Labour Market Developments Research Articles

BRICS and the USA: Labor and Employment Support During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

This article concerns labor and employment support policies undertaken by national governments in 2020-2022, during the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is focused on the experience of the BRICS countries but also highlights the labor and employment support policies in the USA, a country with one of the largest economies and advanced economic development. The COVID-19 outbreak has posed unprecedented challenges for all countries. The key objectives of all governments were to save human lives and prevent the spread of the infection. While the containment measures used by different countries were mostly similar, the programs and policies aiming to support workers were country-specific. The authors examine two types of labor support measures aimed at mitigation of the COVID-19 consequences: direct cash transfers to sustain workers’ incomes and business support activities. The analysis reveals that the success of these measures could depend, first, on how timely they were, second, whether they were in line with the long-term objectives in labour market development and, third, on the quality of governments’ collaboration with businesses and trade unions. The COVID-19 pandemic has cast a long shadow. As the BRICS countries plan to focus their labor and employment policies on high-quality jobs, human-centered development, inclusion and protection of workers’ rights they should address the consequences of COVID-19 together with other challenges, such as technological transformation, climate change and demographic issues.

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL LABOR MARKET IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PERM REGION)

Introduction. The long-term sustainable functioning of regional socio-economic systems in modern conditions of economic transformation directly depends on the pace, ratio and structural characteristics of regional labor markets. At the same time, in fact, in the regional socio-economic systems of the modern Russian Federation, the functions of the labor market are implemented in most cases not in full and insufficiently effectively. Methods. The research is based on analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, critical analysis of special literature, economic and statistical analysis. Results. The analysis of the current state of the regional labor market of the Perm Region is characterized by a number of quantitative and qualitative indicators that influence the trends in labor productivity, the financial and economic efficiency of the functioning of the region's economy and, ultimately, the level and quality of life of the population. Conclusions. The main trends and problems of the development of the regional labor market of the Perm Region (2016-2022) are identified, as well as the directions and problems of its influence on the functioning of the regional economy as a whole.

The Impact of Covid-19 on youth employment in Russia

Young people have enormous potential for labour market development of every country. The purpose of this research is to examine the ways in which the Covid-pandemic affected youth employment in Russia by assessing the relevant indicators of the past decade and describing the relationship between the crucial characteristics of three subcategories of youth and the changes in employment patterns in response to the pandemic shock. It also identifies the specific factors that determined the transformation of the Russian labour market during the pandemic. The results can provide policy-makers with guidance on how to cope with youth employment risks and help the young people assess their prospects for employment and manage their career paths.

Transitioning an employee panel survey from telephone to online and mixed-mode data collection

Employee panel surveys, which are essential for measuring ongoing labor market developments, are facing significant challenges of respondent recruitment and retention. Even interviewer-administered panel surveys, historically considered the gold standard form of data collection, are facing high costs and nonresponse issues that threaten their sustainability and inferential capabilities. Supplementing interviewer-administration with online data collection is a popular method of reducing costs and may improve contactability and reduce nonresponse in employee surveys. However, the effects of introducing online data collection in an ongoing panel survey of the employed population have received little attention. We address this research gap by analyzing a mode design experiment embedded in the fourth wave of a German employee panel survey. Individuals were randomly assigned to the standard telephone-only design, or a sequential web-telephone mixed-mode design. An invitation letter experiment was also conducted to test the effect of mentioning the telephone follow-ups in the web survey invitation. Introducing the mixed-mode design led to a higher response rate (59.9% vs. 50.1%), similar levels of nonresponse bias, and lower costs compared to the single-mode design. Mentioning the telephone follow-ups had no effect on participation in the web starting mode or the full mixed-mode design. Implications of these findings for survey practice are discussed.

