Development Of National Language Research Articles

Эволюция роли библиотеки в контексте сохранения национальных языков

<p>The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the library institution in the preservation, dissemination and development of national languages. The author attempted a retrospective, comparative, axiological analysis of changes in the image of the library in accordance with the cultural characteristics of different eras. The main attention was aimed at identifying the linguistic and cultural features of library texts. It has been revealed and substantiated that in the ancient East the library served as a sacralized archive of texts mainly in the ancient Sumerian and Assyrian languages. Linguistic texts of ancient Eastern libraries connected sacred meanings and everyday life. In antiquity, lively dialogue and the dialectical development of thought came to the fore, so the library became a place for debate. The libraries of Alexandria, Pergamon, and private collections contained scrolls in different languages, but many of them were professionally translated into Greek. In medieval culture, the library became a library of one book, the Bible, which was copied in Greek and Latin. In the late Middle Ages, books in vernacular languages appeared in libraries, which contributed to the development of the latter. In modern times, the library becomes a way of education and mass dissemination of national literary languages. In the information age, the library acquires the global features of a «universal library»; the boundaries of the virtual and real space of the library are erased. A modern library acquires many functions: it provides information to users, is a place for holding various educational events, and educational games. In modern Russia, the library institution plays a huge role in preserving the languages of the small peoples of our country. Thus, libraries in all eras play an important role in the formation, preservation, dissemination and development of national languages.</p>

ISLAMIC CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES, 
 PRINTING HOUSES, NATIONAL PRESS AND MUSLIM ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY

The question of the origin and history of the development of the Muslim enlightenment of the North Caucasus in the first third of the 20th century has not been developed in the literature at all, there are almost no works on this topic, sources in the Eastern and Dagestan languages ​​have not been studied and introduced into scientific circulation. This article is an attempt to fill this gap to some extent. Creation in 1903 The Islamic printing house of M. Mavraev in Temir-Khan-Shura marked the beginning of the mass publication of printed materials of an educational orientation in Arabic and Dagestan languages ​​using Arabic graphics. The role of the cultural and educational societies of Dagestan, created during this period at the expense of the money of jamaats and sadak (donations), zakat, wills, waqfs, is enormous. The press in Arabic and national languages, which contributed to the enlightenment of the Dagestan peoples and the development of national languages ​​and cultures, was of inestimable importance for the promotion of Islamic educational ideas and the formation of public opinion. In the first third of the 20th century, groups of like-minded people formed in the region, united by the idea of ​​reviving the values ​​of Islam among the peoples of the North Caucasus. We can name among them such names as Ali Kayaev, Abusufyan Akaev, Muhammadmirza Mavraev, Badavi Saidov, Muhammad Dibirov, Seifulla-kadi Bashlarov, editorial boards of newspapers in the Dagestan languages: Avar, Lak, Kumyk, as well as many other Muslim educators who collaborated in these publications. All these factors together gave a powerful impetus to the formation and development of Muslim enlightenment in the North Caucasus in the first third of the 20th century.

ISLAMIC CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES, 
 PRINTING HOUSES, NATIONAL PRESS AND MUSLIM ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY

The question of the origin and history of the development of the Muslim enlightenment of the North Caucasus in the first third of the 20th century has not been developed in the literature at all, there are almost no works on this topic, sources in the Eastern and Dagestan languages ​​have not been studied and introduced into scientific circulation. This article is an attempt to fill this gap to some extent. Creation in 1903 The Islamic printing house of M. Mavraev in Temir-Khan-Shura marked the beginning of the mass publication of printed materials of an educational orientation in Arabic and Dagestan languages ​​using Arabic graphics. The role of the cultural and educational societies of Dagestan, created during this period at the expense of the money of jamaats and sadak (donations), zakat, wills, waqfs, is enormous. The press in Arabic and national languages, which contributed to the enlightenment of the Dagestan peoples and the development of national languages ​​and cultures, was of inestimable importance for the promotion of Islamic educational ideas and the formation of public opinion. In the first third of the 20th century, groups of like-minded people formed in the region, united by the idea of ​​reviving the values ​​of Islam among the peoples of the North Caucasus. We can name among them such names as Ali Kayaev, Abusufyan Akaev, Muhammadmirza Mavraev, Badavi Saidov, Muhammad Dibirov, Seifulla-kadi Bashlarov, editorial boards of newspapers in the Dagestan languages: Avar, Lak, Kumyk, as well as many other Muslim educators who collaborated in these publications. All these factors together gave a powerful impetus to the formation and development of Muslim enlightenment in the North Caucasus in the first third of the 20th century.

