Design Thinking Approach Research Articles

An Intersectoral Approach to Hypertension Care: Solutions for Improving Blood Pressure Control in São Paulo, Brazil.

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and a major public health issue worldwide. In Brazil, it affects approximately 52.5% of the adult population. We describe the solutions package and the impact of a population health initiative in São Paulo city, following the CARDIO4Cities approach for the management of cardiovascular risk. Using a design thinking approach, interventions were developed with a coalition of local and international stakeholders to address needs of patients, healthcare professionals, and the health system. The resulting solution package was checked to comply with guidelines for non-communicable disease and hypertension management. Clinical impact was measured by extracting the hypertension cascade of care-monitored, diagnosis, treatment, and control-from medical records. Under the leadership of the municipal health authorities, nine solutions were piloted and scaled across the city. Solutions conform with local and international best-practices. Between October 2017 and December 2021, 11,406 patient records were analyzed. Results showed a 40% increase in monitored patients (patients with at least one blood pressure, BP, measurement); reduced proportions of patients diagnosed among those with available BP measurements (72%-53%) and treated among diagnosed (93%-85%); and an improvement in controlled patients among those receiving treatment (16%-27%). The solution package described in this study was correlated with increased BP control. The implementation methodology and results add to the body of real-world evidence supporting population health implementation science in Brazil and beyond.

UI/UX Design of The ENC Application as Electronic Nursing Care in Clinical Practice Education for Nursing Students in Hospitals.

The implementation of hospital information systems in the digitalization-based era, including medical records, currently shows that there is a need for nursing education to focus on information education, including developing electronic-based practical student nursing care applications. This research aimed to design the user interface and user experience of electronic nursing documentation, named "The ENC". The ENC (electronic nursing care) with a design thinking approach. Designing the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) used a design thinking approach consisting of empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test. Data collection was carried out at the empathize stage using content questionnaires and interviews. UI/UX design using the Figma application. Application testing with nursing student users based on predetermined scenarios. The ENC (electronic nursing care) application design uses the design thinking method to produce an application prototype that adapts to the needs of nursing students. To validate the efficacy of The ENC application, testing was conducted with nursing student users through predetermined scenarios. The design thinking approach facilitated the creation of an application prototype attuned to the specific requirements of nursing students. Following this, a comprehensive survey involving 30 nursing students was conducted to assess usability, quality, and satisfaction with the application's UI/UX, thereby capturing both positive and negative feedback. The ENC application adapts to the needs of nursing students to ease the transition from paper-based to electronic-based documentation, increase acceptance of the application, and increase its use in the clinical environment.

Adolescent perspectives on peripartum mental health prevention and promotion from Kenya: Findings from a design thinking approach.

In Kenya, approximately one in five girls aged 15-19 years old are pregnant or already a mother. Adolescent girls and young women experience significant mental health vulnerabilities during the pregnancy and postpartum periods, leading to poor antenatal and postnatal care attendance and inferior infant and maternal health outcomes. Pregnant adolescents often experience stigma and disenfranchisement due to their pregnancy status and at the same time lack access to mental health support within health settings, schools, religious institutions, and communities. This paper presents the results of qualitative interviews embedded within the human-centered design (HCD) process used to adapt the Helping Adolescents Thrive (HAT) program for Kenyan peripartum adolescents including young fathers. This qualitative study used two phases. First, a HAT advisory group participated in a series of four workshops to help identify and articulate mental health promotion needs and deepened the team's understanding of youth-centered thinking. Second, qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 pregnant and parenting adolescents to understand their perspectives on mental health prevention and promotion. Pregnant and parenting adolescents articulated different needs including poor support, stigma, and psychological disturbances. Parenting adolescents reported disturbed relationships, managing motherhood, poor health, and social empowerment. Participants highlighted sources of stress including economic challenges, fear of delivery, strained relationships, rejection, and stigma. Participants described psychological disturbances such as feeling stressed, worthless, withdrawn, and suicidal. Coping mechanisms reported by participants included engaging in domestic activities, hobbies, and social networking. Peers, family and spirituality were identified as important sources of support, as well as school integration, livelihoods, support groups and mentorships. Findings from this study can be used to strengthen and adapt HAT program, policy and practice for mental health prevention and promotion for pregnant and parenting adolescents.

