Design Thinking Approach Research Articles

Technology-Supported Behavior Change-Applying Design Thinking to mHealth Application Development.

Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of global deaths. The risk of their development and progression is increased by modifiable behavioral risk factors. Yet, despite the known benefits of primary and secondary prevention, people often do not follow recommendations for a healthier lifestyle. To this end, mobile health (mHealth) applications offer features for behavioral interventions. Yet, reported user engagement is often low. The objective of the work presented in this article is thus to evaluate the suitability of Design Thinking (DT) as a means to inform the development of an mHealth application that helps increase long-term engagement, and consequently supports individuals in sustainably changing their lifestyle. Applying the DT approach, key user needs and challenges were investigated and used to design a first low-fidelity mHealth application prototype. Think-Aloud analysis, task completion, and post-test interviews were then used to evaluate the prototype and generate early-stage insights. Subsequently, a structured, retrospective analysis of this process, evaluating the insight-generation potential of each step in the DT process cycle, was used to reflect on its suitability to inform mHealth application development. The respective results highlight (1) the distinct value of the DT method, particularly in the early stages of a development project; (2) the strong need for interdisciplinary collaboration in such projects, so as to capture realistic end-user requirements and improve the overall effectiveness of the application design; and (3) the significance of integrating behavioral change theories into the design of mHealth applications, in order to promote long-term engagement.

Inclusive Learning Through Equity-Driven Approaches to Design in Engineering Education

Despite it being widely acknowledged that integrating principles of equity, diversity, inclusion, and accessibility (EDIA) in engineering has numerous benefits such as more innovative and inclusive design outcomes, there have been ongoing challenges in addressing equity, promoting diversity, and fostering inclusive teaching and learning strategies in higher education. If EDIA is taught separately from coursework in engineering, students are unlikely to engage with or incorporate EDIA principles in their work. Moreover, the pedagogical approaches for EDIA concepts, which include exploratory discussion and reflection, can be a barrier for student learning if they are not valued in the same way as traditional engineering epistemology and ideologies that prioritize a technical space and objective data. Lastly, evidence demonstrates that a lack of sense of belonging for underrepresented students can impact their learning experience. It is important to address how teaching approaches impact the shift of student mindsets in their design work and their engagement with the learning environment. In this exploratory project, we seek to understand the ways in which learning equity-driven approaches to design, such as design thinking, may impact engineering students’ perceptions of inclusivity in their learning environment and the quality of inclusivity in the work that they design and engineer. We focus on the rationale and development of the methodology in this paper since the work is still in progress. We are working with a diverse team of educators and researchers to review and revise course goals, student learning outcomes and related course content for two design thinking courses in a master’s level engineering program. Changes to the course material include further integrating EDIA principles and the “Liberatory Design framework” described by the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design as “a process and practice to liberate designers from habits that perpetuate inequity.” The impact of such revision is examined through qualitative analysis of students’ written reflections with prompts that focus on EDIA themes. A post-course survey is also used to assess students’ perceptions of EDIA in relation to their academic, professional, and personal learning experiences throughout the program and, more specifically, the design thinking course learning outcomes. Preliminary findings suggest that students connect design thinking approaches with an awareness of the value of diversity in their design teams and with more inclusive design outcomes for the end-user. This exploratory work can inspire research to further examine the role of design thinking and related pedagogical approaches in supporting the integration of EDIA principles in teaching engineering design.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE DESIGN THINKING PADA PERANCANGAN APLIKASI GAME EDUKASI PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL ANAK BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA

This research aims to serve as a useful supportive tool in providing knowledge to children about early sexual education to prevent sexual violence using interactive multimedia as an alternative solution for providing sex education to children. The sample for this research consists of fourth-grade students at SD Negeri Percobaan Medan. Through the Design Thinking approach, this research resulted in an educational android game application named "Aku Mandiri" which stands for "Aku Mampu Menjaga Diri". Testing methods included Pre-Test and Post-Test assessments. This research is intended that this application can support teachers and parents in providing effective sex education as a preventive measure against cases of sexual violence against children.

