Design Thinking Approach Research Articles

DEVELOPING A BUSINESS ECOSYSTEM THROUGH DESIGN-THINKING STRATEGY

The paper examines the possibilities to apply design thinking to building an effective ecosystem model of business. We aim to consider three main areas of a company’s ecosystem business model: consumers, partners and products/services. We believe that prototyping of this business model should be carried out in these areas. We analyze the genesis of design thinking concept and consider the features of forming the ecosystem business model based on design thinking. We study the experience in forming foreign and Russian ecosystem business models, as well as the factors of its efficiency. The approaches used by the analyzed ecosystem companies is, in our opinion, a key factor of successful business in today’s conditions, characterized by increasing digitization and switching behavioral patterns of consumers from offline to online trading environment. This change in consumer behaviour has been observed for several years, but an accelerated the transition to online ecosystems has been particularly impressive during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic period. The authors argue that the use of design thinking, its methodological and instrumental approaches will allow to create integrated client-oriented proposals, as well as to form new consumer values, especially at early stages of developing ecosystem business models. The authors analyze the success in applying ecosystem business models with the help of the RUSECO index weighted by market capitalization of domestic corporations, which demonstrated stable upward dynamics up to 2022. The data provided by the authors on market capitalization of foreign ecosystem companies also support the assumption that such an approach to the creation of effective business models is advisable.

Refining a design thinking-based requirements elicitation process: Insights from a focus group

Requirements elicitation processes have a series of challenges and limitations in terms of business process focus, system transparency, and dealing with the complexity resulting from interdependence. The Design Thinking approach, which focuses on people and on understanding the context of problems, can contribute to solving them. For this reason, a requirements elicitation process based on Design Thinking has been defined, consisting of three activities: Empathise, Synthesise, and Ideate. For refining this process, a focus group discussion with experts was conducted. The experts provided feedback, specifically on the role of empathy in the process, its domain of application and activities. The results analysed from the focus group confirm the usefulness of the process and generate a series of lessons learned that allowed us to continue refining it. This paper presents the cited process, the main characteristics and results of the focus group and the refined process.

Perancangan User Interface Dan User Experience Website Reservasi Rima Villa Ciwidey Dengan Metode Design Thinkings

Villas are one of the important lodging entities in the tourism sector, where villas are needed as a place to rest. A good villa cannot be separated from good service. The purpose of this writing is to improve user experience and user efficiency in the villa reservation process. The Design Thinking method is used as a creative approach in designing user experiences that meet user needs and expectations. The stages of Design Thinking, starting from understanding the problem to implementing the solution. In the UI/UX design process, data is collected through observation, interviews and analysis of user needs. The results are used to identify areas of improvement and guide prototype development. This writing contributes to the development of the UI/UX of the Rima Villa Ciwidey reservation website by applying a Design Thinking approach and utilizing SUS metrics to measure the quality of user experience. The use of the System Usability Scale (SUS) is used as a tool for measuring UI/UX performance, with a resulting value of 70.05. These results show a good level of user satisfaction and are also included in the prototype design which is user friendly, that is, easy for the user to use.

Tailored Self-Management App to Support Older Adults With Cancer and Multimorbidity: Development and Usability Testing.

Globally, cancer predominates in adults aged older than 60 years, and 70% of older adults have ≥1 chronic condition. Cancer self-management interventions can improve symptom management and confidence, but few interventions target the complex needs of older adults with cancer and multimorbidity. Despite growing evidence of digital health tools in cancer care, there is a paucity of theoretically grounded digital self-management supports for older adults. Many apps for older adults have not been co-designed with older adults to ensure that they are tailored to their specific needs, which would increase usability and uptake. We aim to report on the user evaluations of a self- and symptom-management app to support older adults living with cancer and multimorbidity. This study used Grey's self-management framework, a design thinking approach, and involved older adults with lived experiences of cancer to design a medium-fidelity app prototype. Older adults with cancer or caregivers were recruited through community organizations or support groups to participate in co-designing or evaluations of the app. Data from interviews were iteratively integrated into the design process and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analyses. In total, 15 older adults and 3 caregivers (n=18) participated in this study: 10 participated (8 older adults and 2 caregivers) in the design of the low-fidelity prototype, and 10 evaluated (9 older adults and 1 caregiver) the medium-fidelity prototype (2 older adults participated in both phases). Participants emphasized the importance of tracking functions to make sense of information across physical symptoms and psychosocial aspects; a clear display; and the organization of notes and reminders to communicate with care providers. Participants also emphasized the importance of medication initiation or cessation reminders to mitigate concerns related to polypharmacy. This app has the potential to support the complex health care needs of older adults with cancer, creating a "home base" for symptom management and support. The findings from this study will position the researchers to conduct feasibility testing and real-world implementation.

