Development Of Biomedical Technologies Research Articles

Recent Progress of Machine Learning in Gene Therapy.

With new developments in biomedical technology, it is now a viable therapeutic treatment to alter genes with techniques like CRISPR. At the same time, it is increasingly cheaper to perform whole genome sequencing, resulting in rapid advancement in gene therapy and editing in precision medicine. Understanding the current industry and academic applications of gene therapy provides an important backdrop to future scientific developments. Additionally, machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques allow for the reduction of time and money spent in the development of new gene therapy products and techniques. In this paper, we survey the current progress of gene therapy treatments for several diseases and explore machine learning applications in gene therapy. We also discuss the ethical implications of gene therapy and the use of machine learning in precision medicine. Machine learning and gene therapy are both topics gaining popularity in various publications, and we conclude that there is still room for continued research and application of machine learning techniques in the gene therapy field.

Pravo na seksualno i reproduktivno zdravlje LGBTIQ osoba i izazovi biomedicinski potpomognute oplodnje

The mass application of modern medical biotechnology (BAF) and its expansion on a global level have brought numerous challenges at the individual and social level, and the very goal of reproductive technologies has exceeded the treatment of infertility. For LGBTIQ people, the use of BAF in the first place is a matter of reproductive justice that should provide everyone, without distinction, economic, social and political power and resources to make healthy decisions about their bodies, sexuality and reproduction for themselves, their families and their union. The reality, however, is that access to BAF is enjoyed by a small privileged group of people, and many medically infertile persons do not seek BAF because of the high cost of such treatment. As a result, the development of biomedical technology is increasingly becoming a subject of reconsideration and controversy, and less and less an achievement that supports life and health. In this paper, the author discusses when and why access to BAF became a matter of the LGBTIQ rights and whether access to BAF can really be equal for all, given its costs? Finally, the author refers to BAF in terms of domestic legislation and concludes the paper with a call for changes to the legal solution that prohibits the use of BAF for LGBTIQ individuals and couples in Serbia.

In Search of Socio-humanitarian Trajectories for the Development of Biobanks: Science and Social Trust

Social trust is the basis for the development of biomedical technologies that affect the value and moral spheres of modern society. Axiological factors, external to science, are decisive in the formation of the legitimation of scientific research. Bioethics allows for the “acclimatization” of rather controversial scientific developments, achieving through a deliberative social process the recognition of new scientific methods that directly affect human life. The need to obtain informed consent from donors of biobanks is associated with the generally accepted procedure for conducting clinical trials. In a broader sense, biomaterials in the context of research are considered as the inalienable property of patients, which implies their right to control what happens to samples of biomaterials. However, given the workload of biobanks, which can host dozens of studies, the process of informing all donors about each individual study is an extremely difficult task, requiring both technical and time resources. Today, the form of extended informed consent is considered as the most appropriate model for the interaction of donors and depositories of biomaterials. Thus, the legal approach to the problem of informed consent for biobanks would seem to be more functional, while the need to take into account the moral principles of biobank donors remains relevant as a condition for trust in science.

MMMF: Multimodal Multitask Matrix Factorization for Classification and Feature Selection

Integration of multiple biological datasets is crucial to understand comprehensive biological mechanisms with the aid of a rapid development of biomedical technology. However, the predictive modeling for such an integrated dataset faces two major challenges, namely, heterogeneity and imbalance in the acquired data. Thus, in this study, we present a method for the integration of multiple biological datasets called multimodal multitask matrix factorization (MMMF) to address these issues. The MMMF uses matrix factorization (MF) to integrate data from multiple heterogeneous biological datasets, and oversampling is applied to resolve the imbalanced data during the training step. Moreover, gradient surgery is used for multitask (MF and classification) learning to increase the quantity of classification information by projecting the gradients of the MF that conflict with the classification gradient onto the normal plane of a classification gradient. We demonstrate that MMMF outperforms other state-of-the-art biomedical classification models in binary and multi-class classification problems using five biological datasets. We also show that MMMF can be used as a feature selection approach for finding biomarkers that help in classification. The source code of the MMMF is available at https://github.com/DMCB-GIST/MMMF.

The Role of Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Early Development of Mesoporous Materials for Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Applications.

