Determination Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds

Polyphenols present in various plant and vegetable extracts possess enormous antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic qualities providing medical benefits. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) by interrupting their mechanism of oxidation. Since free radicals cause neurological illnesses, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and lipid and DNA damage, inhibiting their formation has recently been the subject of several medical investigations. Present studies described the determination of total phenolic content and DPPH activity of a large number of commonly used plant and vegetable extracts utilizing Folin-Ciocalte and Soler-Rivas procedures. This study aims to conduct a biochemical analysis of the therapeutic effects of okra, tamarind, and other phenolic compounds. The comparative data provided in this work for antioxidant and polyphenolic substances is expected to be highly valuable for readers who are interested in this subject.

Determination of total phenolic content and antidiabetic, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Gypsophila pilulifera extracts grown by in vitro culture

This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-proliferative activities and total phenolic content of the methanol extracts of Gypsophila pilulifera produced in vitro. Root-A and Root-B showed strong anti-proliferative activity against PC3 and LNCaP cells lines. Root-A with IC50 value of 34.4 μg/mL and Root-B with IC50 value of 26.38 μg/mL in LNCaP cells displayed better anti-proliferative potential than Root-A with IC50 value of 54.18 μg/mL and Root-B with IC50 value of 52.07 μg/mL in PC3 cells. The highest total phenolic level has been detected in Branch-A which showed highest activity in ABTS test with an IC50 value of 96 μg/mL. All methanol extracts displayed poor antidiabetic activity. These results proved that Root-A and Root-B have significant antiproliferative activity. Root-A and Root-B extracts also showed differential effect in cancer cells compared to the normal cells. This study proposed the root extracts of Gypsophila pilulifera as a source of novel anti-cancer compounds for prostate cancer in the literature.

Determination of total phenolic content, total antioxidants, and GC–MS analysis of two different solvent extracts of Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. Twigs grown in Bundelkhand region of India

Abstract BACKGROUND: Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. (MQ) is a species of Merremia belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is a herbaceous prostrate or climbing vine that is well-known for its ability to heal burns, scalds, and sores. This study aimed to estimate the total phenolic content and antioxidants and characterize the phytochemical constituents of methanolic and aqueous extracts of MQ twigs. METHODS: The dried powdered twigs of MQ were extracted with methanol and distilled water by hot percolation method. These two prepared extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to characterize the chemical constituents of crude extracts. The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method was used to determine the total phenolic content of both extracts, and their total antioxidant content was determined using a phospho-molybdate assay. RESULTS: The results of GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 major peaks of different phytochemicals in the methanol extract and 16 major peaks of various phytochemicals in the distilled water extract. These phytochemicals were identified by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with the literature. In addition, the methanol extract contained high phenolic content but less antioxidant than distilled water extract. CONCLUSION: This study shows that twigs of the MQ plant are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can play an important role in drug design to deal with many diseases.

Bioactive Phytochemical Contents on Fruit Peel of Several Citrus Species

Citrus fruits contain important sources of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds that are beneficial for human health. These bioactive compounds also exist in non-edible fruit parts, like the peel. The research was conducted to evaluate these bioactive phytochemicals on the peels of different citrus species. The experiment was carried out from March to August 2018 at the citrus germplasm collection of the Indonesian Instrument Standard Assessment Institute for Citrus and Subtropical Fruits and The Central Laboratory of The Indonesian Instrument Standard Assessment Institute for Legumes and Tubers Crops. The steps of research methods included the preparation of extract samples, the determination of total flavonoids and phenol content, and the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results showed that the bioactive content of the citrus peels of several citrus species was diverse among the studied citrus species. Tangerine citrus cv. Kintamani was observed to have a higher phenolic content. For flavonoid content, the peel of lime cv. Borneo had the highest and Mandarin cv. Satsuma showed the least. Higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity values were observed on Mandarin cv. Pachuan, tangerine cv. Kintamani, and pumello cv. Thn. The correlation between phenolic content and DPPH radical-scavenging activity was higher than that between phenolic-flavonoid and flavonoid-DPPH radical-scavenging activity, indicating the effect of active molecule structure on redox potential.

Comparative study between homemade and commercial hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) extracts regarding their phenolic profile and antioxidant activity

Crataegus species (hawthorn) have been commonly used in traditional medicine, especially for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Many studies confirmed that they are rich in polyphenols, thus exhibiting strong antioxidant activity, which contribute to the beneficial effects of hawthorn on the cardiovascular system. In the market, there are many herbal medicinal products based on hawthorn, which consumption as adjuvant therapy in heart-related issues is supported by European Medicines Agency. Since there is a global trend of making homemade herbal preparations, this study aimed to compare whether there is a difference in polyphenol profile and antioxidant potential between homemade and commercial ethanol extracts of hawthorn. Polyphenol profile was evaluated by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and by quantitative analysis of selected polyphenols by liquid chromatography? mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant potential was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The results of this study suggest that homemade ethanol extracts of hawthorn flowers, leaves and fruits are just as good source of polyphenols and antioxidants as commercial ones, and their utilization should be supported. Furthermore, hawthorn extracts made of leaves and flowers are better source of bioactive polyphenols and have higher antioxidant activity compared with the same of fruits, regardless of the method of preparation.

