Development Of Biomedical Technologies Research Articles

High-Density Lipoprotein Nanobiologics for Precision Medicine.

Nature is an inspirational source for biomedical engineering developments. Particularly, numerous nanotechnological approaches have been derived from biological concepts. For example, among many different biological nanosized materials, viruses have been extensively studied and utilized, while exosome research has gained much traction in the 21st century. In our body, fat is transported by lipoproteins, intriguing supramolecular nanostructures that have important roles in cell function, lipid metabolism, and disease. Lipoproteins' main constituents are phospholipids and apolipoproteins, forming a corona that encloses a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Within the lipoprotein family, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), primarily composed of apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I) and phospholipids, measuring a mere 10 nm, is the smallest and densest particle. Its endogenous character makes HDL particularly suitable as a nanocarrier platform to target a range of inflammatory diseases. For a decade and a half, our laboratories have focused on HDL's exploitation, repurposing, and reengineering for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, generating versatile hybrid nanomaterials, referred to as nanobiologics, that are inherently biocompatible and biodegradable, efficiently cross different biological barriers, and intrinsically interact with immune cells. The latter is facilitated by HDL's intrinsic ability to interact with the ATP-binding cassette receptor A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1, as well as scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-BI). In this Account, we will provide an up-to-date overview on the available methods for extraction, isolation, and purification of apoA-I from native HDL, as well as its recombinant production. ApoA-I's subsequent use for the reconstitution of HDL (rHDL) and other HDL-derived nanobiologics, including innovative microfluidic-based production methods, and their characterization will be discussed. The integration of different hydrophobic and amphiphilic imaging labels, including chelated radioisotopes and paramagnetic or fluorescent lipids, renders HDL nanobiologics suitable for diagnostic purposes. Nanoengineering also allows HDL reconstitution with core payloads, such as diagnostically active nanocrystals, as well as hydrophobic drugs or controlled release polymers for therapeutic purposes. The platform technology's specificity for inflammatory myeloid cells and methods to modulate specificity will be highlighted. This Account will build toward examples of in vivo studies in cardiovascular disease and cancer models, including diagnostic studies by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). A translational success story about the escalation of zirconium-89 radiolabeled HDL (89Zr-HDL) PET imaging from atherosclerotic mice to rabbits and pigs and all the way to cardiovascular disease patients is highlighted. Finally, recent advances in nanobiologic-facilitated immunotherapy of inflammation are spotlighted. Lessons, success stories, and perspectives on the use of these nature-inspired HDL mimetics are an integral part of this Account.

Legal regulation of biomedical cell products authorization and marketing in international practice

Scientific progress and advances in medicine and biology have contributed to emergence of new treatments based on delivery of living cells, genetic material and tissue engineering. The Federal Law N180-FZ “On Biomedical Cell Products” has taken effect in Russia opening a new stage in development of biomedical technologies, the main objective of which is to create a unified harmonious environment for the development, production and sale of safe and effective cell therapy products. At the same time, the system of legal regulation of the market of cellular products abroad has been functioning for more than 10 years and continues to develop actively. This review analyses international experience in regulation of medical biotechnologies market and identifies main features and current problems of existing scheme of biomedical products marketing as well as highlights main issues to be addressed while forming regulatory and legal filed for biomedical cellular products (BMCP) in Russia.

Contemporary Historical Development and Analysis of In Vitro Diagnostics(IVD)

By analyzing the contemporary key elements evolution of in vitro diagnostics (IVD), especially the rise in vitro diagnostic to the development of molecular diagnostics and precision medicine, from clinical laboratory to POCT, from basic research to the global regulation industry, this research is to expound the complex process and value of biomedical technology development and application.