For the last 20 years, silica-based mesoporous materials have provided a sound platform for the development of biomedical technology applied to tissue engineering and drug delivery. Their unique structural and textural characteristics, chiefly, the ordered distribution of homogeneous and tunable pores with high surface areas and large pore volume, and their excellent biocompatibility provide an excellent starting point for bone tissue regeneration on the mesoporous surface, and also to load species of interest inside the pores. Adequate control of the synthesis conditions and functionalization of the mesoporous surface are critical factors in the design of new systems that are suitable for use in specific medical applications. Simultaneously, the use of appropriate characterization techniques in the several stages of design and manufacture of mesoporous particles allows us to ascertain the textural, structural and compositional modifications induced during the synthesis, functionalization and post-in vitro assays processes. In this scenario, the present paper shows, through several examples, the role of transmission electron microscopy and associated spectroscopic techniques in the search for useful information in the early design stages of mesoporous systems, with application in the fields of tissue regeneration and drug delivery systems.

Human rights and modern biomedicine: problems and perspectives

The article is devoted to the emerging threats to human rights in the context of the development of biomedical technologies, as well as to the identification of social risks requiring legal resolution in this area. It suggests a human rights model for regulating innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the article is to analyze legislation in the field of modern biomedicine, genetic engineering, and related innovative technologies. A comparative legal study applied in the work made it possible to substantiate a framework model for regulating modern biomedicine. The main task of such a model is to identify risks affecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. With this approach, the details of regulation are the subject of bylaws or the corresponding prescriptions of professional medical organizations. Methods . The basis of this research was formed by such research methods as analysis of legal regulation, formal legal and comparative legal methods. The main results of the study are to determine the legal links between modern biomedical technologies and the concept of personalized medicine. In fact, the lack of interaction of new advances in biomedicine with the basic provisions of medical care has been revealed. The article proves the need to impose restrictions on the alleged popularization of innovative technologies by persons without medical education, using them for dubious social purposes. The risks of developing updated eugenics have been outlined. The tendency of relativism in consolidating the principles of mutual relations between a person, state, and society has been identified. Conclusions. The development of biomedicine requires an adequate response from the Russian legislation, which does not yet take into account most of its achievements. This creates certain risks for human and civil rights and freedoms. The article substantiates the introduction of bans on the most ethically questionable technologies and experiments. It is proposed to expand the powers of professional medical organizations (including the transfer of some of the regulatory powers to them).

Problems of the Biomedical Technologies Development and Directions for their Solution

Biomedical technologies (BMT) is a complex process aimed at developing new biological objects and products from them that can have a preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic effect when used in medical practice. The article describes the development of biomedical technologies, the problems of the development of biomedical technologies, and also describes possible ways to solve them.

Prospects for the Development of Biomedical Engineering as an Educational and Scientific Field in Ukraine

Prospects for the Development of Biomedical Engineering as an Educational and Scientific Field in Ukraine

Preface

The International Conference on Novel approaches and Developments in Biomedical Engineering (ICNADBE 2021) was held from 22 April 2021 to 23 April 2021. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, this year’s conference was organized as fully virtual conference from Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India, through meeting system “Zoom”. In order to prepare ICNADBE 2021, the organizing committees, reviewers, session chairs as well as all the authors and presenters have made a lot of efforts and contributions. Thank you very much for always being supportive to the conference. We could not have pulled off this convention without all of your hard work and dedication.ICNADBE 2021 was consisted of 6 keynote speeches, Dr.Simona Badilesu, a senior Scientist from Cancordia University,Montreal, Canada,Dr.V.Suryanarayanan,a Scientist from CSIR,CECRI ,an Industrialist from Bangalore and four more eminent Academicians from India delivered keynote address on advances in Biomedical field.Each keynote speech lasted for 45min including 5min for Q&A, while for the authors’ presentation, 15min including Q&A was allocated. All participant were active, questions raised after every talk. The whole conference was held online in ZOOM, we also had a test run for each presenters in advance to ensure the success of delivery of the conference. For those who had internet problem, we also accepted a pre-recorded video presentation as an alternative of online presentation.ICNADBE 2021 aims to become premier international conference for in-depth discussion on the most-up-to-date and innovative ideas, research projects and practices in the field of biomedical engineering and medical devices. Papers published in the ICNADBE 2021 proceedings cover various topics from biomedical and instrumentation engineering to bio nanomaterials science as well as a broad range of related interdisciplinary subjects.List of EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, ADVISORY COMMITTEE, KEYNOTE SPEAKERS are available in this pdf.