Nyctanthes arbortristis: In Vitro Efficacy Of Anti-Oxidant Potential And Cytotoxicity Study Of Bark Extracts On Sw982 Rheumatoid Arthritis Cell Line Followed By Phytochemical Profiling By GCMS

Nyctanthes arbortristis, commonly known as the night-jasmine, is a plant rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts on SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cell line in vitro. Sequential solvent extraction method was employed to obtain extracts with varying polarities. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and H2O2 radical scavenging assays and total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on SW982 cells. Results revealed that the bark extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing the highest radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoids contents. Furthermore, the bark extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on SW982 cells, with the ethyl acetate extract exhibiting the most potent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts possess substantial antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cells, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.

ANALISIS KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL DAN FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa pradisiaca L)

Banana peel is a very large amount of waste material (banana fruit waste). In general, banana peels have not been used optimally. Based on the research results, kepok banana peel contains secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of kepok banana skin (Musa pradisiaca L). Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of total phenol content used the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as comparator compound and the determination of total flavonoid content used the colorimetric method with 10% AlCl3 and 5% acetic acid as reagents. The results showed that kepok banana peel extract had an average total phenolic content of 13.4495 mg GAE/g ± 1.5473206 and an average total flavonoid content of 8.5468 mg QE/g ± 0.947422695.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activity of Dittrichia graveolens

Plants are responsible for many different biological activities. In our study, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinestrase activities of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter were determined. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant were measured. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured with Rel assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar dilution method. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by measuring acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Determination of total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoid quantification was performed using aluminum chloride assay. As a result of the study, the TAS value of the plant was determined as 6.933±0.121, the TOS value was 12.535±0.244 and the OSI value was 0.181±0.006. It was determined that the plant extract was effective against microorganisms at concentrations of 50-400 µg/mL. Additionally, the anti-AChE value was found to be 25.88±1.73 and the anti-BChE value was 45.32±2.26. Total phenolic content was determined as 86.42±2.72, and total flavonoid content was determined as 117.96±1.93. As a result, it was determined that D. graveolens has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activity.

Determination of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) peel's ethanolic extracts

Background: Free radicals are chemical species a molecule, atom with unpaired electrons and reactive as oxidizing agent which cause oxidize stress in tissue. Antioxidants are substances that can protect cells from free radicals by releasing electrons to neutralize free radicals. Tamarillo peel contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds which have antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of tamarillo peel. Methods: In this research, the maceration method was used to extract phenolic and flavonoid components from tamarillo peel with ethanol 70% solvent. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined with UV-vis spectrophotometer. Total phenolic content determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and expressed in GAE (Garlic acid equivalent) and the total flavonoid content used the AlCl-3 reagent and expressed in QE (Quersetin equivalent). Then, tamarillo peel ethanol extract was tested the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Result: The results showed that the total polyphenol content was 66.6242 mg GAE/g extract or 6.66% w/v extract, total flavonoid content was 0.74246 % w/v or 7.4246 mg QE/g extract. Antioxidant activity in IC50 value was 47.9460 ppm. Conclusions: From the results of the research conducted, it can be seen that the ethanol extract of tamarillo can provide an antioxidant effect in the very strong category.

Total phenolic and flavonoid test of Gleichenia linearis leaf extract as antioxidant using microwave assisted extraction

Excessive exposure to free radicals can cause oxidative stress, thus requiring defense mechanisms to prevent damage, one of which is the use of antioxidants. Resam (Gleichenia linearis ) leaf extract is known to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. This research aims to determine the influence of solvents and extraction time variations on the yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of resam leaf extract. The testing comprises the determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteau method, total flavonoid content using the AlCl3 method, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The highest yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity in this research were obtained from ethanol as the solvent with a MAE time of 10 minutes, with respective values of 62.21%, 172.9 mg EAG/g, 110.60 mg QE/g, and 24.12 µg/mL. The correlation testing showed that total phenolic content contributes 95.5%, while total flavonoid content contributes 56.5% to the generated antioxidant activity (IC50). Phenolic compounds are the most dominant compounds in the resam leaf extract, which play a role as antioxidants.

