cases in the Song Period was the result of the combination of the intention of the literati official who valued medicine their medical knowledge to spread the awareness, their reliance on the strange or anomalous phenomena, and their attitude that emphasized a realistic narrative. The significance of the zhiguai prescription of the Song Period can be found in the supplementation and diffusion of existing medical knowledge. In previous research, these were collectively described as 'public experienced methods'; however, various characteristics were found by analyzing the nineteen cases of zhiguai medical cases in Yijianzhi by comparing them with the related contents of the herbal medicine and prescription books of the time. In the use of herbal medicines for specific diseases, there are cases that are unusual or meaningful when compared with existing herbal medicine or prescription books, and thus, this became a decisive basis for the expansion of herbal knowledge in the later period. Moreover, new treatment methods that were not often seen in medical books at the time were introduced, and they have been continuously transmitted to the medical and herbal medicine books since then. Additionally, this study also found cases that were focused on promoting medical knowledge that was not well-known, and the knowledge that must be known, although they were recorded in the existing medical and herbal medicine books. The record of the zhiguai medical cases evidently had its meanings in supplementing and disseminating existing medical knowledge. Prescriptions in the record of the zhiguai medical cases of the Song Period were subsequently recorded in various medical and herbal medicine books, and they handed down until the Ming and Qing period. Later, when a zhiguai prescription was described in a medical book, its bizarre narrative was not omitted, leaving a trace in the name of the prescription. It can be seen that this bizarre narrative served as a decisive opportunity for the prescription to be transmitted later, considering that existing medical books mentioned the related narratives in Yijianzhi as the source for these subsequent transmissions. When discussing the characteristics of the Song Period in Chinese medical history, many studies state that a strong academic medical trend was centered on the pulse and internal medicine, referring to the development of printing technology, the literati official's interest in medicine, and the compilation of medical books. The contents and dissemination of the zhiguai medical cases of the Southern Song confirm 'another' tradition of medical knowledge transmission that relied on the bizarre phenomena and its narratives in Chinese medical history. Its transmission to the Ming and Qing period signifies the continuation of this tradition into later times. The fact that the zhiguai medical cases were later recorded in medical books in the Ming and Qing period clearly shows the dynamism of how knowledge of the 'case' affects the knowledge expansion of medicine, thereby revealing the power of 'another' tradition called the 'zhiguai' narratives.

Ranking of technologically significant factors determining the quality of reproduction of augmented reality elements

The work is devoted to the study of factors influencing the reproduction of augmented reality elements. The object of the study is technologically significant parameters of the influence on the process of reproduction of AR elements when pointing a phone or tablet camera at a special marker image. The main problem of the study is the lack of information regarding the technological process of creating AR products and a large number of parameters that should be taken into account when choosing a particular technological operation, since changes in these factors greatly affect the correct reproduction of AR elements and further use of such products. The study determined that in recent years, research has shifted from the field of science to printing and entertainment. This is due to the capabilities of the technology, namely wow effect, content expression, ease of creation, etc., development of digital technologies and competition with digital products. Also, a low level of research was revealed in the area of products with unstable usage conditions such as clothing, packaging, etc. This can be explained by the development of printing technologies and opportunities in this area only recently, the increase in the popularity of such products only in recent years and, as a result, insufficient knowledge in this area. However, such products are much more popular in the market, which is emphasized by a significant drop in the production of books, magazines, etc. The results of studying the significance of factors in the marker reproduction processes made it possible to identify the most significant ones (marker parameters, material characteristics, usage conditions, etc.). A systematic and integrated approach to the influence factors of this study allows the development of methods for normalizing the process of creating AR products with unstable usage conditions, which makes it possible to produce workable and reliable products in any conditions.