A design thinking approach to develop entrepreneurial skills in the field of Mechatronics Engineering

Abstract— This paper discusses the utilization of design thinking process in the entrepreneurship classes, which involves problemsolving approach, creative thinking and procedural steps to solve the problems. The entrepreneurship training classes facilitate the students to address the real-world problem through the real-world skill development activities. Entrepreneurship education leads the students to develop projects with the outcome as societal beneficial product or service. The students’ expertise after attending the class will be incredibly useful for resolving the problems which need an immediate focus like Covid-19 and post pandemic situation. The case study discussed in this paper describes the growth of an engineering student into a technopreneur, who uses design thinking to solve the societal problems. This case study comprises the framework as follows: The first framework is based on Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for Batch 1 and 2, and the second framework with Batch 3 on Conceive Design Implement (CDIO) and Operate framework. According to the findings, students of Batch 3 outperformed than the students of Batch 1 and 2 in applying higher order thinking abilities to turn a prototype into a working business model. As a result, the CDIO framework is ideally suited to the development of engineering abilities into the entrepreneurial opportunities. Keywords— CNC machine, Design thinking, Technopreneur, societal problem.

Application of Urban Theories in Developing Participatory Planning Tools

Abstract For successful and efficient participatory planning, continuous improvement and assessment of its tools is needed. The aim of this research is to summarize the methodologies, process, and results of the participatory workshops carried out within the framework of the Genius Loci project implemented in the Šančiai neighbourhood (Kaunas, Lithuania), and to draw conclusions and insights on the effectiveness, advantages, and possibilities of using urban theories and approaches, such as mental mapping, sociotope methodology, and pattern language in participatory planning tools. The possibilities of application of the design thinking approach in facilitating the process and improving user experience are also discussed. The article includes a brief introduction to the activities of the Genius Loci project with the following focus on workshops, their methodologies, processes, and outcomes from the point of view of urban theories applied. The main outcome is the summary table demonstrating features of participatory tools (workshop sessions), elements of urban theories applied, and their evaluation followed by conclusions.

Enhancing Learning in Biology for Engineers: A Problem Based Case Study

Abstract— Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is acknowledged as an effective pedagogical approach that facilitates a deeper understanding of concepts, surpassing a 90% comprehension rate. Renowned as a dynamic and student-centered activity, PBL fosters out-of-the-box thinking, thereby supporting the enhancement of students' skills and creativity. This paper specifically delves into the application of problem-based learning in the context of the third-year undergraduate Biology for Engineers course. PBL activities tailored for the Biology for Engineers curriculum are meticulously crafted to provide students with a progressive and comprehensive grasp of biological concepts, coupled with their practical applications in the realm of engineering. By adopting a creative, applied, and design thinking approach, PBL enables students to traverse the intricacies of the biology course effectively. In the Biology for Engineers course, PBL activities are strategically designed to facilitate a step-by-step acquisition of in-depth knowledge and a nuanced understanding of the real-life applications of biology in engineering contexts.This deliberate approach not only augments students' experiential learning of biology but also nurtures their creativity. Significantly, the PBL methodology empowers students by instilling a sense of ownership over the course, thereby contributing to their overall academic and professional development. Keywords—Learning, Course, Problem based Learning, Activity, Biology.