Letter from the Editors: Welcome to 2024

This first AIB Insights issue of 2024 contains five articles that address diverse topics: integrating generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into IB education, the process of academic capacity building and knowledge creation, a design thinking approach to international markets, how migrant entrepreneurs use liabilities of foreignness and outsidership for developing their marketing strategies, and implications of aging and shrinking populations in the CEE region. We also review the journal’s 2023 accomplishments and plans for the upcoming year.

PENERAPAN DESIGN THINKING PADA PERANCANGAN UI/UX WEBSITE BOOTCHIN COFFE

Developing a website with a good user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) is crucial in meeting customer needs and ensuring the success of online businesses. This research examines the application of the Design Thinking method in the UI/UX design process for the Bootchin Coffee website, an e-commerce platform that focuses on premium coffee products. This study employs a qualitative approach with key stages including understanding, observation, ideation, prototyping, and testing. Data is collected through interviews with potential users, competitor analysis, and observation. Additionally, this study explores user-centered design perspectives, encompassing aesthetics, functionality, and user satisfaction. The results of the research show that the application of Design Thinking in the UI/UX design of the Bootchin Coffee website enhances user interaction with the site. A more intuitive interface design, an improved understanding of user needs, and an overall enhanced user experience are the primary outcomes of this research. User acceptance testing also demonstrates a positive response from users to the implemented changes. Thus, this research provides recommendations for web developers and business owners to adopt the Design Thinking approach in designing their websites to meet the increasing demands of online consumers for a high-quality online experience. This study is expected to contribute to the development of UI/UX design and user experience knowledge and offer practical guidance to business owners seeking to improve the quality of their websites through the application of Design Thinking principles.

Creating a Framework for Virtual Reality Learning Environment (VRLE) for Studio-Based Learning

Higher education academics are lacking the knowledge on how to implement Design Thinking (DT) for transdisciplinary design studies that would produce Fourth Industrial Revolution Workforce Skills (4IRSkills), due to the sparsity in literature and implementation guidelines. This article discusses on the creation process of a Teaching and Learning Framework (TLF) for transdisciplinary design studies with a desktop-based Virtual Reality Learning Environment (VRLE) simulation of studio-based learning. The framework was created using a Selander’s Learning Design Sequence (LDS) with DT approach. The LDS helped the researcher to understand the processes of teaching and learning, especially on the affordances of various modes. The DT approach was used to facilitate the process of solving problems through the practice of empathy, reframing, prototyping, experimentation, testing, and redesign. A sequential explanatory mixed method was used, and the data were analyzed through inferential statistical analysis, thematic analysis and convergent coding matrix triangulation protocol. The findings indicated that the TLF with VRLE showed a positive and significant relationship with students' achievement of 4IRSkills. The TLF Design Process and Collaborative Design variables were positively correlated with students' 4IRSkills, while there was no correlation for the VRLE Representational Fidelity and Learner Interaction variables. In conclusion, the TLF with VRLE proves to be an effective and suitable method for guiding the implementation of pedagogies that teaches 4IRSkills at the tertiary level in fully online learning environments.

Development of a Transition to Residency Course Using a Design Thinking Framework.