Faith, liberty, destiny, and the shaping of early American identity

The discovery of America, which was in itself a fateful event in European history, coincided with the crucial transformations taking place in the religious sphere. The development of printing technology, the creation of national translations of the Bible, the rethinking of the established forms of religiosity — all these innovations contributed to the creation of a special religious and religio-political climate of the era. England, which became one of the most successful colonial powers, was at the same time a country experiencing these religious transformations in an especially profound manner. Having proclaimed its ecclesiastical independence from Rome earlier than many other countries, England became a space for an intensive search for a new religious identity and a melting pot of various proto-messianic concepts. In addition, the competition of these new religious doctrines, existing in the shadow of potential and actual state-sanctioned oppression of dissidents, has created a specific environment that makes the issue of political freedom especially relevant and pertinent to the context of Christianity. Having received additional development in America and combined with an increased spread of the anti-colonial nationalist message, all these ideological streams could give a start to one of the most remarkable aspects of early American socio-political thought and identity, within which liberalism, republicanism, providentialism, messianism, and Christian religiosity are woven into a single composition. The debate about the influence of this ideological complex on the development of American identity and statehood continues to this day, sometimes leading to conflicting assessments. However, it seems that this phenomenon is, in one way or another, a remarkable factor in American history, which, to some extent, remains a relevant topic of discussion for modern America.

European Fight Books 1305-1630: Classification, typology and comparison between manuscripts and prints

No bibliometric or analytic studies of the fight books have been conducted and few reference publications offer analyses of the genre as a whole. Moreover, the existing bibliographies all have their own limitations and do not allow for an investigation of the larger corpus. This contribution applies a typology developed by the author to the corpus of those fight books created between 1305 and 1630, for a total of 187 sources (manuscript and print). It also updates the bibliography published in 2016 for the same chronological framework. The author’s typology allows for a study, based on objective criteria, of the corpus and the genre alike. It analyses the impact of the development of printing technology on the production of knowledge about the art of fighting, as well as the main characteristics of the fight book genre. The limits of any bibliometric study and implementation of a typology are due, on the one hand, to the conservation of the primary sources compared to the documented corpus, and on the other to the extent of scientific investigation conducted into each element. Such limits are flagged and discussed in order to offer a proper classification of the fight books’ production prior to the Thirty Years War, where major changes affected books about fighting in Europe.

ТЕКСТ И ОБРАЗ: РАЗГОВОР НА РАЗНЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ (КНИЖНАЯ ГРАФИКА ОСКАРА ПЛЕТЧА В ГЕРМАНИИ, АНГЛИИ И РОССИИ)

In the second half of the 19th century, children’s picture books became a mass phenomenon in European book publishing practice. The development of printing technology, the formation of psychology as scientific knowledge, the improvement of methods of educational interaction between adults and children led to the appearance of children’s books not only for reading them aloud, but also for looking at pictures in them. However, the connections between the textual and visual narratives of books were not yet strong. Often, for economic reasons, the same illustrations were used in combination with different texts, and translations and reprints added discrepancies. In the article, this is illustrated by materials from the analysis of German, Russian, and English editions with drawings by Oscar Pletsch: Die Kinderstube (Hamburg, 1860), Gute Freundschaft (Berlin, 1865), Kleines Volk (Berlin, 1865), Allerlei Schnik-Schnak (Leipzig, 1866); Malen’kie Lyudi (St. Petersburg, 1869), Tesnaya Druzhba (St. Petersburg, 1869), Pervye Shagi Zhizni (St. Petersburg, 187?), Yolka (St. Petersburg, 1874); Child- Land (London, 1873). The plots Pletsch created are compared with the texts in three languages. As a result of the analysis, significant differences between the texts and the visual range of the editions were revealed. The article identifies the options of transforming meanings and interpreting drawings, reveals the tendency of their use for didactic purposes. The album Gute Freundschaft (initially containing only short captions to the drawings) acquired detailed poetic texts—monologues or dialogues of depicted children—in the Russian translation. The English publisher “scattered” the visual series: in Child-Land, the same drawings were placed randomly and mixed with other illustrations without observing any logic. The London edition contained prosaic texts, many of which did not coincide in meaning with the storyline of the original. The author (translator) sometimes interpreted the images “taken out of context” in a neutral way and sometimes added other (including sharply negative) characteristics to children’s postures, gestures, and movements. In a number of cases, the texts emotionally “loaded” the images in a completely different way than the artist conceived: a gesture of greeting turned into a threat, expectation turned into boredom, and so on. It should be stressed that the Russian publisher Mauritius Wolf treated the German originals more carefully than his English colleagues from S.W. Partridge & C°. The analysis of publications and the comparison of their verbal and visual plots allowed identifying the nature of the interrelation of text and image as a “conversation in different languages”. The reason for the “discord” could be translation problems, general changes in the functional tasks of the publication (for example, towards a didactic purpose), the mismatch of cultural codes in the system of different European languages, and technical difficulties in printing. All this led to the emergence of new senses and meanings—sometimes unexpected, but always important, interesting and never accidental.