Supporting Coach Learning in Paralympic Sport: Rich Environments for Innovation

In this insight article, we aim to challenge current thinking regarding coaching and spark new ideas by demonstrating how high-performance Paralympic sport contexts provide rich environments for innovation. We propose an innovative approach to enhance coach learning and introduce coaches and practitioners to three interconnected areas of opportunity emerging in research: (a) reframing the role and harnessing the work of skill acquisition specialists, (b) the use of a design thinking approach, and (c) the implementation of technology-enhanced learning. Specifically, we demonstrate how using these three strategies can better facilitate cocreated coach learning in situ. Whilst we acknowledge that each of these areas is not necessarily new, we propose that when addressed and applied collectively by practitioners they can provide effective and efficient coach learning opportunities, where the result of the integration of ideas means the impact can be greater than simply the sum of the parts. We highlight how this approach has emerged out of challenging high-performance Paralympic sport contexts, and could have impact on research, practice, and coach development experiences across a wider range of contexts along the performance pathway in both Paralympic and nondisabled sports.

UI/UX Design of Plant Seedling Sales and Tracking System Using Design Thinking Method

In this developing era, technology is increasingly advanced and makes it easier for humans to help with their activities. After the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), people got used to online shopping. Another impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is that many people are interested in caring for plants. This new hobby has increased interest in plant seeds for plant sellers. Many of these plant fans buy plant seeds online. This application aims to help people who want to shop for plant seeds easily and with good quality. Because these plant seeds cannot be airtight for more than 5 days, we provide a feature to track orders so you can find out the location of the order. Therefore, this application is designed to provide solutions to make trading easier. In this design, we use the design thinking method which consists of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing. With the Design Thinking approach, the researcher successfully addressed user issues through the development of the Dagang.in application. The integration of features such as Tracking, Trade, Notifications, and others enhances the User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI) of the Juragan Kebun application. Usability testing of the prototype with five respondents demonstrated success, reflected in a high satisfaction score of 4.5 out of 5.

The survey of learning experience of pediatric injection among registered nurses and nursing students using a design thinking approach.

Pediatric injection is an essential skill of nursing. The survey of the learner's experience during the learning process helps identify problems and leads to improvement. We here applied a three-phrase design thinking framework. The study aims to investigate (1) the registered nurses' experience in learning injection technique, (2) the nursing students' experience in learning injection, and (3) the cause of problems and to propose (4) a learning material that will be used to solve the encountered problems. A cross-sectional study was applied. The study employed convenience sampling. Registered nurses from a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, and fourth-year nursing students from a nursing school in Bangkok, Thailand, were selected. The data collecting tools contain a personal information form and the experience of injection learning. The inferential and descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. The results show that the major issues of injection learning include selecting the correct site for injection and determining the needle length and injection angle and contamination. Therefore, teaching materials for the anatomy of the injection area and the technique to determine the correct size and depth of injection are needed.

AI-Enabled Smart Glasses for People with Severe Vision Impairments

Over the last decade, there has been significant research on how smart assistive devices with artificial intelligence (AI) built into them can assist people with severe vision impairments to comprehend their surroundings. These devices come in various forms such as smartphone applications, smart-glasses, and smart canes. Smart glasses have gained popularity lately due to recent technological advancements, as well as their natural position in front of the user's eyes. However, there has been limited research to understand how people with severe vision impairments would prefer to interact with them. The objective of this project is to investigate the use of AI-enabled smart-glasses to aid individuals with severe vision impairments. The research aims to comprehend the differences between the types of research conducted by researchers and the needs and desires of the community. The study will utilise a Design Thinking approach and involve vision-impaired users throughout the project by utilising co-design methods. The research will involve the development of smart-glass application prototypes through iterative case studies with individuals who are blind, have low-vision, and have cerebral vision impairment (CVI). The goal is to understand the users' preferred interaction model from their lived experiences. The outcome of the research will also be a software architecture that enables people with severe vision impairments to seamlessly access information about their surroundings.

Liberatory Design Thinking for Equity-Centered Instructional Design: A Systems Thinking Analysis

As per the National Equity Project, any system that produces inequities, injustices, and inequalities is often a product of design. Research has shown that systemic inequity often results from the design process and can rupture the power balance, producing inequitable relationships in the social justice arena (NEP, n.d.). Equity-centered systems design is pivotal in dismantling systems of oppression and empowering people of color, people with disabilities, the LGBTQ+ community, the indigenous, and other marginalized communities. An equity-centered liberatory design thinking approach can support instructional designers in identifying and addressing the problems of inequities in an existing system. By considering the ethos and strategies necessary to center equity by design, instructional designers can provide a platform and opportunity for all stakeholders to practice converging and divergent thinking.