Образование в области родных языков как фактор формирования благополу-чия и качества жизни детей и молодёжи коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего востока РФ

The quality of life is determined by approaches to its assessment, including analysis of the effectiveness of measures to improve it. Russia has accumulated empirical data on socio-economic factors of well-being and quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East, however, there is a lack of knowledge about the degree of influence of educational policy in the field of preservation and development of national languages and culture on them. The purpose of the work is to assess the social situation related to the availability of education in the native language as a condition for the formation of well-being and quality of life of children and youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. The study included 2 parts: analysis of macro-level indicators of the quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East based on data from ethnic statistics, general statistical indicators, educational statistics; a survey study in which young people of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation from 8 regions of the Russian Federation participated. The study obtained reliable and representative data on the learning conditions and factors of subjective well-being of the youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East living in different regions. The use of comparable indicators to assess the social situation in several subjects of the Russian Federation makes it possible to correctly compare the quality of life of the youth of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East with their peers living in the same territories of the Russian Federation, but not belonging to these ethnic groups. The results of the study made it possible to fill in the lack of data on the potential for the preservation and development of native languages and cultures of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East. Knowledge of the mechanisms of formation of attitudes and behavior of young people is important for Russian society, as it is associated with making decisions about potential risks for a special socially vulnerable and difficult-to-study part of the Russian population. The complex use of socio-psychological research and analysis of statistical data made it possible to triangulate various sources of information and identify significant factors of well-being and quality of life of the indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.

Патріотичне виховання як чинник формування національної ідентичності в умовах російської агресії

The article examines the features of patriotic education of Ukrainian youth in the context of the formation of national identity. It is noted that this process was significantly intensified in the context of Russian aggression, when the entire Ukrainian people united into one, defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, democratic values, human rights and freedoms. Today, Ukraine is an outpost of European civilization, protecting it from the expansion of the Russian Federation. It is noted that in the context of increasing current threats and challenges, national-patriotic education is an important security factor, as it is aimed at forming the national identity of young people, their willingness to defend their homeland. It is emphasized that patriotism is the basis for the formation of national identity. It is pointed out that, in essence, national identity is a multidimensional concept that can integrate cultural, ethnic, professional, regional, gender, or other types of identities, preserving each of them. It is noted that several identity groups coexist in Ukraine, each of which seeks to become national. The first group includes identities that have a strong national-patriotic character, focused on preserving the identity of Ukrainians, the development of national language, culture, customs and more. The second group is partly pro-European cosmopolitan identities, focused on democratic pan-European values, seeking integration with the European Union. The third group includes pro-Russian identities, which are disappearing in the face of the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine, as Russia has completely discredited itself by destroying peaceful towns and villages, killing civilians. The last, fourth group consists of cosmopolitan identities that perceive themselves as citizens of the vanished USSR and do not accept the values of the three previous groups. It is noted that the idea of polyethnic, social, political harmony on the basis of the generally accepted goal – ensuring the spiritual and material well-being of the citizens of Ukraine should be the basis for the formation of national identity; The idea of patriotism, love for Ukraine as a defining value; national self-esteem and respect for representatives of other nations and national minorities. It is emphasized that in the conditions of Russian aggression there is an active formation of national identity, which is based primarily on supporting the culture and language of the titular Ukrainian ethnic group, education of patriotism and the formation of the Ukrainian political nation.