Mirror-image polymerase chain reaction

The construction of mirror-image biological systems may open the next frontier for biomedical technology development and discovery. Here we have designed and chemically synthesized a mutant version of the thermostable Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) consisting of d-amino acids. With a total peptide length of 358 amino acid residues, it is the largest chemically synthesized d-amino acid protein reported to date. We show that the d-polymerase is able to amplify a 120-bp l-DNA sequence coding for the Escherichia coli 5S ribosomal RNA gene rrfB by mirror-image polymerase chain reaction, and that both the natural and mirror-image systems operate with strict chiral specificity. The development of efficient miPCR systems may lead to many practical applications, such as mirror-image systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment for the selection of therapeutically promising nuclease-resistant l-nucleic acid aptamers.

Research progress of tumor markers in pancreatic cancer tissue

Pancreatic cancer is a hidden disease, rapid progress, treatment and poor prognosis of the digestive tract malignant tumor, in recent years, the incidence rate has increased significantly. At present, surgical resection is the only effective way to long－term survival of pancreatic cancer patients, however, once the clinical diagnosis of the disease patients mostly in late or distant metastases occur, often lost the best chance of operation. The development of modern biomedical science and technology provides a new technique for the study of high sensitivity pancreatic cancer markers, which can improve the early diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer, thus improving the surgical resection rate and improving the prognosis of patients. The study of tumor markers in pancreatic cancer tissues has always been a hot topic in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. This paper reviews the progress of pancreatic cancer tumor markers in pancreatic cancer tissues. Key words: Pancreatic neoplasms; Early diagnosis; Neoplasms by histologic type; Tumor markers

Enzymes Confinement in CNT Doped Carbon Microstructures Electrodes (CNT-CME) for Miniaturized Enzyme Biofuel Cell Application

Fast development of biomedical technology has led us to the invention and use of implantable medical devices to be utilized for direct monitoring of human health. In general, batteries is used as the main micropower supply of these implanted devices, however it has some drawbacks as it has to be replenished in due time. One of the promising continuous energy supplies to replace the use of batteries is enzyme biofuel cell (EBFC) which harvests electrical energy from the oxidation-reduction reactions as it generates electricity by glucose oxidation and oxygen reduction by the anode and cathode enzymes respectively; in which two of its main substrate are abundant and essential components in human physiological fluid. EBFC is expected to be minimal in size but still concerning to have maximized performance during operation including; high electrode potential range, current and power densities which dependent to the stability of the enzyme used and enzyme environment construction. In order to achieve long operation of EBFC, it is necessary to be assured that enzyme will not be denatured due to external potent factor such as shear stress, especially if EBFC is employed as micro-power supply of implanted devices in human in which the blood velocity will depend on the diameter of blood vessel as implantation site. One of the modest methods to protect immobilized enzyme from the shear stress is by using polymer such as Nafion to form physical entrapment layer. However, there is high possibility that Nafion as polymer will be degraded under shear stress leading to leaching of enzyme during long operation. Previous studies showed that encapsulated protein in porous materials, or immobilized inside layer by layer material showed more stability due to less exposure of the external stress. The use of mesoporous material such as sol-gels and entrapment in mesoporous silica have proven to increase the enzyme stability, however this materials are lack of conductivity which is not suitable for bioelectronics application. Due to the necessity of electrical communication, another study was employing conducting material such as Si wafer with micro culverts as enzyme protection platform which enhance the electron transfer between enzyme-electrodes material . The success of enzyme immobilization also depends on its carrier used for particular application. The platform for enzyme immobilization should have high capacity as enzyme anchoring sites, chemically stable, and having the structural ability to prolong enzyme stability. The combination of nanostructures with enzyme immobilization will be a promising direction since it is possible to engineer enzyme environment to limit the effect of external forces as called enzyme-in-cage. Carbon as the most popular and widely studied as electrode materials due to its physical and electrochemical stability properties as inert material, low cost and easy to be functionalized and decorated. Carbon can be used for miniaturized electrode fabricated through nanolithography by pyrolizing photoresist, decompose co-composite, leaving only carbon in microstructured pattern. The use of photoresist to form carbon after pyrolysis step has the advantage due to its ability to be patterned by photolithography techniques which is reproducible. The properties of pyrolized electrodes are comparable than glassy carbon electrode (GCE) which has similar electrochemical properties such as low background current as the effect of low capacitance Further advancement for this system is the integration of CNT which has high surface area, excellent conductivity due to its sp2carbon hybridization along its wall. In order to prevent any proximity effect of CNT-pyrolyzed carbon electrode, CNT was grown directly in carbon post in which the catalyst of CNT growth was deposited through electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). Grown CNT on pyrolyzed carbon is expected to keep high structural stability. In this study we elaborated the fabrication and application of CNT doped carbon microstructures (CNT-CME) as platform for enzyme confinement and immobilization. Thus eventually this method then applied to immobilize the FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) α-subunit with menadione as mediator (FADGDH/menadione) system which has proven to have better performance as anode for biofuel cell application as its native character of low Km value. The parameter such as K mof free and immobilized enzyme, current and power densities of the EBFC were also tested. Figure 1