A Systematic Literature Review of Design Thinking Approach for User Interface Design

The user interface is an influential element in software applications. A well-designed user interface will potentially increase the usability of software applications. Therefore, user interface designers should deliberate when considering which approach and method to implement for designing user interfaces. Design thinking is currently a widely followed approach in user interface design practices. Hence, this study aimed to explore research trends and current practices of design thinking approach for user interface design. This study employed a systematic literature review following the Kitchenham method. This study found 39 articles deemed relevant to the design thinking approach. In general, our study found five common stages broadly mentioned in the articles, i.e., empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. The most widely practiced method during those five stages is interview, user persona, brainstorming, user interface, and usability testing. However, there is no consensus on what kind of stage(s) and which method(s) should be employed when following the design thinking approach for user interface design. Therefore, it will depend on the designer's decision in choosing which stage(s) and their related method(s) will be employed.

Facilitating the implementation of AI-based assistive technologies for persons with disabilities in vocational rehabilitation: A practical design thinking approach

What is vocational learning? It refers to education and training that focuses on acquiring practical skills and knowledge directly related to specific jobs or careers. All over the world, it is unfortunate that a person with a disability is less likely to be employed than one without. AI has served as an important tool in providing assistive technologies for persons with disabilities in vocational learning. Luckily, person which is an extension of innovation that allows you to design solutions for end users with a single problem statement in mind was developed. (Abou-Zahra, Brewer and Copper: 2018). In this research we sought out ways in which AI has helped those with disabilities. Are the AIs really effective? Do they come with any challenges? Can these problems be solved? We discovered some challenges encountered through the use of these AI and found a way to solve them. By leveraging AI algorithms, researchers and developers can create cost-effective solutions that cater to a wide range of disabilities. This includes AI-powered prosthetics, smart glasses for visual assistance, AI voice technologies, such as Siri, Alexa, accessibility tools such as screen readers, captioning services and other assistive devices that enhance mobility, communication, and overall independence and autonomy. AI can track and analyse an individual’s progress in vocational training then adaptive learning platforms can adjust the difficulty and pace of training materials based on the learner’s performance and progress. Incorporating AI into vocational training can significantly enhance accessibility, individualised support, and the overall learning experience for people with disabilities. It empowers them to acquire the skills and knowledge they need to pursue meaningful careers and contributes to greater inclusivity in the workforce.

Implementation of Design Thinking Concepts in Eco-Fashion Product Design

The study aims to determine how green design thinking and entrepreneurship concepts can be applied to fashion products made from recycled materials. This study uses a design thinking approach and a qualitative approach that aims to gain a deep understanding, develop theoretical foundations, and describe the reality of the research scope. The technique is in the form of collecting data from waste banks, garbage collectors, and several people who are competent in the fashion sector by conducting in-depth interviews. The combination of design thinking and green entrepreneurship can have a positive impact; problem-solving can be done through the design thinking stage to innovate in business while supporting the environmentally friendly movement. Products derived from "waste" generated by household consumption can be processed in such a way as to create selling value and be accepted by the community. Further research should consider seeking as many sources of information as possible, using appropriate tools, and studying every detail of the materials used. The findings of this study provide important insights into knowledge about design thinking and green entrepreneurship, as well as for those involved in product manufacturing. This research can also be a helpful tool in implementing knowledge about design thinking, green entrepreneurship, and the fashion sector.
 Keywords—Design Thinking; Eco-Fashion; Green Entrepreneurship

Health System Transformation Playbook & Unified Care Model: An Integrated Design, Systems & Complexity Thinking Approach for Care Integration & Health System Transformation