Transition to residency (TTR) courses help alleviate medical students' concerns about preparing for residency; however, existing TTR courses are often limited to teaching clinical or procedural skills without addressing the nonclinical skills necessary for transitioning to practice. This report describes the use of design thinking (DT) to develop a learner-centered TTR course at the State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University. DT consists of 5 steps: discovery, interpretation, ideation, experimentation, and evolution. The first 3 steps were used for needs assessments and course design. During the discovery step, empathetic, semistructured interviews of interns, program directors, and graduating medical students were conducted to identify concerns about starting residency. During the interpretation step, thematic analysis of interviews was performed to identify areas of concerning attitudes and deficient skills and to inform content. In the ideation step, a 2-week curriculum was designed, including didactic lectures, small group discussions and workshops, simulation, and procedure labs, to address the defined content areas. During the fourth step, implementation, a 2-week pilot elective course of the designed curriculum was conducted in spring 2021 with 6 students. Participant feedback from 2 students collected 6 months into internship found the procedures and simulated clinical skills cases high yield, appropriate, relevant to intern practice, and valuable. The course size in spring 2022 increased to 19 students, and the curriculum was refined based on the feedback of the previous pilot course (from 2 students and 4 faculty members) and from a precourse student survey (5 students). The last step of DT, evolution, included determining larger-scale feasibility while maintaining learner-centeredness and conducting a programmatic evaluation. The iterative, adaptable approach of DT is suitable for TTR design and is generalizable. Other institutions can adapt the DT approach to develop their own institutional TTR programs.

APPLYING GAMIFICATION PRINCIPLES THROUGH THE DESIGN THINKING FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING A MIXED REALITY EDUCATIONAL GAME IN NUMERACY LEARNING

Numeracy is one of the most crucial literacy skills to develop at a young age. These skills are taught in the classroom through mathematics. According to several studies from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), students' mathematical abilities in Indonesia remain low when compared to other literacy skills. This subject is often perceived as challenging and tedious. Furthermore, the concept of teaching numeracy skills cannot be approached abstractly initially, especially for children who require tangible objects for manipulation. The research employed a design thinking approach, encompassing diverse methodssuch as observation, interviews, questionnaires, literature review, direct observations involving children, and problem analysis. This project aims to create educational media infused with gamification elements such as points, badges, levels, and leaderboards. The final product of this design project is an educational toy named “LIGI” seamlessly integrated with a mobile app, referred to as "mixed reality." The product's dif iculty level can be tailored based on the abilities of each individual child. Moreover, in-game navigation employs the perceptual user interface (PUI), involving device movements and spoken commands to provide an interactive experience. This study ef ectively demonstrates the application of gamification elements in the development of mixed reality educational games, aimed at helping children understand and practice numeracy skills in a more interactive and innovative manner, following the design thinking framework stages of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and testing. The study provides valuable guidance for product designers interested in creating impactful mixed reality educational games by integrating gamification principles. The authors stress the importance of integrating gamification elements during the ideate stage and conducting timely testing with children to comprehend their preferences and enjoyment. Keywords: educational toy, mixed–reality, gamification, perceptual userinterface

An Intersectoral Approach to Hypertension Care: Solutions for Improving Blood Pressure Control in São Paulo, Brazil.

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and a major public health issue worldwide. In Brazil, it affects approximately 52.5% of the adult population. We describe the solutions package and the impact of a population health initiative in São Paulo city, following the CARDIO4Cities approach for the management of cardiovascular risk. Using a design thinking approach, interventions were developed with a coalition of local and international stakeholders to address needs of patients, healthcare professionals, and the health system. The resulting solution package was checked to comply with guidelines for non-communicable disease and hypertension management. Clinical impact was measured by extracting the hypertension cascade of care-monitored, diagnosis, treatment, and control-from medical records. Under the leadership of the municipal health authorities, nine solutions were piloted and scaled across the city. Solutions conform with local and international best-practices. Between October 2017 and December 2021, 11,406 patient records were analyzed. Results showed a 40% increase in monitored patients (patients with at least one blood pressure, BP, measurement); reduced proportions of patients diagnosed among those with available BP measurements (72%-53%) and treated among diagnosed (93%-85%); and an improvement in controlled patients among those receiving treatment (16%-27%). The solution package described in this study was correlated with increased BP control. The implementation methodology and results add to the body of real-world evidence supporting population health implementation science in Brazil and beyond.

UI/UX Design of The ENC Application as Electronic Nursing Care in Clinical Practice Education for Nursing Students in Hospitals.

