Development Of Biomedical Technologies Research Articles

Development of new β Ti-10-Mo-Mn alloys for biomedical applications

Metallic biomaterials play a crucial role in various biomedical applications, particularly in developing implants and prostheses. Hence, this study aimed to produce and analyze the structure, microstructure, hardness, and preliminary cytotoxicity of Ti-10Mo-xMn system alloys (with x ranging from 0 to 8 wt%) intended for biomedical applications as biomaterials. The alloys underwent thorough characterization, including chemical composition analysis through EDS measurements, mapping, and density assessments. Structural and microstructural analyses were conducted using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, optical (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while Vickers microhardness testing provided insights into mechanical properties. Rapid cytotoxicity tests via MTT were also performed to assess biocompatibility. Results indicated that the produced alloys exhibited good quality and homogeneity regarding chemical composition. Adding Mn to the Ti-10Mo alloy facilitated the formation of the β phase, transforming it from a biphasic (α" + β) to a single-phase alloy.Moreover, Mn-induced reductions in lattice parameters and average crystallite size of the β phase were observed due to the smaller atomic radius of substituting Mn than Ti. Despite a decrease in hardness attributed to β phase formation, all alloys demonstrated non-cytotoxic behavior in cell adhesion and viability assays, with values exceeding 70 %. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of Ti-10Mo-xMn alloys as viable biomaterials, warranting further exploration and development in biomedical engineering.

Zinc, Magnesium and Tantalum for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review

The historical development and biomedical applications of magnesium, tantalum, and zinc are examined in this integrated study. It traces the development of magnesium from its use in military applications through its integration into many businesses, with an emphasis on its use in orthopaedic implants. Along with early attempts and failures in orthopaedic implantation, the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys suitable for biodegradable osteosynthetic materials are investigated. Clinical cases highlighting the successes and difficulties of magnesium implants in bone restoration are presented. Magnesium alloys have recently played important roles in biomedicine, particularly in stents and scaffolds. This analysis highlights their biocompatibility and corrosion behaviour. The numerous biomedical applications of tantalum and zinc, such as those in implants, surgical equipment, and drug delivery, are then discussed. Tantalum's porosity, biocompatibility, and biomechanical qualities make it the ideal material for implants, producing positive results in bone, tissue, and dental applications. Zinc's robust antibacterial characteristics and promise in targeted drug release are highlighted. Innovative manufacturing techniques, composite optimisation, surface alterations, and thorough clinical assessments are among the future directions. Key areas of interest include standardised testing, tissue interactions, and regulatory frameworks. This paper highlights the crucial contributions of tantalum, magnesium, and zinc to the development of biomedical engineering and provides insights for improved patient care, innovation, and therapeutic efficacy.

The Landscape of Products for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Scientific and Patent Systematic Review.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complication of diabetes that occurs in 40 - 60 million individuals worldwide and is associated with other chronic diseases. However, there are no review studies that present the state-of- the- art and technologies developed to circumvent this important health problem. This review was conducted based on scientific papers and patents. The papers were retrieved from Lilacs, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and the patents from INPI, ESPACENET, WIPO, and GOOGLE PATENTS. Thus, a sample consisting of 14 scientific articles and 667 patents was analyzed. From the analysis of the data, we drew an overview of the development of biomedical technologies for DPN and detected the pioneering spirit of China, the USA, and Japan in the area, with a focus on the treatment of DPN. Based on this, we carried out a SWOT analysis to help direct future efforts in the area, which should focus primarily on developing technologies for prevention, early diagnosis, and, above all, cure of the disease to reduce the important impact of this disease in various sectors of society. This study finds a concentration of diabetic peripheral neuropathy products, especially therapeutic drugs, in high-income countries. It highlights the need for global collaboration and strategic focus on therapeutic adherence and preventive strategies to effectively manage DPN.