English

Inadequate biomedical engineering (BME) training, the gross deficit in the maintenance of biomedical facilities, mismanagement of resources allocated to the hospital biomedical unit by the management coupled with poor maintenance culture, are some of the factors that can aggravate the already high mortality rate, short life expectancy, poor economic growth, and low quality of life index in Africa, South of Sahara, and in Nigeria in particular. This synopsis serves to review the practice of biomedical engineering in Nigeria and also identify relevant factors that palpably influence BME development in Nigeria. Wide gamut of literature survey was carried out with the view to trace the activities of BME from the origin of BME in Nigeria till date. The result shows that the slow rate of BME development in Nigeria could be traced to relatively low allocation in the National budget on health, mismanagement, ignorance of recent advanced technology with poor or lack of personnel and is found to affect technological development of biomedical engineering. This study would serve as a guide to Nigerian government and other relevant stakeholders as a matter of urgency to declare a state of emergency in the health sector and particularly in the field of BME by collaborating with international professional bodies. Key words: Biomedical engineering, biomedical development, healthcare operations, low budget allocation, medical treatment.

Research advances in hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for protein epitope mapping

With the development of biomedical technology, epitope mapping of proteins has become critical for developing and evaluating new protein drugs. The application of hydrogen-deuterium exchange for protein epitope mapping holds great potential. Although several reviews addressed the hydrogen-deuterium exchange, to date, only a few systematic reviews have focused on epitope mapping using this technology. Here, we introduce the basic principles, development history, and review research progress in hydrogen-deuterium exchange epitope mapping technology and discuss its advantages. We summarize the main hurdles in applying hydrogen-deuterium exchange epitope mapping technology, combined with relevant examples to provide specific solutions. We describe the epitope mapping of virus assemblies, disease-associated proteins, and polyclonal antibodies as examples of pattern introduction. Finally, we discuss the outlook of hydrogen-deuterium exchange epitope mapping technology. This review will help researchers studying protein epitopes to gain a more comprehensive understanding of this technology.

Reading Samaritanus bonus in Light of Magisterial Teaching and Recent Papal Writings

On July 14, 2020, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) issued Samaritanus bonus (The Good Samaritan), beckoning the human family to take the Good Samaritan as the ideal in the care of all persons in critical and terminal phases of their lives. The import of this letter is understood best as seen through three prisms: (1) Fratelli tutti, the encyclical of Pope Francis signed at Assisi on October 3, 2020; (2) the Declaration on Euthanasia issued by the CDF in 1980; and (3) “the remarkable progressive development of biomedical technologies [which] has exponentially enlarged the clinical proficiency of diagnostic medicine in patient care and treatment [which] call for growth in moral discernment to avoid an unbalanced and dehumanizing use of the technologies especially in the critical or terminal stages of human life” (CDF, Declaration on Euthanasia, intro)

Handling the Cellular Complex Systems in Alzheimer's Disease Through a Graph Mining Approach.

In the last two decades, the medical sciences have changed their approach to pathogenesis as well as to the diagnosis and treatment of complex human diseases. The main reason for this change is the explosive development of biomedical technology and research, which produces a huge amount of information and data which are generated at an increasing rate. Toward this direction is the pathway analysis, a thriving research area of systems biology tools and methodologies which aim to unravel the inherent complexity of high-throughput biological data produced by the advent of omics technologies. Through this graph mining approach, we can deal with the complexity of the cellular systems of various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this work, we developed a subpathway analysis method for single-cell RNA-seq experiments which isolates differentially expressed subpathways indicating potentially perturbed biological processes. The differential expression status of each gene is negotiated among well-established RNA-seq differential expression analysis tools in order to minimize false discoveries. Also, we demonstrate the efficacy of our method on a single-cell RNA-seq dataset for temporal tracking of microglia activation in neurodegeneration. Results suggest that our approach succeeds in isolating several perturbed biological processes known to be associated with neurodegeneration.