In response to rising costs and national health system policy change, the Singapore National Healthcare Group reorganized into three Integrated Care Organizations (ICOs), with Yishun Health (YH) responsible for the health of 320,000 residents in Northern Singapore. YH undertook numerous health system transformation (HST) activities in partnership with health and social care providers to improve outcomes.
 HST benefits from greater stakeholder involvement that reinforces agency and encourages exaptive innovations, taking system-wide views that generate prescriptive models for change than descriptive models of problems, and embracing iterative re-design through time. Design thinking (DT), systems thinking (ST), and complexity thinking (CT) offer useful methods and tools with inherent limitations. We applied an integrated DT, ST and CT approach (DSCT) to enable HST within our regional population health system through a series of leadership retreats and envisioning workshops with over 100 teams both within YH and with regional partners, and co-created over 1,000 change ideas to transform YH into a people-centred, value-driven, and integrated regional population health system.
 Health System Transformation Playbook (HSTP) is our DSCT-enabled methodology developed to systematically design, prioritize and test HST actions, anchored on an iterative 3-step process involving story-telling, model building and pathfinding that together tackles the scale of transforming complex adaptive systems through time. HSTP guides that model-building begins with the latest future-state model to ensure new change ideas build on current progress; model boundaries and hierarchy are defined and managed fluidly across scale and time to preserve system coherence; impact analysis of change ideas start at the highest system to optimize primary system purpose, and prescribed interventions with lower agreement or certainty are consciously managed to guard against incremental-only innovations.
 Also resultant is the YH Unified Care Model (UCM) and its cascade of integrated service delivery models based on UCM design principles: 1) biopsychosocial, needs- and assets-based approach to health, throughout a resident’s life course, for the entire regional population, 2) strength- and relationship-based approach to participatory care involving residents, caregivers and community, 3) single care plan across providers, 4) interactions among providers based on population health needs, are strategic, and organizational, 5) care defined from identification to resolution of needs, and system boundaries are defined by the nature of need, 6) coordination of care to efficiently generate health assets while meeting needs, across all sites and transitions of care, 7) carers and care institutions form an ICO and jointly optimize resident-centred outcomes and population value. In turn, the UCM has generated prescribed interventions and prioritized actions to accelerate YH HST including the Integrated Medical Clinic to meet complex chronic medical and social needs, and the UCM Performance Framework. 
 HST is complex and has potential for unintended systemic consequences, and requires local contextualization. HSTP offers a systemic, practice and learning-based HST and organization development methodology that engages people in all health system sub-systems to accelerate change towards people-centred, integrated and value-driven population health systems, demonstrated through UCM. Deeper resident and stakeholder engagement using HSTP and evaluation of HSTP and UCM is ongoing.

Redefining the Innovation Capacity of Design Thinking Approach Through In-Depth Understanding of Designerly Capabilities

In recent years, there has been growing interest in studying design thinking from a capability perspective, given the need for deep implementation at the organizational mindset level. However, the impact of the cognitivist paradigm on design thinking has led to a narrow conceptualization of it as a problem-solving process, which overlooks some of its essential capacities. As a result, the ability of design thinking to extract the real capabilities of designers has been weakened. To address this shortcoming, this study focused on extracting designerly capabilities from the original resource by engaging with designers themselves. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the results were thematically analyzed. The findings reveal that designerly capabilities are significantly different in depth and scope from those derived from the conventional academic view of design thinking. The study identifies some key features of design thinking as practiced by real designers, as follows: Engaging with multiple layers of a problem, Skipping and releasing ideas, Adjusting iteratively, Recognizing patterns, Translating concepts, Incorporating and extending existing solutions, and Balancing ambiguity and clarity, as well as Envisioning and imagining possibilities, Expanding the scope of inquiry and Facilitating confrontation and feedback. These features can be grouped into four dimensions: (1) reflection, (2) generation, (3) inspiration and (4) engagement, which show the dynamic capability of design thinking. This complements previous research and suggests ways to improve the innovation potential of design thinking in organizations.