An Appraisal of SekouToure’s Ideological and Integral Nationalism

The paper examines the political philosophy of SekouToure on ideological and integral Nationalism in Guinea. The study started with discussing structures of biographical and social experience of Toure and the concept of ideological and integral Nationalism. The study threads his philosophical reflections by illustrating and examining Party and State, National Democracy and African socialism. Toure refined, re-emphasized, enriched updated and strengthened these fundamental elements. The paper submit that his ideological positions is central to nation-building, and ideological education as essential for welding together Guinea from disparate ethnic groups and instilling patriotism those ideas. The paper is analytical and adopted the use of secondary method of data collection. Despite some of the positive advancements in the social infrastructure-education, health, the evolution of confidence in the Guinea women, the development of national languages, the popular resistance of the Guinean laboring masses and progressive sections of the petty bourgeoisie against revolution from above, underscore the fact that the emancipation of the working peoples must be the task of the working classes themselves. The findings on the philosophy of Toure show that, the post-independence Guinea was caught up in a political and economic crisis originating from Guinea's continued integration into the world-wide capitalist system; its further exposes that the crisis is compounded by an ideological confusion, and revolutionary rhetoric, based on the revolutionary myth of Ahmed Toure as an institution synonymous with the Democratic Party of Guinea.

CULTURAL ASPECT IN TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE UNIVERSITY

The article discusses the problems of modern linguodidactics, which attaches great importance to the cultural component of the content of education. The development of society is characterized by an increasing interest in the development of national languages and cultures. In the independent states of the CIS, a special role in the development of languages and cultures is played by the functioning of the Russian language, which, due to objective historical, social and linguistic factors, continues to play the role of means of interethnic communication among the peoples inhabiting these states. Accounting for native culture in teaching Russian is a subject of great attention and growing interest of researchers. Interlingual dialogue as one of the ways to improve the efficiency of teaching Russian language, as a means of bringing together different national minds can fully develop only with the integrated use of data from different sciences.

Language as a Factor in the New Identity Formation (Illustrated by Central Asian States)

Attempts to build a “Russian world” within the former Soviet republics of Central Asia by introducing an idea of a single linguistic, cultural and political space with the Russian Federation are studied in the article. The threats to the Central Asian countries’ information space are analyzed. The data on gradual changing of orientations of the Central Asian states’ citizens when choosing sources of information is provided. It is concluded that the technologies of the Russian Federation’s propaganda in Central Asia are aimed primarily at the formation of the president of Russia positive image among the widest possible groups of population. Attempts to push so-called “the Russian world”, which already jeopardize global peaceful balance, are grounded, in particular, on a widespread use of the Russian language within the territories of the former USSR that serves to propagate an idea of a single linguistic, cultural and political space. At the same time, a revival and development of national languages and cultures are intensively ongoing in all new independent states. It provokes a confrontation that often causes points of tension and conflicts. A large number of the Russian media, including federal state editions, TV channels. the Sputnik news agency etc. operates in Central Asian information space. Using own controlled media, the Kremlin seeks to convince the Central Asian states’ citizens that the Russia’s foreign policy is a right one, as well as to form a positive image of Russia and president Putin as a politician who is capable to ensure stability and security in the Central Asian region. The Russian Federation pays a special attention to Eastern Kazakhstan, where a large number of ethnic Russians is concentrated. Kazakhstan has much in common with Ukraine on its ethnic population composition, economic situation and geographical proximity to Russia. As in Ukraine, the ethnic Russians make up about 1/5 of the population in Kazakhstan, meanwhile the Russian language is widely used in all spheres. Russia calls its initiative a “humanitarian project”, but there is no doubt that the Kremlin is fighting for minds of younger generation, trying to impose own culture and values on young people. Recently, while alternative sources of information have been spreading, more and more Central Asian habitants opt for online information in their national languages, considering Russianspeaking news resources to be a propaganda.