Teaching a foreign language for professional purposes: overview of the experience of Kazakhstani teachers and methodologists

The study of problems of teaching a foreign language does not lose its relevance among Kazakhstan researchers in connection with the pace of development of the modern labor market. The need to participate in international scientific conferences, to study and analyze the results of scientific research presented in foreign sources, to communicate and exchange experiences with foreign colleagues have become part of today's reality for the professional development of specialists in all areas of human activity. Representatives of all kinds of specializations face these professionally significant situations, where the use of a foreign language is a self-evident condition for achieving profession-related goals and meeting professional needs. In this regard, this paper examines the problem of teaching a foreign language for professional purposes to students of non-linguistic universities in Kazakhstan. In this study, general theoretical methods of research were applied: analysis, synthesis, generalization. In the course of this research, the following results were achieved: (а) theoretical review and analysis of professional foreign language training models proposed by Kazakhstani researchers for technical, financial and economic, agroeconomic profiles were carried out; (b) the principles that most closely determine the success of the process of teaching a foreign language for professional purposes have been identified and systematized; (c) a basic set of tasks and exercises to improve the effectiveness of the process of learning a foreign language for professional purposes was proposed based on the synthesis of the experience of domestic researchers. Keywords: foreign language education, foreign language teaching, English for professional purposes, professional communication

Trade Liberalization and Regional Wage Dynamics: Evidence from China’s WTO Accession

This paper aims to make an in-depth and systematic study on the relationship between international trade and labor force handholding length. The research purposes mainly include the following aspects: First of all, this paper deeply summarizes and discusses various impact mechanisms of international trade on the labor market, laying a corresponding theoretical foundation for empirical research. Secondly, this paper constructs an econometric model of the impact of trade liberalization on the labor market, and uses China's trade, labor and other relevant data to quantify the impact of different technologies on the labor force in China's industrial industries. This paper focuses on the challenges existing in China's economic development, studies and discusses how the regional labor market is affected by the impact of trade liberalization from a dynamic perspective, as well as the differences in the impact in different regions. Finally, relevant policy suggestions are put forward for China's overall trade strategy choice, China's labor market development policy.

A note on labour market effects of supply chain bottlenecks

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic there were supply chain bottlenecks all over the world with regard to raw materials and intermediate products. In this article, we examine how these constraints affected labour market development. For an empirical panel analysis, we combine survey data and administrative labour market data for economic sectors in Germany. We find effects on unemployment that are noticeable but still relatively limited. The effect on short-time work, on the other hand, is revealed to be considerable. Whilst short-time work is traditionally imposed where there are slumps in demand, our results show that it is also used in the case of adverse supply shocks. While inflation is rising, this explains why the Phillips curve does not shift outward.

LABOR MARKET IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND WAYS OF STABILIZATION

Introduction. The labor market is an important component of the country’s economic system, a kind of indicator of its state, as well as a reflection of the level of social development. Military actions on the territory of Ukraine, changes in the socio-economic situation necessary the development of a system of effective measures to stabilize the labor market in modern realities.
 The purpose of the article. The article aims is to research the current state of the labor market in Ukraine and to substantiate the ways of its stabilization.
 Results. General trends in the development of the domestic labor market in the pre-war period are determined. The main indicators characterizing the current state of the labor market are analyzed. The trends of their change during January-November 2022 are determined. Government initiatives that contributed to increasing the flexibility of the labor market, stimulating employment, and optimizing labor relations are considered. Two trends characteristic of the modern labor market are identified. In particular, the appearance of new vacancies in the western regions of Ukraine, which is the result of the relocation of business from the southern and eastern parts of the country and the increase in the number of unemployed in the front-line territories, as well as those where active hostilities are taking place. Possible ways of stabilizing the domestic labor market during martial law are substantiated. It is proposed to focus efforts on three areas: creation of favorable conditions for conducting business activities; ensuring the employment of the population and guaranteeing the appropriate level of wages; stabilization of the social and humanitarian situation and prevention of exacerbation of social tension in society.
 Conclusions. Today, the labor market of Ukraine are characterized by significant deformation, lack of parity between demand and supply, and a drop in the level of income of the population. Its stabilization is an extremely important task, given the emergence of various population groups affected by the armed conflict. In current realities, state regulation of the labor market is an important prerequisite for expanding employment opportunities and raising the standard of living standards of the population.