UX Design for an E-commerce Application: A Design Thinking Perspective

The development of e-commerce applications has revolutionized the way people conduct business, but challenges still exist in designing applications that align with user needs and expectations. This study aims to document the design-thinking (DT) approach used in the development of a customized e-commerce application based on the user's perspective, with the goal of extracting the user experience of traditional commerce processes to identify its features. In this study, we focused on the first four phases of DT, which include empathize, define, ideate, and prototype, to gather insights and understand the experiences, needs, pain points, and solutions of the local producers. The data gathered from interviews and observations was subjected to content analysis to identify patterns and themes related to desired features. After analysis, the researchers identified key app features, including integrating data analytics for product performance and demand forecasting, introducing a peer-vendor marketplace, a vendor-managed inventory management system, and a product verification system for authenticity. A mockup prototype design was created and presented to users for feedback. The study highlights the importance of user perspectives in e-commerce app design and the value of design thinking in creating a customized user experience that aligns with user needs.

The 4S Model for AI Adoption

Overview Organizations often face challenges in exploiting the opportunities of digital technologies due to a technology-­centric focus that overlooks user value. This study explores how organizations can develop artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions from a human-centered perspective. An in-depth case study of two projects that use both design thinking and technology development to adopt AI solutions, yielded a new hybrid approach, which we call the 4S Model. The 4S Model, which combines design thinking and technology development approaches for adopting AI-based solutions, draws on the theoretical lens of microfoundations, defining (1) the process phases (storming, solving, scoping, scaling); (2) the individuals involved (designers, technology experts, users); and (3) the structure and tools required (blueprint, pilot AI solutions, façade prototyping). The 4S Model provides guidelines for organizations seeking to apply design thinking to the deployment of AI.

A systematic search, heuristic evaluation and analysis of dental trauma mobile applications.

Despite the exponential growth of mobile device applications in promoting awareness on traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), the overall validity of existing applications in content, engagement, usability, functionality, esthetics, and user perception remains largely uncertain. The primary aim was to systematically search and assess the quality, functionality, perceived impact and usability of available applications related to TDIs using the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS) and the Coventry, Aberdeen, and London-Revised (CA-LO-RE) scale. A heuristic evaluation was additionally performed. The secondary aim was to categorize existing mobile applications according to their target users, including general population, dentists, dental students, medical healthcare professionals, and researchers. A systematic search for dental trauma applications (free and paid) was conducted using the AppStore and Google Play store. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment for all the included applications using uMARS and CA-LO-RE. A user experience architect conducted a heuristic evaluation. Only 6 of the 3061 initially screened applications were eligible for qualitative and quantitative assessments. These applications' average star uMARS rating was 12.5 (standard deviation [SD] 2.6). The mean and SD for the uMARS objective items were as follows: A-engagement (mean 12.1 [SD 3.3]), B-functionality (mean 15.5 [SD 1.4]), C-esthetics (mean 9.5 [SD 2.5]), and D-information (mean 13 [SD 4.5]). The severity rating for the heuristic evaluation criteria was low to moderate for all the included applications, excluding tooth emergencies with a high severity score. Despite moderate quality, functionality, user perception, behavioural impact and usability scores, the inclusion of advanced features to "engagement" and "usability" in existing trauma based apps will enhance their purpose. A design-thinking approach coupled with interactive features is recommended for future mobile applications on TDIs.

Integrating Explainable Machine Learning in Clinical Decision Support Systems: Study Involving a Modified Design Thinking Approach.