Multi-body dynamics and Biomedical Engineering Development

Multi-body dynamics and Biomedical Engineering Development

Global view and future challenges of biomedical engineering in Latin-America: experts’ opinion

Depending on the part of the world, different concepts, problems and needs affect the Biomedical Engineering development, particularly in terms of curricula and training. In Latin-American countries, the process of application of scientific and technological knowledge takes place basically in disarticulated conditions. Under this premise, a gathering between the most representative Latin-American societies of biomedical Engineering took place on May 19th, 2015, at Favaloro University, Argentina. The highlights emerged from that meeting encouraged the analysis proposed in this work, where education profile, human resources and scientific production (in terms of international publications) were objectively discussed.

Effects of hall and ion slip on MHD peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid in a non-uniform rectangular duct

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to theoretically study the problem of the peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid in a non-uniform rectangular duct under the effects of Hall and ion slip. An incompressible and magnetohydrodynamics fluid is also taken into account. The governing equations are modelled under the constraints of low Reynolds number and long wave length. Recent development in biomedical engineering has enabled the use of the periastic flow in modern drug delivery systems with great utility. Design/methodology/approach – Numerical integration is used to analyse the novel features of volumetric flow rate, average volume flow rate, instantaneous flux and the pressure gradient. The impact of physical parameters is depicted with the help of graphs. The trapping phenomenon is presented through stream lines. Findings – The results of Newtonian fluid model can be obtained by taking out the effects of Jeffrey parameter from this model. No-slip case is a special case of the present work. The results obtained for the flow of Jeffrey fluid reveal many interesting behaviours that warrant further study on the non-Newtonian fluid phenomena, especially the shear-thinning phenomena. Shear-thinning reduces the wall shear stress. Originality/value – The results of this paper are new and original.

Conscientious objection and European vision of human rights

The development of biomedical sciences and techniques, despite the undeniable positives, brings with it new threats, also for human rights and democratic society. The most serious concern is possibility of modification of the biological nature of human beings –which might entail limitations of human freedom. The modification of the human genome, brain and mind control, mechanization of human body, creating digital copies of human beings are now the most widely discussed threats , for human rights and the rule of law. Aside to the mentioned risks directly related to the development of biomedical technologies, the subject of much controversy is the relationships between the beneficiaries of progress in biomedicine (patients), and those who provide defined benefit plans (primarily physicians). The question is whether the physician is obliged to provide every medical service or may refuse to provide those which are opposed to his ethical judgements? The problem of the status of conscientious objection arises in above mentioned context. This paper presents the issue of conscientious objection from the perspective of the Council of Europe regulations.