The implementation of hospital information systems in the digitalization-based era, including medical records, currently shows that there is a need for nursing education to focus on information education, including developing electronic-based practical student nursing care applications. This research aimed to design the user interface and user experience of electronic nursing documentation, named "The ENC". The ENC (electronic nursing care) with a design thinking approach. Designing the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) used a design thinking approach consisting of empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test. Data collection was carried out at the empathize stage using content questionnaires and interviews. UI/UX design using the Figma application. Application testing with nursing student users based on predetermined scenarios. The ENC (electronic nursing care) application design uses the design thinking method to produce an application prototype that adapts to the needs of nursing students. To validate the efficacy of The ENC application, testing was conducted with nursing student users through predetermined scenarios. The design thinking approach facilitated the creation of an application prototype attuned to the specific requirements of nursing students. Following this, a comprehensive survey involving 30 nursing students was conducted to assess usability, quality, and satisfaction with the application's UI/UX, thereby capturing both positive and negative feedback. The ENC application adapts to the needs of nursing students to ease the transition from paper-based to electronic-based documentation, increase acceptance of the application, and increase its use in the clinical environment.

Adolescent perspectives on peripartum mental health prevention and promotion from Kenya: Findings from a design thinking approach.

In Kenya, approximately one in five girls aged 15-19 years old are pregnant or already a mother. Adolescent girls and young women experience significant mental health vulnerabilities during the pregnancy and postpartum periods, leading to poor antenatal and postnatal care attendance and inferior infant and maternal health outcomes. Pregnant adolescents often experience stigma and disenfranchisement due to their pregnancy status and at the same time lack access to mental health support within health settings, schools, religious institutions, and communities. This paper presents the results of qualitative interviews embedded within the human-centered design (HCD) process used to adapt the Helping Adolescents Thrive (HAT) program for Kenyan peripartum adolescents including young fathers. This qualitative study used two phases. First, a HAT advisory group participated in a series of four workshops to help identify and articulate mental health promotion needs and deepened the team's understanding of youth-centered thinking. Second, qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 pregnant and parenting adolescents to understand their perspectives on mental health prevention and promotion. Pregnant and parenting adolescents articulated different needs including poor support, stigma, and psychological disturbances. Parenting adolescents reported disturbed relationships, managing motherhood, poor health, and social empowerment. Participants highlighted sources of stress including economic challenges, fear of delivery, strained relationships, rejection, and stigma. Participants described psychological disturbances such as feeling stressed, worthless, withdrawn, and suicidal. Coping mechanisms reported by participants included engaging in domestic activities, hobbies, and social networking. Peers, family and spirituality were identified as important sources of support, as well as school integration, livelihoods, support groups and mentorships. Findings from this study can be used to strengthen and adapt HAT program, policy and practice for mental health prevention and promotion for pregnant and parenting adolescents.

A design thinking approach to develop entrepreneurial skills in the field of Mechatronics Engineering

Abstract— This paper discusses the utilization of design thinking process in the entrepreneurship classes, which involves problemsolving approach, creative thinking and procedural steps to solve the problems. The entrepreneurship training classes facilitate the students to address the real-world problem through the real-world skill development activities. Entrepreneurship education leads the students to develop projects with the outcome as societal beneficial product or service. The students’ expertise after attending the class will be incredibly useful for resolving the problems which need an immediate focus like Covid-19 and post pandemic situation. The case study discussed in this paper describes the growth of an engineering student into a technopreneur, who uses design thinking to solve the societal problems. This case study comprises the framework as follows: The first framework is based on Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for Batch 1 and 2, and the second framework with Batch 3 on Conceive Design Implement (CDIO) and Operate framework. According to the findings, students of Batch 3 outperformed than the students of Batch 1 and 2 in applying higher order thinking abilities to turn a prototype into a working business model. As a result, the CDIO framework is ideally suited to the development of engineering abilities into the entrepreneurial opportunities. Keywords— CNC machine, Design thinking, Technopreneur, societal problem.