ON THE PECULIARITIES OF THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state, problematic aspects and prospects of the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale war. Current labor market has found itself in a unprecedented demanding operational environment since the beginning of a full-scale war and until nowadays. The reduction in the number of vacancies, partial or complete stoppage of individual business entities activity, low activity of whole economic sectors, changes in the population’s options and priorities, as well as active looking for ways of optimization of livelihoods by citizens collectively do not contribute to conservation and increasing of employment level at all. But it is determined that a number of important changes, which are able to provide a sound basis for supporting of activity on the labor market, were realized during 2022. Nowadays the situation remains complicated and imbalanced, but the majority of citizens understand the importance of professional activity as a method of supporting our country in the context of martial law. So, with the aim of monitoring of actual changes, which are realized in the domestic labor market, determination of its effectiveness in the context of the State and the people support, as well as formation the following management strategy of employment level in Ukraine need to maintain focus on described problematic. Accordingly, the article is devoted to the analysis of actual state, problem aspects and prospects of function of the labor market in Ukraine in the context of full-scale war. Comparison, methods of abstraction, analysis and generalization are the research methods which were used in the article. In this science paper the essence of the labor market as a system of labor relations, which become between employers and employees, as well as the complexity of organizing and regulation it’s in the context of war conditions were determined. The main trends, which that characterize the Ukrainian labor market during war were researched; the dynamic of employment level was analyzed. So, to sum up, the prospects of following development of labor market under conditions of updating the principles and vectors of post-war employment policy in Ukraine were summarized. Key words: labor market, labor relations, martial law, mobilization, human capital, employment level, activity on the labor market.

Digital platforms and the changing freelance workforce in the Russian Federation: A ten‐year perspective

This article traces the development of the online labour market in the Russian Federation and across the wider post‐Soviet space. The authors draw on the unique data of four waves of an online survey for 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2019 on the leading Russian‐speaking general‐purpose platform for creative and knowledge‐based work. The results shed light on key trends, such as spatial decentralization, occupational diversification, feminization, maturing, rising educational attainment and educational mismatch, the consolidation of freelance careers, platformization and legalization. The article discusses these findings and their potential policy implications for the future development of online platform work in the Russian Federation.

The Moderating Effect of Labor Market Development on the Relationship between Ownership Structure and Capital Structure: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

The Moderating Effect of Labor Market Development on the Relationship between Ownership Structure and Capital Structure: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

Analysis of labor market development

Analysis of labor market development

СУЧАСНІ ТРЕНДИ РОЗВИТКУ СВІТОВОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article is devoted to the definition of modern trends in the development of the world labor market. Restrictions on the functioning of the labor market, which existed in previous periods, as well as modern rules of interaction between employees and organizations are analyzed. It is concluded that most national and global labor markets are showing signs of instability and tension to a greater extent than it was before COVID-19. In addition, post- pandemic transformations caused significant changes in the behavior of employees. Peculiarities of the current state of the countries’ labor markets have been studied. It was studied that the recovery of employment remains at an insufficiently high level. An assessment of the reasons for this development of events is provided. The following were highlighted: the dynamics of labor supply; demographic changes; structure of labor markets; creation and elimination of jobs. It has been established that these determinants differ in different countries. It was concluded that low-income and middle-income countries achieved the worst results. It was highlighted the processes that determinate the impact of globalization on the development of the world labor market. It is emphasized that technologies have led to replacement of labor force, creation of new jobs and fundamentally restructured labor markets. It has been established that transformations in the global labor market are closely related to digitalization processes. The trends regarding changes in the professional and qualification structure of the workforce in modern conditions have been determined. It is concluded that the global labor market has not yet fully recovered from the COVID- 19 crisis and this recovery is very uneven around the world. New global solutions are needed, including with the participation of the ILO, aimed at strengthening and improving policy coherence in order to create conditions for decent work and stabilize the labor market. Key words: labor market, employment, unemployment, workers, employment, instability.

ІНТЕРГАЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ У СВІТОВИЙ РИНОК ПРАЦІ

The article examines the international labor market and presents the place of Ukraine in its system. The main reasons and the main factors that determine the strengthening of the territorial migration of the population are shown. The problems of migration processes caused by the economic crisis, unemployment, low living standards of the population and political instability are considered. The influence of socio-economic processes of labor market integration through the activation of the activities of transnational corporations, the development of offshoring and foreign trade, and the strengthening of labor migration is studied. Special attention is paid to the effects of these processes on the development of the national labor market. The results of the study can be used for further analysis of the peculiarities of Ukraine’s integration processes into the global labor market. A characteristic feature of the modern world economic system is the uneven distribution of labor and production capacity within national economies. Thus, in particular, in some countries or often entire regions with a high level of natural population growth, there is a low level of production, which leads to the formation of a stable unemployment rate (for example, countries in Africa, Southeast and Central Asia), and, conversely, a number of countries with low levels of natural population growth, such as most countries in Western Europe and North America, are characterized by a high level of production, which reveals the problem of labor shortages. This factor, as well as the differentiation that accompanies it, in the level of remuneration are fundamental in the formation of international migration flows of labor in the modern world economy.The emergence of the opening of the Ukrainian society will surely attract more involvement of Ukraine in the international economy by a lot of force. The transition to market economics creates real minds for the development of the labor market. One of the important features of the state is the rapid growth of migratory practices both within the country and abroad.The state of market activity is carried out in the minds of acute crisis phenomena in economic, sociological and political life. The market transpartnership of Ukraine's ecology is carried out extremely unsubstantiatedly, which will lead to the emergence of negative phenomena, deepening of the state of haos. The feeling of the country's population neglecting is caused by two factors that threaten the physical and economic security: the unprecedented rise of banditry and the impending mass unemployment.

Development of Kazakhstan’s Regional Labour Markets in the Digital Economy: Factors and Conditions

Changes in the labour market are an inevitable result of technological progress. In these cir-cumstances, the effectiveness of public policy will depend on the correct projection of the future bal-ance in the labour market and on the drivers that can affect the technological development, elimination or preservation of jobs. Based on correlation and regression analysis, the study examines the influence of various factors on the transformation of regional labour markets in the context of digitalisation. The con-ducted calculations revealed that the human capital and entrepreneurial activity in the region influence the labour market the most. The calculated coefficient of elasticity shows that when the share of students in the population increases by 1 %, the value of the variable of the share of IT employees in the total num-ber of employees increases by 0.15 %. Increase in the ratio of small enterprises to the labour force by 1 unit shall increase the share of IT employees in the total number of employees by 0.002 %. However, at present, information and communication infrastructure is not a key factor in the development of labour market and new sectors, expanding opportunities for digital entrepreneurship, as well as online and of-fline training. Also, region’s innovative potential (level of business innovation in the regions by techno-logical innovations) is not a significant indicator of the intensity of development of new economic sec-tors and the formation of a regional base of accumulated knowledge and competencies. It was concluded that for the developing economy of Kazakhstan, the improvement of information and communication in-frastructure based on digital platforms is more rational for the labour market’s further development.

РОЗВИТОК РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ВИКЛИКИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The challenges of the labour market development during wartime conditions are considered in the context of the need to provide social security in the period of post-war recovery. The main problems of the development of the Ukrainian labour market are analyzed which are associated with a significant migration outflow of the population as a result of the full-scale aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, a reduction in the opportunities for creating new jobs, a decrease in the level of wages, and an increase in the quality of the country's educational and professional potential. Factors influencing the possibilities of hiring and professional development of the labour force at the enterprises have been identified. The current situation and expected predictions of enterprises regarding wage increases (by industries) are analyzed. It was grounded that the insufficiently high quality of vocational training limits the possibilities of realizing the educational and professional potential of the country. It has been proven that the aggravation of the risks of decrease of the quality of demographic reproduction of the population, the risks of unemployment, the risks of reducing the quality of educational potential, and the risks of poverty make it difficult to ensure the recovery of the country's economy on the basis of modernization and sustainable development in the future. The influence between challenges, risks of labour market development and threats to social security of the country is determined. The significant treats of the worsening of the educational potential's quality were defined. The directions of minimizing the negative impact of the implementation of problems and risks of the development of the labour market on the achievement of stability and stability of the socio-economic development of Ukraine under conditions of war and post-war recovery are substantiated. It was grounded the necessity of the development of the strategic ways of the realization of the employment policy, provision of the structural reconstruction of economy and employment, improvement of the business environment for the creation of the working places on the national and regional levels.