Basic ethical principles as symbolic foundations and core values of European biolaw

Summary This article is an analysis of the basic principles of autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability as the essence of the symbolic function of European biolaw and foundation of implied biorights. This approach considers the rights of the individual to her own body as human rights. The methodology is a critical hermeneutical analysis of the presuppositions of ongoing legal practice in the symbolic function of principles as the foundation of law. Regulation of biomedical problems is an exercise of reflective legal and legislative judgment guided by basic principles and based on the symbolic universe of protection of the human person in biolaw. The bioethical ideal of respect for patient autonomy is in law by the concept of informed consent the basis of self-determination. Furthermore, the principles of dignity, integrity and vulnerability are becoming increasingly important as legal principles. In this sense, they are not only important legal principles but also strong ethical symbols of humanity because they constitute necessary concerns for the human person in bioethics and biolaw. This is the case of the development of human rights to include rights in relation to the human body and its parts. This development evolves in a principle-based symbolic conception of law behind the system of pragmatic and positive law. Here emerges a special sphere of protection of human beings, between person and object for technological manipulation. The concepts of non-commercialization and anonymity of donation of human body parts are important supplementary ideas. These are dominant but still controversial principles that have a symbolic dimension in the sense that they refer to a vision of humanity in tension with sub-humanity and trans-humanity in the development of biomedical technology. We can observe in Europe's present legislation and law-making on bioethics and biolaw a kind of legitimacy crisis of law with regard to the definition of the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of not only pragmatic legislation but also to develop biolaw as a symbolic narrative of fundamental values in the perspective of basic ethical principles of concern for the autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability of the human person. This approach has been the basis for conceiving the function of the body between person and technology in biolaw. Here, we can see that the body has a double status, being between subject and object, so that the human body appears in terms of the symbolic function of the human body as indicating a concern for protection of all persons in the present and the future of humanity. Based on interpretations of legislation and legal practice in European countries, we can define the concept of humanity in biolaw as a principle-oriented and symbolic legal thinking founded on respect of the autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability of the individual human person in confrontation with biomedical technologies. This is also the foundation of a sphere of protection of fundamental rights of the human person in bioethics and biolaw. The body has, as a symbolic object, a special position in a specific biomedical sphere of legal justice that also includes future generations of human beings. The new biorights include the rights of individuals over their bodies, at the same time, there being limits to these rights imposed by the state. The intervention of the state in the human body is accordingly taking place in a symbolic space between state “biopower”, or the state's belief that it has ultimate and overarching jurisdiction over the human body, and protection of the privacy and dignity of the human body in legislation and law-making. The appropriate guiding vision in law of humanity, expressed in the symbolic function of biolaw, should be a humanism that values all aspects of the person, including the human body and all aspects of humanity in order to be sure that there will be in the future optimal human function and genuine, authentic human life on earth. A symbolic nature of biolaw emerges in a reflexive stance with respect to biolegal principles, giving rise to thought having a deeper second meaning with strong impact for respect for humanity. This can form the essence of a symbolic protection of the humanity of the human person. It emerges through the respect for basic ethical principles of autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability applied to biolaw, legal practice and legislation about protection of the human body in biotechnology and biomedicine.

A Low-Power and Portable Biomedical Device for Respiratory Monitoring with a Stable Power Source.

Continuous respiratory monitoring is an important tool for clinical monitoring. Associated with the development of biomedical technology, it has become more and more important, especially in the measuring of gas flow and CO concentration, which can reflect the status of the patient. In this paper, a new type of biomedical device is presented, which uses low-power sensors with a piezoresistive silicon differential pressure sensor to measure gas flow and with a pyroelectric sensor to measure CO concentration simultaneously. For the portability of the biomedical device, the sensors and low-power measurement circuits are integrated together, and the airway tube also needs to be miniaturized. Circuits are designed to ensure the stability of the power source and to filter out the existing noise. Modulation technology is used to eliminate the fluctuations at the trough of the waveform of the CO concentration signal. Statistical analysis with the coefficient of variation was performed to find out the optimal driving voltage of the pressure transducer. Through targeted experiments, the biomedical device showed a high accuracy, with a measuring precision of 0.23 mmHg, and it worked continuously and stably, thus realizing the real-time monitoring of the status of patients.