Nomina Bahasa Melayu Riau Dialek Kampar: Tinjauan Bentuk Morfologis

The research entitled "Riau Malay Language, Kampar Dialect: Overview of Morphological Forms" was motivated by minor attention of Kampar society, especially the younger generation towards the language. The phenomenon happened because of the cultural assimilation of the Kampar society with other communities. Moreover, there were exiguous observers of the Riau Malay Language of Kampar dialect. Therefore, this research was conducted with the purpose of describing the basic nouns and nouns derivation from the Riau Malay language Kampar Dialect: An Overview of Morphological Forms. This Research was considerable to be done to find out the background of life and culture that is closely related to government programs to preserve the regional culture in Indonesia. This research was also expected relevant for the development and research of languages which are feared to be extinct if they are not published since now. In addition, it supported the fostering and development of national languages, especially in the enrichment and vocabulary of Indonesian languages as well as documenting the Malay language profile of the Kampar dialect so that it does not experience a shift or even extinction. This research was a qualitative type of field research and uses ethnographic methods. This research was conducted in Muara Selaya Village, Kampar Kiri District, Kampar Riau Regency. Research data in the form of words gathered from the informant's speech. Data collection were done by observation, record, see competent involvement, collaboration. Analyzing the data were done by reducing, presenting data, and drawing final conclusions. The results of this study were basic nouns consisting of general basic nouns and special basic nouns such as ayi ‘water', asoʔ 'smoke', ujan ' rainy ', anjiʸaŋ 'dog', and padusi 'female' while Malay nouns derived from the Kampar dialect Malay among them -an in Aŋsuŋan 'instalment payment', -wan in Baŋsawan 'aristocrats', ka-an in the kacomean 'anxiety', ke-an in kelurahan administrative village‘, pe- in petani 'farmer', pa- in padagang 'merchant, pany- in panyogan ' lazy‘, and pa-an in pajonjiyan 'agreement'. 

Ethno-linguistic and ethno-demographic development of Finno-ugric nations in the Ural-Volga region

Introduction. In the light of the revival and development of national languages and cultures of the peoples of the Russian Federation, this article tries to reveal the ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic development of the Finno-Ugric peoples-Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts in the Ural-Volga region. Along with the national republics, the problems of ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic development of the Finno-Ugric peoples are important for other entities, including those with their own national-territorial entities (Komi, Permian Komi, Khanty and Mansi) and located in northern part of the country and Western Siberia. Materials and Methods. The basis of the article is materials is all-Soviet Union census of 1979 and 1989, and all-Russian censuses of 2002 and 2010, as well as statistical materials issued by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation in different years. The study was carried out on the basis of comparative historical, statistical and systematic approaches, which made it possible to uncover the dynamics of the ethno-demographic development of Finno-Ugric peoples in the context of recognition and preservation of the native languages. Results and Discussion. In the Russian Federation, according to the All-Soviet Union Census of 1979, of the Finno-Ugric peoples, with a population of more than 1 million people, only the Mordovian population was noted. The Udmurts took the second place with 685.7 thousand people, then the Mari with 599 thousand people, the Komi with more than 320 thousand people, the Permian Komi with 145.9 thousand people. The number of the Khanty exceeded a little more than 20 thousand and Mansi 7.4 thousand people. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, recognition of the native language of their nationality remained high. Conclusion. From 1979 to 2010, the number of Finno-Ugric peoples in almost all subjects of the Russian Federation tended to decrease. The highest percentage of the native language was noted among Mari, Permian Komi, Udmurts, as well as Komi and Mordovians. In Mansi, half of the representatives of this ethnic group considered Russian as their native language.

On the History of Vocabulary Study of Kipchak Languages Group

The article is devoted to the consideration of the development and formation process of the written Turkic languages from the beginning of the XX century. The research is based on the construction of separate lexicology of Turkic languages on the materials of Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Kumyk, Nogai and Tatar languages. The general lexicological fund of Turkic languages is investigated. The national written traditions of the Turkic speakers' nations, their vocabulary and lexicology formation, the period of their literary national language development are analyzed. Some examples are provided in the given article.