Development of Biomedical Technology from the Perspective of Ethics and Law

The normative and safeguarding role of ethics and law in the development of biomedical science and technology, as well as their importance in promoting the progress of the industry, analyzed the key role of ethics and law in the field of biomedical science and technology, by restricting scientific research behavior, protecting the rights and safety of subjects, providing a solid guarantee for scientific research activities, and promoting the healthy development of biomedical science and technology. At the same time, the positive role of ethics and law in promoting international cooperation and exchange of biomedical science and technology is also discussed, which will inject strong impetus into the global development of biomedical science and technology. In addition, through case analysis, the paper demonstrates the key role of ethical review in the field of biomedical science and technology, as well as the importance of law in maintaining market order, protecting subjects' rights and interests, and fairness and justice. The successful practice of ethics and law in the development of biomedical science and technology is emphasized, which proves that following ethical principles and legal framework is the key factor to promote the progress of biomedical science and technology. This paper explores the important role of ethics and law in the development of biomedical science and technology, and provides valuable reference and guidance for practitioners in the industry. By following ethical principles and legal norms, we will jointly promote the prosperity and development of biomedical science and technology, and contribute to the common progress of human health.

Single cell mechanics analyzed by atomic force microscopy and finite element simulation

Cell mechanics plays a key role in determining physical performances and physiological functions of cells, as well as the early detection of diseases and development of biomedical engineering. In this study, we utilized a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and finite element method (FEM) to compare the cellular elasticity (Young’s modulus) and viscoelasticity (stress-relaxation time) of living and fixed endothelial cells (ECs) across varying loading rates. The results showed that both mechanical properties of normal ECs are more sensitive to loading speed compared with fixed ECs. The Young’s modulus of normal endothelial cells (ECs) exhibits an increasing trend with the growing loading rate, whereas the Young’s modulus of fixed ECs is almost not affected by the loading rate. Among various viscoelastic properties of cells under varying loading rates, the long-term relaxation time, especially at a loading rate of 5 μm s−1, showed the most significant difference between living and fixed cells. This work comprehensively evaluated the effectiveness of using different mechanical properties to distinguish cells with different physiological characteristic. This research would improve our knowledge of single-cell mechanical behaviors and provide new ideas for distinguishing various types of cells by AFM-based cellular elastic and viscoelastic properties with varying loading rates.

Human-friendly flexible solid-state biodegradable supercapacitor based on Ti3C2Tx MXene film without adhesive structure

With the rapid development of biomedical technology, biodegradable and implantable energy storage devices for biosensor and bioelectronics applications have attracted the great attention of scientists. However, the limited energy density, poor biocompatibility, and excessive space occupation of existing biodegradable energy storage devices pose major challenges to their application in the biomedical field. To address these challenges, in this work, flexible Ti3C2Tx film with an adhesive-free structure construction is proposed as electrode material for the flexible solid-state biodegradable supercapacitor (FSBSC). The morphology and structure of MXene films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A 0.9% NaCl saline, similar human body fluids was used as the electrolyte solution to construct symmetrical FSBSC (Ti3C2Tx//NaCl-PVA//Ti3C2Tx-FSBSC) Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The Ti3C2Tx//NaCl-PVA//Ti3C2Tx-FSBSC exhibits a high capacitance of 112 F/g at 1 A/g, excellent rate capability (73.2% at 20 A/g), long lifetime (81.6% after 10,000 cycles), and high specific energy/power (62.3 Wh/kg at 1000.8 W/kg). The charge storage mechanism was analyzed using ex situ XRD, TEM, and density function theory (DFT). DFT results show that the Ti3C2Tx (Tx = O)) electrode possesses metallic properties. The calculated adsorption energies (Eads) and smaller diffusion barriers of Na+ ions further proved the outstanding performance of the Ti3C2Tx electrode. Moreover, the apparatus is entirely biodegradable, thereby paving a promising path for the progression of bioelectronics and biomedical energy storage technologies.

Tribology of Coated 316L SS by Various Nanoparticles.