Understanding Design Thinking as an Innovative Approach in Engineers in Society Course from Civil Engineering Student’s Perceptions

Design Thinking (DT) is a robust framework to identify and solve various human problems creatively. It offers a systematic solution to train engineering students in critical and creative thinking to solve complex engineering problems. The DT method is integrated within the Engineers in Society (EIS) course to develop problem-solving skillset among the final year engineering students. This paper presents the understanding of DT towards achieving the program outcome related to Engineers and Society attribute for the final year civil engineering students taking the EIS as one of the culminating courses. Community problem-based learning (Com-PBL) was used as a teaching and learning method in the course where the students participated in a community project. The findings from the survey questionnaires responded by 165 indicate that most students demonstrated good understanding on the Design Thinking approach implemented in the course. It can be concluded that the DT approach is a good method to improve the cognitive learning domains in developing student attributes toward the understanding of complex engineering problem-solving in societal contexts. Overall, from a Continual Quality Improvement (CQI) perspective, this study is important to improve, develop and evaluate the teaching, learning and assessment methods adopted for engineering education.

Literatur Review Perbandingan Metode Pengembangan Design thinking dengan Extreme Programming

With the development of applications, both through the web and mobile, applications cannot be separated from human-computer interaction. The ease of using the application is the target of developers to attract users' interest. In this era of globalization, website applications and mobile platforms are the mostly used for public branding. Application are used to deliver message through visuals from the appearance of the application. This is inseparable from the User Interface and User Experience. In today pratice, UI/UX designers mostly favor attractive visuals over the essence and purpose of creating a website, creating deviaton at UI/UX theory, design element, and color. it is necessary to design a UI / UX in order to application is attractive and the purpose of making the application is in line with expectations. There are several approaches to application design, one of which is Design thinking and Extreme Programming. This research aims to compare the Design thinking approach with Extreme Programming where the test obtained based on a literature review concluded that Design thinking has advantages in approaching potential users while Extreme Programming is less focused on potential users.

Evaluation of the Success Nutrition Fulfillment Campaigns Through Diet in People with Autistic Disabilities Based on Prototyping Tasks in Design Thinking

Consideration of people, problems, and context is part of the design thinking approach to problem solving. Redefining complicated problems effectively can benefit greatly from this method. Specifically in this study, the development of the nutrition fulfillment application program for autistic children. The calculation of the percentage of test participants who successfully completed the task was 94.3%. The prototype provides high effectiveness based on the assigned task related to the daily diet food menus for autism. The results of the evaluation of the efficiency aspect present a value of 0.085 goals/sec which means that test participants completed 1 task in about 11.76 seconds and is more efficient than the manual process. The result of satisfaction evaluation based on SUS shows that average of the result of the questionnaire is 72 from 100 means that the user easily operates the prototype.

A Design Thinking Based Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Teaching on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation Among Non-Health Professional Students at Selected College in Coimbatore

Design thinking is generally defined as an analytic and creative process that engages a person in opportunities to experiment, create and prototype models, gather feedback, and redesign. Design Thinking Approach is adopted to carry out the research to correlate the knowledge and attitude among non-health professional students. Objectives: (a) To assess the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among non-health professional students. (b) To assess the effectiveness of computer assisted teaching on knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among non-health professional students. (c)To find out the association between post-test level of knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation and the selected demographic variables among non-health professional students. (d)To assess the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation. Methodology: The research design used was a pre-experimental one group pretest and posttest design. The samples for the study were chosen by using convenient sampling technique, The sample size was 50. Results: Karl Pearson correlation test was used. It reveals that there is effectiveness present in the group. Conclusion: Organ donation is a huge public health concern worldwide. The biggest advantage to organ donation is, it saves lives that would otherwise be lost. A single organ donor has the chance to save the lives or improve the quality of life for several people. So, the organ donation should be encouraged and the people should be motivated to donate their organs by conducting periodical educational programmed regarding organ donation.