NEW RESEARCH OF NEOGRAPHY: TOPICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ARCHIVAL ORIENTAL STUDIES (by the example of modern source study of the regional history of Kalmykia)

The article highlights the present situation in archaeography, new approaches in the study of the problem, describes the archaeography in southern Russia, shows a model of the main directions in the development of source studies in the modern times. The importance of in-depth study of the phenomenon of history of human memory, in addition to its academic value, has obvious practical significance, by virtue of the fact that namely retrospectively colored intentions have the most powerful impact on realization of the determining social memory not only in modern historiography, but also in future. The modern historiographic situation in science is not stochastic; historians begin to call the social project of science of the modern epoch as the next “world theory” or the “next myth”. The modern stage of the development of cognition is characterized by the process of purifying the object or subject of studies from mythologization of event statements of the history of Motherland and rethinking the history of development of national languages of ethnic minorities in Russia.

Linguistic determinism and the history of early Soviet language planning

The idea of an international artificial language emerged in Russia in the 18th century. By the end of the 20th century in Russia and the USSR 80 projects of such languages were created. After the revolution of 1917 the ideology of internationalism first accepted the idea of an international language (as the rise of the Esperanto movement in the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s shows), but in the second half of the 1930s this movement was destroyed, as it impeded the development of national languages and the function of Russian as the language of interethnic communication. In the discussion about what ‘Marxist linguistics’ should be like, the first interlinguists E. K. Drezen and Ė. Spiridovic also took part.

Medieval literature through the lens of translation theory Bridging the interpretive gap

Translation activity was particularly prevalent in the European Middle Ages and played a crucial role in the construction and development of national languages and literatures. However, the tools provided by the discipline of translation studies tend not to feature in studies of medieval literary and cultural history. The medievalist would argue that the process of translation in medieval times cannot sensibly be separated from its unique literary and cultural context, whereas translation studies theorizes the processes of translation whenever they occur, employing paradigms that work whatever the context. This article intends to show that theories used in the modern discipline of translation studies can be usefully employed to make sense of translation activity in a historical context. Chaucer's work as a translator and compiler of English versions of foreign texts is investigated through the lens of translation theory in order to complement the insights of literary historians.

Language in the Twenty-First Century: Selected Papers of the Millenial Conferences of the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems, Held at the University of Hartford and Yale University (review)

Reviewed by: Language in the twenty-first century: Selected papers of the millennial conferences of the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems, held at the University of Hartford and Yale University ed. by Humphrey Tonkin and Timothy Reagan Janne Skaffari Language in the twenty-first century: Selected papers of the millennial conferences of the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems, held at the University of Hartford and Yale University. Ed. by Humphrey Tonkin and Timothy Reagan. (Studies in world language problems 1.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. Pp. 209. ISBN 1588113841. $59.95. Approximately half of the languages of the world are endangered, while the role of one language is growing more and more dominant. This volume highlights questions of linguistic diversity, English as a world language, foreign language teaching, and the linguistic consequences of globalization. Between the editors’ introduction and the conclusion by Kurt E. Müller, the book contains eleven papers (eight to twenty pages each), regrouped below. The shared bibliography has about four hundred entries. Several contributors acknowledge the possible roles of linguists in maintaining linguistic diversity, from the merely scholarly to the political (see the Ken Hale-Peter Ladefoged debate, Language 68, 1992). The description/advocacy dilemma is prominent in ‘The “business” of language endangerment: Saving languages or helping people keep them alive?’ by Luisa Maffi, who proposes an active but ethical role for researchers. Another recurring concern is the role of English in the world. In ‘Global English and the non-native speaker: Overcoming disadvantage’ Ulrich Ammon discusses the problems of nonnative speakers of English and suggests developing a nonlocalized, multinational variety of English to improve their status. In ‘Contexts and trends for English as a global language’, Paul Bruthiaux examines the possible future competitors of English, noting that Chinese especially may have considerable potential. Some of the papers explore language issues in selected geographical contexts: ‘Development of national languages and management of English in East and Southeast Asia’ by Björn H. Jernudd, ‘Equality, maintenance, globalization: Lessons from Canada’ by Jacques Maurais, and ‘Maintaining linguodiversity: Africa in the twenty-first century’ by Alamin M. Mazrui. In ‘Language and the future: Choices and constraints’, John Edwards reminds us that state languages are not always much safer than stateless ones. Mark Fettes calls for more global perspectives on language issues in ‘Interlingualism: A world-centric approach to language policy and planning’. Such an approach could be promoted in several ways, ranging from technological innovation to Esperantism. The last three papers focus on education. Teresa Pica’s ‘Language education in the twenty-first century: A newly informed perspective’ deals with new, classroom-based approaches to language teaching. In ‘Language and language education in the United States in the twenty-first century’, Timothy Reagan presents two scenarios for American language teaching: a strict English-only option vs. genuine multilingualism. Finally, the answer to Humphrey Tonkin’s title question ‘Why learn foreign languages? Thoughts for a new millennium’ includes such justifications as self-understanding, the acquisition of social skills, and freedom. This is an engaging and accessible book by language experts who are not exclusively linguists. As is typical in such collections, the papers vary in both approach and quality. While some present language-political speculations, others read more like research reports. The volume as a whole is thought-provoking and its concerns are relevant for anyone working with languages. Janne Skaffari University of Turku Copyright © 2006 Linguistic Society of America