Nanocoating of biomedical materials may be considered the most essential developing field recently, primarily directed at improving their tribological behaviors that enhance their performance and durability. In orthodontics, as in many medical fields, friction reduction (by nanocoatings) among different orthodontic components is considered a substantial milestone in the development of biomedical technology that reduces orthodontic treatment time. The objective of the current research was to explore the tribological behavior, namely, friction of nanocoated thin layer by tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V) manufactured using plasma sputtering at 1, 2, and 3 hours on substrates made of 316L stainless steel (SS), which is thought to be one of the most popular alloys for stainless steel orthodontic archwires. The friction of coated 316L SS archwires coated with Ta, Nb, and V plasma sputtering is hardly mentioned in the literature as of yet. An oscillating pin-on-plate tribological test using a computerized tribometer was performed by applying a load of 1 N for 20 minutes under the dry condition at room temperature (25°C) to understand their role in the tribological behavior of the bulk material. Ta and Nb were found to reduce the friction of their SS substrate significantly (45 and 55%, respectively), while V was found to deteriorate the friction of its substrate. Moreover, sputtering time had no substantial role in the friction reduction of coatings. Nanocoating of 316L SS bulk material by Nb and Ta with a 1-hour plasma sputtering time can enhance dramatically its tribological behavior. Higher coating hardness, smaller nanoparticle size, intermediate surface coating roughness, and lower surface binding energy of the coatings may play a vital role in friction reduction of the coated 316L SS corresponding to SS orthodontic archwires, predicting to enhance orthodontic treatment.

Conformal in-ear bioelectronics for visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have attracted considerable attention in motor and language rehabilitation. Most devices use cap-based non-invasive, headband-based commercial products or microneedle-based invasive approaches, which are constrained for inconvenience, limited applications, inflammation risks and even irreversible damage to soft tissues. Here, we propose in-ear visual and auditory BCIs based on in-ear bioelectronics, named as SpiralE, which can adaptively expand and spiral along the auditory meatus under electrothermal actuation to ensure conformal contact. Participants achieve offline accuracies of 95% in 9-target steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) BCI classification and type target phrases successfully in a calibration-free 40-target online SSVEP speller experiment. Interestingly, in-ear SSVEPs exhibit significant 2nd harmonic tendencies, indicating that in-ear sensing may be complementary for studying harmonic spatial distributions in SSVEP studies. Moreover, natural speech auditory classification accuracy can reach 84% in cocktail party experiments. The SpiralE provides innovative concepts for designing 3D flexible bioelectronics and assists the development of biomedical engineering and neural monitoring.

Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells.

Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.

Comparative Analysis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Social Doctrine of Islam on BIoethics

Relevance. Religion permeates all spheres of human life: politics, economics, education, culture, medicine. There is no sphere of influence where religion would not leave its mark. In this regard, the consideration of the social doctrines of various prevailing confessions in the social life of a person is an urgent topic. Religion cares about the spiritual and physical well-being of a person, therefore, in the modern realities of the development of biomedical technologies, the moral aspect of human activity in the field of bioethics causes discussions in relation to such manipulations with the human body as IVF, surrogacy, abortion and transplantation. This leads to the need to consider these medical interventions from the point of view of the prevailing confessions in Russia.The purpose is to conduct a comparative analysis of the social concepts of Islam and Orthodoxy concerning bioethics issues.Objectives. To examine the existing approaches of Orthodoxy and Islam to bioethics; to identify the specifics of the doctrines of Islam and Orthodoxy in matters of surrogacy, IVF, abortion and transplantation; to compare the religious views of these denominations with regard to bioethics.Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach within the framework of structural functionalism using universal scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. In the course of studying the doctrines of Islam and Orthodoxy in the field of bioethics, a comparative analysis of views on surrogacy, IVF, abortion and transplantation was carried out; similarities and differences of views of Orthodoxy and Islam on bioethics issues were revealed.Conclusions. The work identified similarities between Orthodox concepts and Muslim doctrines in relation to abortion, IVF, surrogacy and transplantation, differences are observed in relation to traditions.

Nanogenerators for biomedical applications

A long-lasting power source is crucial for a sustainable operation of implanted medical devices. However, the battery-powered medical electronic devices are at risk of failure due to insufficient power energy. As an emerging energy conversion technologies, the Nanogenerators (NG) that could convert micro-/nano-scale mechanical energy into electricity based on the mechanism of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity exhibited great promise for biomedical applications, owning to the simple configuration, high efficiency, decent electrical output, biomimetic property as well as excellent biocompatibility. In this manuscript, the recent representative developments of NGs in biomedical applications are reviewed. Fundamentals, such as working mechanisms underneath different NG prototypes are discussed, which is followed by intriguing attempts to implement NG in specific biomedical fields(e.g., power source for implantable medical devices, therapeutic electric stimulator, cardiovascular, skin injury, bone tissue etc.) are introduced and analyzed. This manuscript ends up with subsection summarizing existed challenges while providing potential solutions for future NG developments in biomedical engineering.