Towards the creation of a unified glossary of Russian biobanks

To carry out research projects, clinical trials and other studies in the field of personalized medicine, it is necessary to have collections of high-quality biological samples of various types. With the development of biomedical technologies, the need for large collections of biological samples will grow every year, which necessitates the creation of various biobanks for standardized collection, storage and distribution of such samples. One of the goals of the National Association of Biobanks and Biobanking Specialists is the development of a network of Russian biobanks interacting with each other at various levels, as well as the development and implementation of organizational and legal tools for its regulation. It is required not only to standardize the access and exchange of biological samples and data, but also to create a unified terminology that will be used by biobanks throughout Russia. The main aim is to create an accurate, professional and legally correct tool containing information accessible and understandable to a wide range of researchers.

Superación personal y tecnología cyborg: ¿terapia o mejoramiento?

Desde sus inicios, la conocida indistintamente como “cibernética” o “tecnología cyborg” ha sido utilizada como una herramienta médica enfocada a la recuperación de capacidades humanas convencionales, como por ejemplo la de oír, ver o caminar. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de las tecnologías biomédicas en el siglo XXI va de la mano de un fenómeno interdisciplinar cuyo objetivo va más allá del uso de estas herramientas en sentido terapéutico, el transhumanismo. Una de las principales pretensiones de esta corriente de pensamiento es optimizar el funcionamiento del ser humano por encima de lo meramente natural. En este artículo analizamos el desarrollo de la tecnología cyborg, y en qué medida su uso puede pasar de la terapia al mejoramiento en los próximos años. Para ello, revisamos casos reales en los que la tecnología cyborg ha cambiado la vida de sus subsidiarios, no sólo en sentido terapéutico, sino también en sentido optimizador. Asimismo, examinamos los potenciales problemas éticos, técnicos y jurídicos derivados de la aplicación no terapéutica de la cibernética. Finalmente, llegamos a la conclusión de que la investigación científica en este tipo de tecnología estará enfocada en el futuro hacia la mejora y no la terapia, aunque para ello habrá que llevar a cabo una reinterpretación de las tecnologías biomédicas.

Legal and Bioethical Changes in the Commodification of Human, Including Bioprinted, Organs and Tissues

Modern breakthrough scientific ideas in the field of introduction and development of biomedical technologies have led to a significant objectification of the human body. The paper analyzes the trend of commodification of the human body and its parts from the standpoint of bioethics and law, which determines the consideration of these as goods that participate in economic turnover and have their own price. The problems of insufficiency of human organs suitable for transplantation, the risk of rejection of the transplant by the recipient’s immune system, as well as the need to ensure the safety of donor organs and tissues can be leveled by creating artificial human organs and tissues, including through the use of advanced additive technologies (3D bioprinting), creating a three-dimensional model of a human organ on a cellular basis, which is subject to subsequent transplantation to a recipient in need. The development of 3D-bioprinting allows us to resolve bioethical and legal contradictions caused by the actual inclusion of human organs and tissues in civil (economic) turnover, while international acts enshrine the principle of inadmissibility of commercialization of the human body, by virtue of which the human body and its parts should not be a source of financial benefit. The author summarizes that 3D bioprinting is able to significantly smooth out the negative manifestations of the human body commodification trend. The peculiarity of applying the principle of non-commercialization of the human body is due to the fact that in this case the emphasis is placed on obtaining cellular material for creating a bioprinted human organ. First of all, the principle of non-commercialization of the human body should remain in effect when providing cell material by a third party (donor), even if only in terms of determining the legal regime of cell material and created bioprinted human organs and tissues. If the recipient’s own cells are used, this principle loses its meaning.

EEG-based Depression Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network with Demographic Attention Mechanism.

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based depression detection has become a hot topic in the development of biomedical engineering. However, the complexity and nonstationarity of EEG signals are two biggest obstacles to this application. In addition, the generalization of detection algorithms may be degraded owing to the influences brought by individual differences. In view of the correlation between EEG signals and individual demographics, such as gender, age, etc., and influences of these demographic factors on the incidence of depression, it would be better to incorporate demographic factors during EEG modeling and depression detection. In this work, we constructed an one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1-D CNN) to obtain more effective features of EEG signals, then integrated gender and age factors into the 1-D CNN via an attention mechanism, which could prompt our 1-D CNN to explore complex correlations between EEG signals and demographic factors, and generate more effective high-level representations ultimately for the detection of depression. Experimental results on 170 (81 depressed patients and 89 normal controls) subjects showed that the proposed method is superior to the unitary 1-D CNN without gender and age factors and two other ways of incorporating demographics. This work also indicates that organic mixture of EEG signals and demographic factors is promising for the detection of depression.Clinical relevance-This work indicates that organically mixture of EEG signals and demographic factors is promising for the detection of depression.