Canonizing the Wieszcz: The Subjective Turn in Polish Literary Biography in the 1860s

In Polish literary tradition, romantic age marks an important turning point in development of an explicitly national literature. While many features of literary romanticism, such as its emphasis on folk culture and development of national languages, contributed to the rise of modern nation-state in Europe (Brennen 48), in Polish context lack of an independent state in this period only strengthened connection between literature and national identity. In words of Jerzy Ziomek, upon loss of independence, Polish literature assumed function of replacing and substituting for non-existent state institutions (23). Similarly, Beth Holmgren maintains that Polish literature afforded the most revered and accessible expression of nationhood after Poland's political erasure in late eighteenth century (11). Adam Mickiewicz quickly came to occupy a central position in Polish literary canon as a national figure, being recognized by critics as a national poet soon after publication of his first two volumes of poetry in his early twenties.1 But shift from being recognized as a national poet by a cultural elite to being accepted as a poet-prophet, or wieszcz, by a large part of populace was enormous and required decades of cultural work. In Austrian, Russian, and Prussian partitions of Poland, a good deal of this work was carried out at institutional level of primary, secondary, and higher education. John Guillory has argued that it is largely through educational curricula that literary and cultural canons are formed (vii-xiii). Even though (and, it could be argued, precisely because) Mickiewicz's works were object of strict censorship in partitions of Poland, textbooks of literature played a large role in process of his literary canonization. As Mieczyiawa Mitera-Dobrowolska states in her study of presentation of Mickiewicz in nineteenth-century school primers,

Strategies for a successful national language policy: the Indonesian case

Among the Asian countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, Indonesia is the most successful asfar as the national language development is concerned. While the extant lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago may have been contributive, the real reasonsfor the success lie in the sociopolitical factors: the language policies ofthe colonial countries, the responses by the early nationalists, the rivalry between the national language and either the vernaculars or the colonial language, especially English, and the nourishment of the national language after its adoption. These factors play a very significant role in the relative success of the national languages and steer the course of history in the social, economic, andpolitical development ofthese countries.

An overview of language and development

The components of language rights for social development are enumerated and discussed. They are listed under such rubrics as national language development, languages of instruction, access to a Language of Wider Communication (LWD), bilingual schooling, and the cultivation of the national language. Examples of differing situations in various countries are cited, and the insights gleaned from the experience of different societies attempting to meet diese language needs are explained.

Planning English language acquisition in ESL and EFL societies: Development and maintenance of languages and cultures

The paper juxtaposes two socio‐educational value clusters that predict an ESL and an EFL approach, respectively, to English language acquisition management. The paper describes the two approaches, especially in educational terms, and relates them to the changing functions of English in the world and to national language development and maintenance. The paper discusses the potential consequences of an ESL and EFL approach on Brunei.