Zinc, Magnesium and Tantalum for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review

Abstract

The historical development and biomedical applications of magnesium, tantalum, and zinc are examined in this integrated study. It traces the development of magnesium from its use in military applications through its integration into many businesses, with an emphasis on its use in orthopaedic implants. Along with early attempts and failures in orthopaedic implantation, the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys suitable for biodegradable osteosynthetic materials are investigated. Clinical cases highlighting the successes and difficulties of magnesium implants in bone restoration are presented. Magnesium alloys have recently played important roles in biomedicine, particularly in stents and scaffolds. This analysis highlights their biocompatibility and corrosion behaviour. The numerous biomedical applications of tantalum and zinc, such as those in implants, surgical equipment, and drug delivery, are then discussed. Tantalum's porosity, biocompatibility, and biomechanical qualities make it the ideal material for implants, producing positive results in bone, tissue, and dental applications. Zinc's robust antibacterial characteristics and promise in targeted drug release are highlighted. Innovative manufacturing techniques, composite optimisation, surface alterations, and thorough clinical assessments are among the future directions. Key areas of interest include standardised testing, tissue interactions, and regulatory frameworks. This paper highlights the crucial contributions of tantalum, magnesium, and zinc to the development of biomedical engineering and provides insights for improved patient care, innovation, and therapeutic efficacy.