New Meanings and Modalities of Sport in the Context of the Development of Biomedicine

The article considers the process of formation of new meanings of sport in connection with the development of biomedical technologies. It is shown that in the context of the growing trend of commodification of sports the meanings can closely correlate with the search for an “invisible” doping that provides an increase in performance in sports. At the same time, the development of biotechnologies makes it possible to manifest new modalities of sport, focused not so much on achieving high results, but on the value of participating in sports activities. An example of this is sport for organ transplants, which embodies the understanding of sport as a non-pragmatic game and cooperation. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was made about the evolution of the meanings of sport and its contingent nature.

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. Scientific and technological breakthrough, improvement of medical care technologies, processes of genetic engineering and other biomedical technologies require proper legal, including criminal law regulation. Of course, many potentially socially dangerous acts in these areas have not found their actual manifestation to date, but this does not mean that they do not require criminal legal regulation. After all, several decades ago, with the same success, the world community did not even assume about such negative phenomena as cybercrime, in particular, cyberterrorism, cyberterrorism, phishing, etc., while today the efforts of many states are aimed precisely at criminal legal counteraction to the noted illegal encroachments. In the absence of a definition of the concept of “iatrogeny” and “iatrogenic crimes” at the legislative level, the issues of classification of iatrogenic crimes are widely discussed in scientific circles. Most authors refer to them only traditional iatrogenic crimes, at the same time, we defend the position regarding the attribution of non-traditional iatrogenic crimes to them, which have no less degree of public danger. The issues of genomic research are relevant primarily due to the fact that they are at the intersection of ethics and law. To date, such issues as editing, modification of the human genome, the legal status of the human embryo and its criminal protection, new reproductive technologies are on the agenda. The development of biomedical technologies actualizes the issue of their proper legislative regulation, criminalization of potential socially dangerous acts in the areas under consideration and identification of criminal law problems in the application of modern biomedical technologies.

THE HUMAN FACTOR ISSUES IN BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS

The consequence of insufficient attention of specialists to the human factor in the development of biomedical technologies is the lack of awareness of biomedical engineering students with the cognitive aspects of human-machine interaction, which does not allow the design of safe and reliable biomedical systems. The paper shows the need to consider the human factor at all stages of the life cycle of biomedical systems and the need to introduce a discipline dedicated to the phenomenon of the human factor into the training program for biomedical engineers. Thus, the consequence of the development of biotechnologies is the necessity for teaching students to consider the human factor at all stages of the biomedical technologies life cycle. The motivation is to bridge the gap between the theoretical concepts proposed to eliminate human factors problems in the modelling and design of biomedical systems and the practical implementation of human activities in them. It is necessary to consider the issues that may arise due to the human factor in the operation of biomedical systems in order to move forward in solving these problems.

A Universal and Simple Method to Obtain Hydrogels with Combined Extreme Mechanical Properties and Their Application as Tendon Substitutes.

With the development of biomedical engineering, the preparation of hydrogels with combined extreme mechanical properties similar to those of some biological hydrogels becomes an important research topic for scientists. In this work, a single-network hydrogel with combined extreme mechanical properties is prepared through a simple and universal method, wherein the strength, elongation at break, toughness, and fracture energy of the hydrogel WPU-3PAAm-6PAN are achieved at 24.7 MPa, 544.0%, 68.9 MJ m-3, and 37.2 kJ m-2, respectively. Herein, a series of photosensitive resins in emulsion form are synthesized, and due to the water-oil diphasic characteristic, hydrophobic monomers and high-efficient hydrophobic photo-initiators are adopted into the resins, which can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the hydrogels due to the hydrophobic association effect and solve the biggest barrier of low curing rate in digital light processing (DLP) fabrication of hydrogels, respectively. Moreover, the simple and facile method to obtain robust and tough hydrogels can be universally applied to other polymer systems. Combined with the excellent mechanical properties and printing ability, the hydrogels with optimized structures are fabricated through DLP printing technology and applied as tendon substitutes. The tendon substitutes exhibit superior performance for mechanical connection and regeneration of collagen fibers. Although further clinical research is required, the hydrogels have great potential applications in various biological areas.

Recent Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment with Radionuclides.