Though there has been considerable effort to implement machine learning (ML) methods for health care, clinical implementation has lagged. Incorporating explainable machine learning (XML) methods through the development of a decision support tool using a design thinking approach is expected to lead to greater uptake of such tools. This work aimed to explore how constant engagement of clinician end users can address the lack of adoption of ML tools in clinical contexts due to their lack of transparency and address challenges related to presenting explainability in a decision support interface. We used a design thinking approach augmented with additional theoretical frameworks to provide more robust approaches to different phases of design. In particular, in the problem definition phase, we incorporated the nonadoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability of technology in health care (NASSS) framework to assess these aspects in a health care network. This process helped focus on the development of a prognostic tool that predicted the likelihood of admission to an intensive care ward based on disease severity in chest x-ray images. In the ideate, prototype, and test phases, we incorporated a metric framework to assess physician trust in artificial intelligence (AI) tools. This allowed us to compare physicians' assessments of the domain representation, action ability, and consistency of the tool. Physicians found the design of the prototype elegant, and domain appropriate representation of data was displayed in the tool. They appreciated the simplified explainability overlay, which only displayed the most predictive patches that cumulatively explained 90% of the final admission risk score. Finally, in terms of consistency, physicians unanimously appreciated the capacity to compare multiple x-ray images in the same view. They also appreciated the ability to toggle the explainability overlay so that both options made it easier for them to assess how consistently the tool was identifying elements of the x-ray image they felt would contribute to overall disease severity. The adopted approach is situated in an evolving space concerned with incorporating XML or AI technologies into health care software. We addressed the alignment of AI as it relates to clinician trust, describing an approach to wire framing and prototyping, which incorporates the use of a theoretical framework for trust in the design process itself. Moreover, we proposed that alignment of AI is dependent upon integration of end users throughout the larger design process. Our work shows the importance and value of engaging end users prior to tool development. We believe that the described approach is a unique and valuable contribution that outlines a direction for ML experts, user experience designers, and clinician end users on how to collaborate in the creation of trustworthy and usable XML-based clinical decision support tools.

A comparative analysis of lean start-up and design thinking and its integration

Purpose This study aims to emphasize the integration of lean start-up and design thinking approaches and investigate how they may be used together. Design/methodology/approach The report uses a systematic literature review methodology to analyze and summarize previous research on combining lean start-up and design thinking. Inferences were discovered and analyzed after relevant publications were chosen based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Findings The research shows that combining lean start-up and design thinking significantly impacts entrepreneurship. Start-ups can efficiently uncover consumer needs, reduce risks and improve their product or service offerings by combining the client-centricity of design thinking with the iterative and data-driven concepts of lean start-up. This integration promotes an innovative culture, gives teams the freedom to try new things and learn from mistakes and raises the possibility of start-up success. Research limitations/implications The dependence on pre-existing literature, which might cover only some potential uses and circumstances, is a weakness of this research. It is advised that more empirical research be conducted to determine the precise circumstances in which the integrated strategy performs best. Future studies should also explore the difficulties and drawbacks of using these approaches to offer suggestions for overcoming them and maximizing their advantages. Practical implications The findings have significant ramifications for business owners and other professionals working in the start-up environment. The combination of lean start-up and design thinking emphasizes the relevance of early customer interaction and empathy-driven design. To foster creativity and hasten the expansion of start-ups, practitioners are urged to create a comprehensive strategy that integrates the advantages of both techniques. Through this integration, business owners may develop solutions that appeal to their target market, increasing adoption rates and market competitiveness. Originality/value This study is interesting in comparing lean start-up and design thinking, emphasizing the overlaps and benefits of their application to entrepreneurship. This study discusses successful start-up methods by offering suggestions for future research and practice. It also provides a basis for further developing and adopting the integrated approach.

Design Thinking Approach to Overcoming Challenges in Integrating Technology in the Classroom: A Case Study of Gbarnga School District Bong County, Liberia

Education technology (EdTech) is increasingly recognized as a means to improve educational outcomes, yet its effective integration faces challenges in resource- constrained contexts like the Gbarnga School District in Liberia. This study investigates these challenges and proposes solutions. Through surveys and comparative analysis, perceptions of technology integration are examined, revealing nuanced opinions among educators. Findings indicate significant barriers including infrastructure limitations, inadequate teacher training, and socio-economic disparities. Notably, 46% of respondents view technology integration as highly beneficial, while 19.36% perceive it as detrimental. Recommendations include infrastructure investment, ongoing professional development, and policy advocacy. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders can create an enabling environment that leverages technology to enhance teaching and learning experiences, empowering students for success in the digital age.

Developing pharmacy leaders: A design thinking approach to navigate the leadership crisis in pharmacy.

Developing pharmacy leaders: A design thinking approach to navigate the leadership crisis in pharmacy.

Optimising social evolution through creating welfare and product innovation of Micro Waqf Bank in Indonesia

Micro Waqf Banks are a form of innovation of Islamic social and financial institutions by the government to provide access to business expansion and the welfare of the productive poor around Islamic boarding schools. Optimising product innovation for Micro Waqf Bank customers requires changes in micro-business actors to improve their welfare sustainably. This study analyses the product innovation of Micro Waqf Bank customers with a social evolution model approach. The qualitative method used a grounded theory approach. They collect data through observations, interviews, documentation, and literature studies—design thinking analysis with triangulation techniques. The results found that the welfare of Micro Waqf Bank customers was created for the community around Islamic boarding schools by optimising product innovation through the involvement of the Indonesian Ulama Council and government participation in product certification bodies. The study uses a design thinking approach for formulating solutions to increase Micro Waqf Bank customers' product innovation in creating their welfare by Micro Waqf Bank optimising halal labelling, intellectual property rights-protected brands, attractive packaging, and product consumption feasibility. The social evolution model's research implication is recommendations for optimising innovative products and creating welfare.