Analysis of the current labor market and the employment rate in the Saratov region

Introduction . Today, the challenges of labor market development are particularly relevant for the regions as one of the key tasks is to face these challenges to provide the economic growth of the region. The research is urgent due to the significant role of the employment rate at the current stage of socio- economic development. Purpose . The study aims to identify the key concerns for the employment rate and recruitment at the labor market in the Saratov region. Materials and Methods . Market trends and the current region’s labor market are derived from the Rosstat statistics, the statistic s taken from the Federal Service for State Statistics in the Saratov region, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection for Labor Market and Employment in the Saratov region. The study refers to the following methods: monitoring key employment types, comparat ive analysis of the employment rates, unemployment rate, and labor force participation in the Saratov region and the Volga Federal District. Results . The research identifies the ascending and descending trends in the number of the employable population driven by the migration processes and the current situation in Russia and the region. It also looks at the issues arising from the disbalance between the vacancies and the applicants in some professions and mismatch between the employee’s qualif ications and the labor market needs. Conclusion . The Saratov region implements a public program aimed to support the population employment, however, the concerns identified in the study have not been addressed yet. The unemployment rate is decreasing, but there is a trend for less labor force, less labor resources, population aging, more unofficially employed personnel since only 50 % of the vacancies offered by the Employment Services are popular with the residents of the Saratov region. The findings respond to the regularities of regional labor market development, open up new opportunities for developing and implementing the recruitment programs for the residents. Further research could be focused on analyzing the correlation between the labor market devel opment under the economic, social, political, and other factors and the target indicators declared in the recruitment programs for the residents.

ФАКТОРНАЯ И ЭКОНОМИКОМАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The article presents a factor analysis of the development of the local labor market, taking into account the labor potential of rural pensioners. Issues are raised about the further development of personal subsidiary plots and the use of economic and mathematical tools to assess labor market tensions, take into account professional skills and the quality of jobs. The purpose of the study was to assess the labor potential of rural pensioners and determine their status in the labor market. The developed model for assessing the potential of rural pensioners allows us to predict the costs of physical labor, build a motivation system and justify new types of business (quail breeding). Based on published material and the results of expeditionary research, a portrait of the economic potential of retirees was compiled, and professional routes for continuing their work activity were proposed.

ІНТЕРАКТИВНІТЕХНОЛОГІЇУКОНТЕКСТІМІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОГОПІДХОДУДОНАВЧАННЯЯКПЕРЕДУМОВАУСПІШНОСТІМАЙБУТНЬОЇПРОФЕСІЙНОЇДІЯЛЬНОСТІФАХІВЦІВ

The article considers the need to solve the problem related to the search for pedagogical concepts and technologies for the implementation of an effective and interactive interdisciplinary approach to education as a prerequisite for the success of the future professional activity of specialists. The importance of the use of interactive technologies in the conditions of the European educational space is em-phasized, which opens up new opportunities not only for obtaining an education, but also for the development of the European labor market. The question of the use of interactive technologies as the main component of the professional growth of future specialists is considered. It was determined that to improve the quality of edu-cation, it is necessary to involve interactive technologies in the educational process. It is proven that as a result of the optimal use of various interactive teaching methods, the positions of the teacher and students in the educational process change. The opinions of scientists regarding the need to intro-duce interactive technologies into the educational process in the context of an interdisciplinary approach are consid-ered. It is analyzed how the interaction of various disci-plines can contribute to the formation of a comprehensive understanding of the subject area and the development of key skills in students. It is substantiated that the use of interactive technologies in combination with an interdisci-plinary approach can help create flexibility of thinking in students, the ability to work in a team and develop crea-tive approaches to problem solving.

Цифровое измерение социально-экономической интеграции ЕАЭС

The article analyzes the priorities of socio-economic development of the digital strategies of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states in the context of implementing the digital agenda. The author concludes that the formation of disparate national public administration platforms limits the possibilities for integration. Along with technological limitations, the main obstacle to the creation of a single digital space of the EAEU is the difference in approaches to socio-economic policy, which prevents one of the key goals of the Union – to develop a common labor market. The purpose of this article is to identify possible “assembly points” of digital tools for the development of the EAEU labor market as the basis for their socio-economic integration.