Three-dimensional Nanowire Structures for Ultra-Fast Separation of DNA, Protein and RNA Molecules.

Separation and analysis of biomolecules represent crucial processes for biological and biomedical engineering development; however, separation resolution and speed for biomolecules analysis still require improvements. To achieve separation and analysis of biomolecules in a short time, the use of highly-ordered nanostructures fabricated by top-down or bottom-up approaches have been proposed. Here, we reported on the use of three-dimensional (3D) nanowire structures embedded in microchannels fabricated by a bottom-up approach for ultrafast separation of small biomolecules, such as DNA, protein, and RNA molecules. The 3D nanowire structures could analyze a mixture of DNA molecules (50–1000 bp) within 50 s, a mixture of protein molecules (20–340 kDa) within 5 s, and a mixture of RNA molecules (100–1000 bases) within 25 s. And, we could observe the electrophoretic mobility difference of biomolecules as a function of molecular size in the 3D nanowire structures. Since the present methodology allows users to control the pore size of sieving materials by varying the number of cycles for nanowire growth, the 3D nanowire structures have a good potential for use as alternatives for other sieving materials.

Peristaltic transport of magneto-nanoparticles submerged in water: Model for drug delivery system

Recent development in biomedical engineering has enabled the use of the magnetic nanoparticles in modern drug delivery systems with great utility. Nanofluids composed of magnetic nanoparticles have the characteristics to be manipulated by external magnetic field and are used to guide the particles up the bloodstream to a tumor with magnets. In this study we examine the mixed convective peristaltic transport of copper–water nanofluid under the influence of constant applied magnetic field. Nanofluid is considered in an asymmetric channel. Aside from the effect of applied magnetic field on the mechanics of nanofluid, its side effects i.e. the Ohmic heating and Hall effects are also taken into consideration. Heat transfer analysis is performed in presence of viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption. Mathematical modeling is carried out using the lubrication analysis. Resulting system of equations is numerically solved. Impact of embedded parameters on the velocity, pressure gradient, streamlines and temperature of nanofluid is examined. Effects of applied magnetic field in presence and absence of Hall effects are studied and compared. Results depict that addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the velocity and temperature of fluid. Heat transfer rate at the boundary enhances by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction. Increase in the strength of applied magnetic field tends to decrease/increase the velocity/temperature of nanofluid. Further presence of Hall effects reduces the variations brought in the state of fluid when strength of applied magnetic field is increased.

English

Home Based Wireless Health Monitoring System give a detailed insight into design and implementation of the system. Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. The development of biomedical engineering is responsible for improving healthcare diagnosis ,monitoring and therapy. The novel idea behind Health line is to provide quality health service to one and all.The idea is driven by the vision of a cable free biomedical monitoring system. On body sensors monitor the vital parameters (blood pressure, ECG, temperature and heart beat rate) and transmits the data to doctors end via wireless communication network. Periodic health monitoring (or preventative care) allows people to discover and treat health problems early, before they have consequences. Especially for risk patients and long term applications, such a technology offers more freedom, comfort, and opportunities in clinical monitoring.The very idea of the health line is to provide service to community. Chronic diseases have a significant influence on healthcare costs and are common among people. Changes in demographic structure and lack of health and social care personnel force us to study new innovations, which could o er a relief to these challenges. Seniors have to make frequent visits to their doctor to get their vital signs measured. The vital signs include Pulse rate ,Blood pressure,Body temperature ,ECG,etc.

A History of Shoulder Surgery

Shoulder surgery has emerged from being a marginalised sub-speciality to being an area of much research and advancement within the last seventy years. This has been despite the complexity of the joint, and success majorly rests on parallel development of biomedical technology. This article looks at the past and present of shoulder surgery and discusses future directions in the speciality.