The Biomechanics Research and Innovation Challenge: Development, Implementation, Uptake, and Reflections on the Inaugural Program.

Biomechanics as a discipline is ideally placed to increase awareness and participation of girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. A nationwide Biomechanics and Research Innovation Challenge (BRInC) centered on mentoring and role modeling was developed to engage high school girls (mentees) and early-mid-career women (mentors) in the field of biomechanics through the completion of a 100-day research and/or innovation project. This manuscript describes the development, implementation, and uptake of the inaugural BRInC program and synthesizes the research and innovation projects undertaken, providing a framework for adoption of this program within the global biomechanics community. Eighty-seven high school girls in years 9 and 10 (age range: 14-16y) were mentored in teams (n = 17) by women in biomechanics (n = 24). Using a design thinking approach, teams generated solutions to biomechanics-based problem(s)/research question(s). Eight key reflections on program strengths, as well as areas for improvement and planned changes for future iterations of the BRInC program, are outlined. These key reflections highlight the innovation, impact, and scalability of the program; the importance of a program framework and effective communication tools; and implementation of strategies to sustain the program as well as the importance of diversity and building a sense of community.

IoT-Based HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant: A Design Thinking Approach and Business Model Analysis

The Internet of Things (IoT) generates new business opportunities by connecting physical objects with a multitude of sensors. IoT research mainly focused on technology and business models are relatively unexplored, although developing IoT business models is important for successful IoT service. The aim of this research is to prototyping business model for IoT development HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant. This research has a generic design thinking framework and business model for IoT through literature analysis and interviews. To create the developing of the HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant, the researcher undertakes case studies of a group of students who are in the process of finding problems, creating ideas, design product, to testing the HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant product using IoT that combines internet technology and smartphones. In addition, a group of students also made a Business Model which will later be used as planning, especially in the Competitive Advantages, Key Resources, Key Partners, Cost Structure to added value and sell products that will later be marketed to consumers. This research acts as a starting point for designing or developing business models for IoT services. The findings suggest that the HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant has a considerable chance of success rate for potential users, especially those who like to water plants but do not have enough time. The HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant can be a tool for caring (watering plants automatically) and this tool can provide information to users when their plants have been watered. This HydroM8 Self-Watering Plant has the potential to significantly impact for the community of agriculture sector and promote sustainable water use efficiency.

Case Study: Engaging Learners Through Curiosity, Community, and a Sense of Exploration

This case study explores the collaboration between Smithsonian Affiliations and Desklight to develop a digital learning hub for Smithsonian’s Affiliates Program. Anchored in humancentered design, the design process relied heavily on ongoing insights from current Affiliates to identify the most useful information to share in this online resource. These insights guided the development of unique Learning Excursions within the learning hub that offered curated worksheets, real-world impact scenarios, and helped prospective Affiliates envision what it would look like to join forces with Smithsonian. The success of this learning hub is attributed to stakeholder involvement, personalized learning, real-world examples, flexible accessibility, community building opportunities, and a design thinking approach. This work serves as a blueprint for organizations aiming to enhance programs, foster meaningful engagement, and drive transformative outcomes by using learning as a benefit.

Design Thinking for Architects: A Critique of International Education Models

The appropriateness of teaching design thinking to architecture students in Georgia is discussed. Design thinking is a user-centered method that was developed about 60 years ago and is widely used in almost all areas of design, including architecture. Leading architectural firms embrace design thinking. This method also has many opponents, who complain about the lack of creativity, its collective work, and more. In contrast, advocates of design thinking argue that design thinking approaches do not necessarily limit creativity, and that contemporary architecture has become so complex that specialists of only one field cannot account for everything. It is interesting that the main opposition to this methodology was met in the country where it was born – the USA. As for Georgia, the survey of students conducted by the authors of the article at the International Design School of the Georgian Technical University found that the majority of them have a positive attitude and intend to use design thinking in their future activities.