Application of Urban Theories in Developing Participatory Planning Tools

Abstract For successful and efficient participatory planning, continuous improvement and assessment of its tools is needed. The aim of this research is to summarize the methodologies, process, and results of the participatory workshops carried out within the framework of the Genius Loci project implemented in the Šančiai neighbourhood (Kaunas, Lithuania), and to draw conclusions and insights on the effectiveness, advantages, and possibilities of using urban theories and approaches, such as mental mapping, sociotope methodology, and pattern language in participatory planning tools. The possibilities of application of the design thinking approach in facilitating the process and improving user experience are also discussed. The article includes a brief introduction to the activities of the Genius Loci project with the following focus on workshops, their methodologies, processes, and outcomes from the point of view of urban theories applied. The main outcome is the summary table demonstrating features of participatory tools (workshop sessions), elements of urban theories applied, and their evaluation followed by conclusions.

Enhancing Learning in Biology for Engineers: A Problem Based Case Study

Abstract— Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is acknowledged as an effective pedagogical approach that facilitates a deeper understanding of concepts, surpassing a 90% comprehension rate. Renowned as a dynamic and student-centered activity, PBL fosters out-of-the-box thinking, thereby supporting the enhancement of students' skills and creativity. This paper specifically delves into the application of problem-based learning in the context of the third-year undergraduate Biology for Engineers course. PBL activities tailored for the Biology for Engineers curriculum are meticulously crafted to provide students with a progressive and comprehensive grasp of biological concepts, coupled with their practical applications in the realm of engineering. By adopting a creative, applied, and design thinking approach, PBL enables students to traverse the intricacies of the biology course effectively. In the Biology for Engineers course, PBL activities are strategically designed to facilitate a step-by-step acquisition of in-depth knowledge and a nuanced understanding of the real-life applications of biology in engineering contexts.This deliberate approach not only augments students' experiential learning of biology but also nurtures their creativity. Significantly, the PBL methodology empowers students by instilling a sense of ownership over the course, thereby contributing to their overall academic and professional development. Keywords—Learning, Course, Problem based Learning, Activity, Biology.

Supporting Coach Learning in Paralympic Sport: Rich Environments for Innovation

In this insight article, we aim to challenge current thinking regarding coaching and spark new ideas by demonstrating how high-performance Paralympic sport contexts provide rich environments for innovation. We propose an innovative approach to enhance coach learning and introduce coaches and practitioners to three interconnected areas of opportunity emerging in research: (a) reframing the role and harnessing the work of skill acquisition specialists, (b) the use of a design thinking approach, and (c) the implementation of technology-enhanced learning. Specifically, we demonstrate how using these three strategies can better facilitate cocreated coach learning in situ. Whilst we acknowledge that each of these areas is not necessarily new, we propose that when addressed and applied collectively by practitioners they can provide effective and efficient coach learning opportunities, where the result of the integration of ideas means the impact can be greater than simply the sum of the parts. We highlight how this approach has emerged out of challenging high-performance Paralympic sport contexts, and could have impact on research, practice, and coach development experiences across a wider range of contexts along the performance pathway in both Paralympic and nondisabled sports.

UI/UX Design of Plant Seedling Sales and Tracking System Using Design Thinking Method

In this developing era, technology is increasingly advanced and makes it easier for humans to help with their activities. After the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), people got used to online shopping. Another impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is that many people are interested in caring for plants. This new hobby has increased interest in plant seeds for plant sellers. Many of these plant fans buy plant seeds online. This application aims to help people who want to shop for plant seeds easily and with good quality. Because these plant seeds cannot be airtight for more than 5 days, we provide a feature to track orders so you can find out the location of the order. Therefore, this application is designed to provide solutions to make trading easier. In this design, we use the design thinking method which consists of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing. With the Design Thinking approach, the researcher successfully addressed user issues through the development of the Dagang.in application. The integration of features such as Tracking, Trade, Notifications, and others enhances the User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI) of the Juragan Kebun application. Usability testing of the prototype with five respondents demonstrated success, reflected in a high satisfaction score of 4.5 out of 5.