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Water and Ethanol Extracts of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) is a plant that has phenolic content as an antioxidant that can enhance the immune system (immunomodulator). This study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack). The method of antioxidant with invitro using of the DPPH where the ability of a compound to inhibit DPPH radicals is calculated from the absorbance value using UV-Vis spectroscopy. And Determination of total phenolic content was carried out using UV VIS spectroscopy at a wavelength of 745 nm with the help of Folin Ciocalteu reagentand a nd gallic acid standard curve . The test results showed that the water and ethanol extracts with a concentration of 0.1% had a phenolic content of 0.002% and 0.007%, their antioxidant activity (IC50) with a concentration of 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; and 0.1% in the water and ethanol extracts of Sungkai leaves have values of 0.025% and 0.03% respectively. Therefore the best antioxidant activity (IC50) was extracts ethanol of sungkai leaves with phenolic content of 0.007% and IC50 of 0.03%.

Determination of Total Antioxidant and Phenolic Content from Malvaceae Family Leaves Infusion by Spectrophotometry

The use of plants as a source of medicine has been increasing lately. The plants used generally have bioactivities such as anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and others. Plants that contain antioxidants are widely used because of their ability to capture free radicals so that they can protect the body from various diseases. One of the plants that is often used is plants from the Malvaceae family. In this study, the antioxidant and total phenolic contents of five types of plants were determined. These plants were extracted by infundation method and analyzed using MPM (Modified Phenanthroline Method) and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. The highest antioxidant and total phenolic contents were found in kapok randu and waru leaves.

Evaluation of the bioactivities of turmeric spices of different origins

Our study aimed to compare the in vitro bioactivities of turmeric spice samples obtained from three different sources (India, Pakistan, and Indonesia). Our study involved the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant activities, tyrosinase enzyme activity, and antimicrobial activity (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) analyses in three different spice samples. Each spice sample was dissolved in 250 mL of ethanol and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 36 hours. After filtering out the solid parts, the residues were dissolved again in 250 mL of ethanol separately. This process was repeated three times. After the filtration steps, all filtrates were combined. The remaining solvents in the filtrate were evaporated using an evaporator. The residue of the extracts was placed in Eppendorf tubes and stored in a freezer until use. It has been determined that turmeric of Indian origin, with its high phenolic and flavonoid content, exhibits more potent antioxidant and antityrosinase effects than those from Indonesia and Pakistan. However, antimicrobial activity could not be detected within the studied concentration range of 10 µg/mL to 400 mg/mL.

Characterization of Sodium Alginate-Based Films Blended with Olive Leaf and Laurel Leaf Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Technology.

Due to environmental concerns, there is an increasing need to reduce the use of synthetic and non-renewable packaging materials to reduce waste and increase sustainability. This study aimed to characterise sodium alginate edible-based films (SA) incorporated with laurel leaf extract (LLE) and olive leaf extract (OLE) obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Determination of total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity was performed for the extracts and films. Also, thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, opacity and colour, moisture content, water vapour permeability (WVP), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed for the films. LLE yielded better results in terms of phenolic content (195 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (2.1 TE/g extract) and antimicrobial activity (MIC at 1% for Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and 1.8% for Enterococcus faecalis). For the films, the simultaneous incorporation of LLE 1% (w/v) and OLE 1% (w/v) resulted in a significant reduction of approximately 2 log CFU/g against S. aureus. The addition of LLE and OLE extracts also proved to improve barrier properties (lower WVP for SA films with LLE 1% + OLE 1%, 3.49 × 10-11 g m-1 s-1 Pa-1) and promoted changes in resistance and flexibility. The results demonstrated that active alginate-based films can be valuable for enhancing food preservation.

Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik Total Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix) Dan Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.)

Kaffir lime leaves and moringa leaves are known to contain phenolic compounds that can have potential as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic content of the combination of ethanol extracts of kaffir lime leaves and moringa leaves. Preparation of extracts was done by maceration method using 95% ethanol. Determination of total phenolic content by colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as standard. The results showed that the largest total phenolic content in the combination of J:K extract (1:0) was 3.58 ± 0.09 %EAG while the smallest phenolic content in the combination of J:K extract (0:1) was 1.32 ± 0.08 %EAG.

Determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Jasminum grandiflorum Lin

The current study was focused on the standardization & validation of hydroalcoholic extract of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG). Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. Belonging to family Oleaceae is a well-known medicinal plant. It is an Ayurveda (herbal) medicinal plant. This review is to give comprehensive information on the chemical constituents and medicinal importance of Jasminum grandiflorum. It is commonly known as Chameli in Hindi. The process such as which involved the morphological, microscopical, and physical evaluation. Quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoid in Jasminum grandiflorum hydroalcoholic extract was carried out using chromatographic methods.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content, Secondary Metabolite Profile from Mangosteen Leaf Extract and Its Potential Utilization in Herbal Tea Preparations as Anticancer