Development of a circularity design methodology for urban factories based on systemic thinking and stakeholders engagement

To provide factories with a sustainable model to manufacture inside urban areas, the concept of urban factories has been proposed as a solution that utilizes proximity throughout the value chain. To leverage this proximity, and re-conceptualize the highly available urban waste, circular strategies have been deployed. This has allowed urban factories to contribute to a sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12). To develop a circularity design methodology for urban factories, a design thinking approach has been used in 5 steps in which (1) a need has been formalized from a systematic literature review, (2) a prototype has been proposed using the principles of systemic design, (3) workshops have been organized with key users to test the proposal, (4) feedbacks have been collected, and (5) the proposal has been improved accordingly through an iteration to the second step. The cycle has been repeated 4 times in 4 different workshops, which has resulted in the development of the latest version of the circularity design methodology presented in this paper. The proposed methodology is structured in 3 phases. First, the exploratory phase in which sustainability objectives are formalized and the scope of action is identified accordingly using an impact assessment method. Second, the formative phase in which new sustainable business models are designed using circular strategies and local stakeholder's engagement practices. Finally, the evaluative phase in which the designed models are evaluated. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, a case study on an arcade machines urban factory has been presented in this paper. In total, 8 circular models have been designed to mitigate the climate change and resources damages associated with the life cycle of the arcade machines. The proposed circularity design methodology could be adapted for other structures to improve their sustainability and other dimensions linked to their activities.

Design Thinking: An Alternative For Educational ICT Integration Training?

Challenges to incorporating ICT in the classroom have been debated in various literature over the last few years. It is, therefore, important to seek different strategies to mitigate these challenges. Design thinking (DT) is considered an approach that can help improve teachers’ Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK). This study therefore examined teachers’ experience when developing lessons using ICT using design thinking. This qualitative study was conducted in a primary school in South Africa. Data was collected from two social science (Geography) teachers using face-to-face interviews. Highlights from the study point to the following benefits namely, teachers can learn in collaboration, they can be supported by their peers, and they take part in high-order thinking practices to solve problems related to ICT integration. Therefore, it is recommended that a design thinking approach needs to be applied when teacher training workshops for ICT integration are offered. This study contributes to the existing literature on developing strategies to incorporate ICT in the curriculum of primary schools in South Africa. Keywords: Design Thinking, ICT, Teacher Development, TPACK

Designing sensory adaptive environments to enhance participation in healthcare for autistic children

PurposeMany autistic individuals experience sensory features that impact participation in healthcare. In this study, we aimed to identify the needs of autistic children during healthcare participation and, based on the findings, generate solutions to improve participation in healthcare.MethodsA design-thinking approach with qualitative methods was used. First, observation of the environment and journey mapping were completed as part of the empathy stage of design thinking. Next, six parents of autistic children completed semi-structured interviews. The interviews were transcribed, and thematic analysis was used to identify themes. Next, healthcare providers participated in a group session to discuss experiences caring for autistic children. These data were also analyzed using qualitative methods, and themes emerged. Finally, healthcare providers and five interior design and architecture professionals reviewed the themes from both groups and the best available literature. They participated in a brainstorming session where solutions were collaboratively generated.ResultsFour main themes emerged from the parent's interviews, and three themes emerged from the healthcare provider’s input. Several solutions were identified during the brainstorming session, including a prototype for a sensory adaptive environment, sensory adaptations during medical procedures, and training for providers on sensory features in autism.ConclusionThe design thinking method was appropriate to identify the problem and potential solutions to improve participation in healthcare for autistic children.

Pecipaw (Peci Angpaw): Adding a Wallet in Traditional Peci with Enhancement of Betawi Gigi Balang Ornament

This paper sets out the additional value of peci, a hat usually worn by Muslim males in Jakarta during the celebration of Eid al-Fitr, as a symbol of Indonesian cultural identity and modesty. It is common practice for individuals to store money (angpau) in the peci for easy access, however, there is a problem with the existing traditional peci design. Money will scatter when the peci falls off, thus, compromising user comfort and safety. The peci design was explored by introducing an additional wallet feature with a zipper that allows customization and versatility. Additionally, the use of Betawi traditional ornaments further enhances the peci value, making it suitable as an iconic souvenir from Jakarta. This research applied the design thinking approach of the Hasso Platner Institute (HPI) Stanford model with five steps comprised of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test as a problem-solving tool to provide a better understanding of the needs and perspectives of peci users. The results show that pecipaw innovation could cater to the added value of traditional peci products as an iconic souvenir of Jakarta. Further research will help to expand more explorative design and conduct user evaluation to establish objective measurements of the final prototype.
 Keywords: peci, gigi balang, betawi, ornament, wallet