The survey of learning experience of pediatric injection among registered nurses and nursing students using a design thinking approach.

Pediatric injection is an essential skill of nursing. The survey of the learner's experience during the learning process helps identify problems and leads to improvement. We here applied a three-phrase design thinking framework. The study aims to investigate (1) the registered nurses' experience in learning injection technique, (2) the nursing students' experience in learning injection, and (3) the cause of problems and to propose (4) a learning material that will be used to solve the encountered problems. A cross-sectional study was applied. The study employed convenience sampling. Registered nurses from a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, and fourth-year nursing students from a nursing school in Bangkok, Thailand, were selected. The data collecting tools contain a personal information form and the experience of injection learning. The inferential and descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. The results show that the major issues of injection learning include selecting the correct site for injection and determining the needle length and injection angle and contamination. Therefore, teaching materials for the anatomy of the injection area and the technique to determine the correct size and depth of injection are needed.

AI-Enabled Smart Glasses for People with Severe Vision Impairments

Over the last decade, there has been significant research on how smart assistive devices with artificial intelligence (AI) built into them can assist people with severe vision impairments to comprehend their surroundings. These devices come in various forms such as smartphone applications, smart-glasses, and smart canes. Smart glasses have gained popularity lately due to recent technological advancements, as well as their natural position in front of the user's eyes. However, there has been limited research to understand how people with severe vision impairments would prefer to interact with them. The objective of this project is to investigate the use of AI-enabled smart-glasses to aid individuals with severe vision impairments. The research aims to comprehend the differences between the types of research conducted by researchers and the needs and desires of the community. The study will utilise a Design Thinking approach and involve vision-impaired users throughout the project by utilising co-design methods. The research will involve the development of smart-glass application prototypes through iterative case studies with individuals who are blind, have low-vision, and have cerebral vision impairment (CVI). The goal is to understand the users' preferred interaction model from their lived experiences. The outcome of the research will also be a software architecture that enables people with severe vision impairments to seamlessly access information about their surroundings.

Liberatory Design Thinking for Equity-Centered Instructional Design: A Systems Thinking Analysis

As per the National Equity Project, any system that produces inequities, injustices, and inequalities is often a product of design. Research has shown that systemic inequity often results from the design process and can rupture the power balance, producing inequitable relationships in the social justice arena (NEP, n.d.). Equity-centered systems design is pivotal in dismantling systems of oppression and empowering people of color, people with disabilities, the LGBTQ+ community, the indigenous, and other marginalized communities. An equity-centered liberatory design thinking approach can support instructional designers in identifying and addressing the problems of inequities in an existing system. By considering the ethos and strategies necessary to center equity by design, instructional designers can provide a platform and opportunity for all stakeholders to practice converging and divergent thinking.

A Systematic Literature Review of Design Thinking Approach for User Interface Design

The user interface is an influential element in software applications. A well-designed user interface will potentially increase the usability of software applications. Therefore, user interface designers should deliberate when considering which approach and method to implement for designing user interfaces. Design thinking is currently a widely followed approach in user interface design practices. Hence, this study aimed to explore research trends and current practices of design thinking approach for user interface design. This study employed a systematic literature review following the Kitchenham method. This study found 39 articles deemed relevant to the design thinking approach. In general, our study found five common stages broadly mentioned in the articles, i.e., empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. The most widely practiced method during those five stages is interview, user persona, brainstorming, user interface, and usability testing. However, there is no consensus on what kind of stage(s) and which method(s) should be employed when following the design thinking approach for user interface design. Therefore, it will depend on the designer's decision in choosing which stage(s) and their related method(s) will be employed.