Russian monastic libraries during Peter I’s early reign: Their role in the dissemination of books and the development of printing

This work focuses on Russian monastic libraries. The primary source materials are the numerous monastic inventories produced after 1701 in connection with the reestablishment of the Monastic Department (Monastyrskii prikaz). The study focuses on the middle-sized and smaller monasteries of the Russian North, Uglich and the surrounding district, as well as monasteries of the southern outskirts of the Muscovite state. The authors conclude that in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, typical provincial monastic libraries contained literature characteristic of the Russian Middle Ages. However, the great bulk of these books were printed, which is characteristic of contemporary practice. Given the size of monastic libraries, it is possible to conclude that monasteries were among the prime users of the products issued by the first presses. In this respect, they had an important influence on the development of book consumption and, consequently, on the development of the book market. This leads to the conclusion that in Russia, as in Europe, monasteries exerted a considerable influence on the development of printing technology.

The Materiality of Textbooks

This article discusses changes in the materiality of textbooks by examining several examples of primarily Slovene textbooks from various periods. By focusing on their spread design rather than technical aspects (e.g., length, weight, and format), one may infer that their materiality changed with the development of printing technologies and publishing skills. Based on the assumption that textbook visuality is a field of meaning that requires different bodily movements, postures, and engagement with the physical environment to produce cognitive processing, this article sheds light on how the body adapts to the changed materiality of digital textbooks. Numerous micro-movements in a long string of procedures are required in a digital textbook ecosystem. All the participants should be aware of the different demands and properties of the digital textbook ecosystem. Therefore, further empirical research is needed.

METHOD OF IMITATION OF MODERN PASSPORT DOCUMENTS WITH THE USE OF THE NEWEST PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES

Modern development of printing technologies, which allows for short time and with high quality to represent different properties of visible images, instrumental in the improvement of existent methods of imitation of documents. Therefore, with the purpose of high-quality lead through of technical examination of documents it is necessary read-throughs of permanent analysis of information about found out the methods of imitation. Analysis of results forensic science Forensic document center State border guard service of Ukraine testifies to the increase of cases of the use of counterfeit passport documents (passports of Israel, Turkey, France, Sweden) with the inflicted photo of bearer on laminate tape which covers the page of information. Thus, closeness of layer of dye which was used for causing of the second photo did not enable to discover primary in the infra-red rays of light. The second photo was inflicted by finishing printing over laminate tape with the use of stream seal, without sorting out of book block. The analysis of technical descriptions of modern facilities of the contactless printing to show that for the imitation of passports of citizens, countries listed above, used technology of the so-called «UF-printing». Its feature is application in the process of seal of effect of polymerization blackened (paints) under the action of ultraviolet rays. Such technology enables, including polymeric tapes to inflict any images practically on any material, and also allows to create high-quality relief images. Taking into account possibilities technologists of «UF-printing», it can be used with the purpose of high-quality imitation of deep print and relief stamping. Application of this technology for the imitation of documents can complicate finding out imitations during realization of border control, especially, in the clock of peak-loads in the points of admission through a state boundary. And also increases economic feasibilities of offenders for realization of imitation of different documents. In modern terms at the improvement of facilities of defense of documents, the methods of their imitation will be perfected constantly. There is a problem of shortage of information about such imitations. Therefore the actual is become by the necessity of modernization of existing and development of new informative materials in relation to the technological features of making of different sort of documents with the use of methods seals which determine properties of visible in a document image. Key words: passport documents, printing technologies, fake.