Background; Mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) have secondary metabolites, namely phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. Phenolics are one of the largest groups of compounds found in mangosteen leaves which have several pharmacological and therapeutic functions, one of which is anti-cancer. Objectives; To determine the total phenol content and profile of secondary metabolites and the type of phenolic extract of mangosteen leaves. Method; Using UV-Vis spectrophotometer Folin-Ciocalteu method with the gallic acid standard. Profile of secondary metabolites and phenolic types using LCMS. Results; Based on the research that has been done, the total phenolic content is obtained where the highest concentration is in the ethanol extract 96% (290.90 mg GAE/g extract or 29.08%), then ethyl acetate extract (161.07 mg GAE/g extract or 16, 10%). Identification of LCMS, detected 15 compounds, including 6 phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds found were gallic acid, amarogentin, oleuropein glucoside, mandelic acid, vanillic acid, and gentisic acid.. Conclusion; Phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants by protecting body cells from damage caused by free radicals such as degenerative diseases, one of which is cancer due to free radical induction.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity, Pharmacognostical Evaluation, HPTLC and FTIR Fingerprinting of Phyllanthus Acidus L. Stem Bark Extract for Better Application in Phytotherapy

Background: For safe and efficacious use of natural products, quality control of the crude drug is of paramount importance. Due to lack of scientific investigations pertaining to quality control phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, the present study was undertaken. Objective: The aim of the study is to establish various pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters, including both macro and microscopic studies, along with HPTLC and FTIR fingerprinting analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid content of stem bark of Phyllanthus acidus, followed by exploring its anti-oxidant potential. Method: The determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was done by various colorimetric assays. DPPH assay was used to establish antioxidant activity. Physiochemical analysis was carried out and presence of various functional groups was determined using various techniques like HPTLC, FTIR analysis and colorimetric assays. Result: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents like phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoid, tannins and terpenoids. in various solvent systems. Total phenolic was established as 189.74±0.52mg GAE/g and flavonoid content was found to be38.92±0.47 mg QE/g. Concentration of heavy metal was within acceptable limits. The stem bark showed comparable antioxidant activity in methanolic and aqueous extract showed IC50 values of 26.92 and 26.52 respectively compared to ascorbic acid having IC50 value of 31.82. HPTLC fingerprinting envisaged the presence of several phytoconstituents in Phyllanthus acidus. The FTIR analysis established the presence of phenolic functional groups. Conclusion: The referential information provided by this study will be useful to determine and manage adulterations in raw material. The study also provides insight into antioxidant property of this plant validating its ethno pharmacological use as a natural antioxidant.

A study on phytochemical profiling of Avicennia marina mangrove leaves collected from Indian Sundarbans

Mangroves are the most diverse and productive ecosystem that is enriched with various classes of phytochemicals having potential medicinal applications. Here we have studied the bioactive potential and the presence of secondary metabolites in Avicennia marina, one of the dominant species in the Indian Sundarbans mangrove habitat. The bioactive potential study of A. marina was carried out in terms of the determination of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and reactive oxygen species scavenging potential. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group identification. Further, detailed phytochemical profiling has been carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) values for the methanolic extract of A. marina leaves were 148.0 mg GAE g−1 dry extract and 251.9 mg CE g−1 dry extract which was higher than ethyl acetate extracts. The free radical scavenging potential showed that methanolic extract of A. marina leaves can scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical up to 96.0 % and ethyl acetate extract can scavenge up to 73.7 % at 250 µg mL−1. LC-MS metabolic profile revealed the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites like fatty acids, flavonoids, plant hormones, etc., in methanolic extract. The presence of different classes of phytochemicals in the methanolic extract proves its potential as a source of plant-derived medicinal compounds.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Sedum lineare Thunb: Phytochemical Analysis and Identification of Active Bioactive Compounds

Objectives: This research aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Sedum lineare Thunb by conducting phytochemical analysis and identifying active bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: S. lineare Thunb samples were collected from Pune district, Maharashtra, India in December 2022. Preparation of extracts using a hydroalcoholic solvent (ethanol: water, 70:30 v/v). Phytochemical screening using established methods to determine the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, diterpenes, carbohydrates, saponins, and tannins. Quantitative determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents in the hydroalcoholic extract. Identification of the marker compound (quercetin) in the S. lineare Thunb extract using HPLC. Results and Discussion: Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenes, carbohydrates, saponins, and tannins were all found in the crude extracts by phytochemical analysis. The hydroalcoholic extract exhibited total phenol and flavonoid contents of 2.75 and 1.452 mg/100 mg, respectively. Quantitative estimation of quercetin in the hydroalcoholic extract was determined to be 0.0148%. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that S. lineare Thunb extracts contain various secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. The hydroalcoholic extract showed significant total phenol and flavonoid contents, indicating its potential therapeutic value. Further research is warranted to explore the specific health benefits and therapeutic applications of the identified bioactive compounds in S. lineare Thunb