Gaining New Biological and Therapeutic Applications into the Liver with 3D In Vitro Liver Models.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with architectural and biomechanical properties similar to those of natural tissue have been the focus for generating liver tissue. Microarchitectural organization is believed to be crucial to hepatic function, and 3D cell culture technologies have enabled the construction of tissue-like microenvironments, thereby leading to remarkable progress in vitro models of human tissue and organs. Recently, to recapitulate the 3D architecture of tissues, spheroids and organoids have become widely accepted as new practical tools for 3D organ modeling. Moreover, the combination of bioengineering approach offers the promise to more accurately model the tissue microenvironment of human organs. Indeed, the employment of sophisticated bioengineered liver models show long-term viability and functional enhancements in biochemical parameters and disease-orient outcome. Various 3D in vitro liver models have been proposed as a new generation of liver medicine. Likewise, new biomedical engineering approaches and platforms are available to more accurately replicate the in vivo 3D microarchitectures and functions of living organs. This review aims to highlight the recent 3D in vitro liver model systems, including micropatterning, spheroids, and organoids that are either scaffold-based or scaffold-free systems. Finally, we discuss a number of challenges that will need to be addressed moving forward in the field of liver tissue engineering for biomedical applications. The ongoing development of biomedical engineering holds great promise for generating a 3D biomimetic liver model that recapitulates the physiological and pathological properties of the liver and has biomedical applications.

Polymer-based Nanogenerator for Biomedical Applications

Polymeric devices are the workhorses of modern technologies. As one of the cutting-edge technology leveraging polymeric materials, nanogenerator that could convert micro-/nano-scale mechanical energy into electricity based on the mechanism of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity exhibited great promise for biomedical applications, owning to the simple configuration, high efficiency, decent electrical output, biomimetic property as well as excellent biocompatibility. In this manuscript, the recent representative developments of NGs in biomedical applications are reviewed. Fundamentals, such as working mechanisms underneath different NG prototypes are discussed, which is followed by innovative strategies endowing NG with biomimetic mechanical properties. Intriguing attempts to implement NG in specific biomedical fields(e.g., power source for implantable medical devices, therapeutic electric stimulator, etc.) are introduced and analyzed. This manuscript ends up with subsection summarizing existed challenges while providing potential solutions for future NG developments in biomedical engineering.

PMO: A knowledge representation model towards precision medicine.

With the rapid development of biomedical technology, amounts of data in the field of precision medicine (PM) are growing exponentially. Valuable knowledge is included in scattered data in which meaningful biomedical entities and their semantic relationships are buried. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a knowledge representation model like ontology to formally represent the relationships among diseases, phenotypes, genes, mutations, drugs, etc. and achieve effective integration of heterogeneous data. On basis of existing work, our study focus on solving the following issues: (i) Selecting the primary entities in PM domain; (ii) collecting and integrating biomedical vocabularies related to the above entities; (iii) defining and normalizing semantic relationships among these entities. We proposed a semi-automated method which improved the original Ontology Development 101 method to build the Precision Medicine Ontology (PMO), including defining the scope of the PMO according to the definition of PM, collecting terms from different biomedical resources, integrating and normalizing the terms by a combination of machine and manual work, defining the annotation properties, reusing existing ontologies and taxonomies, defining semantic relationships, evaluating PMO and creating the PMO website. Finally, the Precision Medicine Vocabulary (PMV) contains 4.53 million terms collected from 62 biomedical vocabularies, and the PMO includes eleven branches of PM concepts such as disease, chemical and drug, phenotype, gene, mutation, gene product and cell, described by 93 semantic relationships among them. PMO is an open, extensible ontology of PM, all of the terms and relationships in which could be obtained from the PMO website (http://www.phoc.org.cn/pmo/). Compared to existing project, our work has brought a broader and deeper coverage of mutation, gene and gene product, which enriches the semantic type and vocabulary in PM domain and benefits all users in terms of medical literature annotation, text mining and knowledge base construction.