As the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by late detection, difficult diagnosis and treatment, rapid progression, and poor prognosis. Current treatments for liver cancer include surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, external radiation therapy, and internal radionuclide therapy. Radionuclide therapy is the use of high-energy radiation emitted by radionuclides to eradicate tumor cells, thus achieving the therapeutic effect. Recently, with the continuous development of biomedical technology, the application of radionuclides in treatment of HCC has progressed steadily. This review focuses on three types of radionuclide-based treatment regimens, including transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radioactive seed implantation, and radioimmunotherapy. Their research progress and clinical applications are summarized. The advantages, limitations, and clinical potential of radionuclide treatment of HCC are discussed.

Hemorrhoidectomy using modern high-energy devices: advantages, disadvantages and controversial issues (review of literature)

A literature review of studies on the problem of providing surgical care to patients with hemorrhoids is presented . The article discusses modern approaches to the use of high-energy devices for dissection of hemorrhoids characterizes these techniques , and indicates their advantages and disadvantages . Based on the analysis of immediate and long-term results of treatment , a comparative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of hemorrhoidectomy performed using various electrosurgical instruments , plasma , laser and ultrasonic scalpels was made . It has been demonstrated that their use provides rapid hemostasis and precise tissue dissection , which leads to a decrease in the intensity of pain syndrome and the incidence of complications in the postoperative period , and also reduces the time of rehabilitation of patients . Despite the obvious positive potential of the devices presented above , their use is fraught with certain risks associated with overestimation of the hemostatic effect and , on the contrary , underestimation of the damaging effect on tissues adjacent to the dissection zone . Thus , the current level of development of biomedical technologies opens up great opportunities for improving the results of surgical treatment of patients with hemorrhoids . However , the key to their implementation is the observance of a reasonable approach to the use of certain high-energy devices , which should be based on a critical analysis of their advantages and disadvantages .

Bioengineering in the Development of Artificial Hips, Knees, and other joints. Ultrasound, MRI, and other Medical Imaging Techniques

The bioengineering technique is developed as a method that is essential to combine different dead and inorganic materials with a living elements. Artificial organs are human-made organs that are helpful for providing a specific function for the patients to reach normal life soon. Improvement in healthcare can be possible to reach with properly aligned different artificial organs that are helping to overcome serious situations in life. In this research, the secondary qualitative method is used which is beneficial for completing the study in an effective way. Different previous published research in different journals, articles, and books are referred to for completing the research which is important for gaining proper growth for the research. Different aspects of bioengineering in the field of providing artificial body parts for humans are discussed in this research which is helping them to recover from any disease or impact of an accident. The overall impact on society and growth in the life developed due to artificial organs are also discussed in this research. Medical imaging techniques are helpful to create growth for research by providing the right track to growth. A proper understanding of diseases can be possible with the help of these technological advancements that are able to eliminate difficulties that are growing in human health. Keywords : artificial organs, Bioengineering, biomedical engineering development, MRI, prosthetics, replacing organs.

Current issues in clinical trials of radiopharmaceutical drugs (RPCD) at the present stage of nuclear medicine development

To date, doctors are becoming increasingly interested in radiopharmaceutical drugs (RPCD) associated with an improvement in their effectiveness and safety due to the use of alpha-emitting isotopes and highly selective ligands in the formulation. According to MarketsandMarkets, the nuclear medicine market will grow from $4.8 billion in 2021 to $7.5 billion by 2026 at a compound annual growth rate of 9%. The Russian Federation will have to work on import substitution with the analogue development of foreign-made drugs not registered in Russia, as well as original development that must meet world standards. Promotion of new drugs to patients is impossible without conducting clinical trials that meet GCP criteria. Even in countries with a high development of biomedical technologies, there are not enough resources to conduct clinical trials of new RPCDs. The most important limiting factors are the high cost of studies using open sources of radiation and the discrepancy between the traditional method of clinical trials, the unique properties of new RPCD and the effective method of theranostics using diagnostic and therapeutic pairs of radionuclides. To overcome these difficulties in evaluating RPCD, in particular, a phase zero clinical trial on several volunteers with the disease and the establishment of specialized testing clinical centers are proposed.

Ahead of the Curve: The Arc Institute Aims to Reshape the Biomedical Research Landscape

Ahead of the Curve: The Arc Institute Aims to Reshape the Biomedical Research Landscape