Mechanics in Neuronal Development and Repair

Biological cells are well known to respond to a multitude of chemical signals. In the nervous system, chemical signaling has been shown to be crucially involved in development, normal functioning, and disorders of neurons and glial cells. However, there are an increasing number of studies showing that these cells also respond to mechanical cues. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the mechanical properties of nervous tissue and its building blocks, review recent progress in methodology and understanding of cellular mechanosensitivity in the nervous system, and provide an outlook on the implications of neuromechanics for future developments in biomedical engineering to aid overcoming some of the most devastating and currently incurable CNS pathologies such as spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis.

The Smart Solution for DNA Removal in Biopharmaceutical Production by Benzonase Endonuclease

<p>More and more mammalian cells especially continuous cell lines were used to produce vaccines and therapeutic biological products with the rapid development of biomedical technologies. Therefore, more attention should be paid from drug regulatory authorities to the safety of biological products especially quality control of residual DNA and RNA. World Health Organization has evaluated the methods commonly used in vaccine manufacture for their ability to reduce the biological activity of DNA. Benzonase endonuclease is frequently used during the production of vaccines and can degrade all nucleic acid sequences down to oligonucleotides of approximately 3 to 5 base pairs.</p>

Awareness, treatment, and control of major cardiovascular risk factors in a small-scale Italian community: results of a screening campaign

IntroductionHypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes are the main causes of cardiovascular diseases in developed countries. However, these conditions are still poorly recognized and treated.ObjectiveThis study aimed at estimating the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of major cardiovascular risk factors in an unselected sample of individuals of a small community located in northern Italy.MethodsWe screened 344 sequential subjects in this study. Data collection included family and clinical history, anthropometric data, blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum cholesterol values. Individual cardiovascular risk profiles were assessed by risk charts of the Progetto Cuore.ResultsBased on personal history and/or measured values, 78.2% of subjects had hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol levels > 190 mg/dL), 61.0% had central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women), 51.2% had arterial hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg), 8.1% had diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL), 22.7% had impaired fasting glucose (blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL), and 35.5% were overweight (body mass index 25–29 kg/m2). Alcohol drinkers and smokers accounted for 46.2% and 22.4% of subjects, respectively. Awareness of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes was poor, and control of these risk factors, except for diabetes, was even worse. Prevalence of high blood pressure, high serum cholesterol, overweight, and obesity significantly increased with aging. Hypercholesterolemia and obesity were significantly more common in women, while overweight and diabetes in men. In 15.4% of participants, the risk of a major cardiovascular event in the next 10 years was either high or very high.ConclusionIn a small community in a wealthy region of Italy, the prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors is high, while awareness, treatment, and control are poor. Such a result highlights the importance of screening campaigns as a strategy to improve early diagnosis and access to treatment, and thus effective prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the general population.

Gabapentin enacarbil extended release for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in adults.

The development of biomedical technology is allowing refinement of drug therapies in order to improve medication profiles and benefit patients. Gabapentin (Gp) is a medication licensed globally for various indications, including postherpetic neuralgia. It has a pharmacokinetic profile which has been suggested may limit its clinical effects and reduce medication compliance. In 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration licensed a novel preparation which aims to circumvent these limitations. Gp enacarbil is a prodrug of Gp, which is additionally prepared in an extended release preparation. The resulting compound has an improved absorption profile and a reduced dosing frequency in comparison to immediate release Gp. An absence of comparative data, however, limits the direct evaluation of the medication to both immediate release and other extended release preparations available on the market. Additionally, no data are currently available addressing efficacy, tolerability, or side effects with other first line treatments of postherpetic neuralgia. Additional experimental data should be sought to clarify the position of Gp enacarbil, both within postherpetic neuralgia treatment protocols and in relation to the increasing numbers of gabapentinoids available.