Design Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Research Articles

Static Analysis and Design of Fixed-Wing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) Retractable Main Landing Gear

Bu çalışmada, insansız hava araçlarında iniş yüklerine dayanıklı ve maksimum hafifliğe sahip kompozit iniş takımı tasarlamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, iniş ve kalkış sırasında uçağın iniş takımlarının maruz kalacağı yüklerden yola çıkılarak iniş takımı tasarımı yapılmış ve üç boyutlu modelleme oluşturulmuştur. Tasarlanan katı model sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak sayısal analizler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin belirtilen konfigürasyonda uçak iniş takımları üzerindeki yükleri herhangi bir kırılma olmaksızın karşılayabildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda elde edilen bulgular grafiklerle desteklenmiştir.

Design and Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Directed Artillery Prototype for Defense Application

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) technology is one of the fastest growing technologies nowadays and is deployed in various fields. UAVs are used in many domains such as surveillance, precision agriculture, mapping and surveying, militaries etc. UAVs can move fast, it can enable the user to look past walls and fences, and it provides a large aerial view of the area where the drone flies. UAVs can also be used to harness information from dangerous places to prevent human casualties. These advantages of UAVs allow us to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in many fields. This paper proposes a prototype of an automatic artillery system that can get GPS coordinates of a target location based on the intelligence provided by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle which spots the location of the target easily. The artillery system can be used to eject a projectile and make it fall on the target position. This system has applications like riot control in urban cities. It can also be used by police or military personnel to take control over terrorist infested areas without manually entering into the region of terror. This UAV directed artillery system is a very viable, cost efficient and effective when compared to conventional methods to control riots and counter terrorists. This system enhances peace in cities and ensures safety and security of the people.

Improvement of UAV: design and implementation on launchability

PurposeThis study aims to a launchable design has been made to prevent wasted time in time-critical areas, and increase the efficiency of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In this way, a UAV can reach the mission height quickly.Design/methodology/approachA unique launchable UAV and launcher mechanism have been designed. The launchable UAV will be folded into the launcher mechanism and will automatically start flight after launch. The study includes mathematical calculations, 3D designs steps and produced UAV tests for the designed UAV. The launcher mechanism was designed in accordance with the tests for the UAV, and appropriate choices were made for the altitude and launch acceleration required by the UAV. According to the calculations, material selection and production were made.FindingsIn the tests, the climbing time was reduced by 1 s compared with the existing UAVs. With the launch, it enabled it to reach the altitude quickly and silently. In addition, because the launch energy was provided externally, it provided an advantage for the flight time.Practical implicationsA rotary-wing UAV with a launch mechanism and a fast launch was designed and prototyped. The maximum climb speed of the designed drone is 6.52 m/s. Frame arm length is 9.2 cm, propeller diameter is 15.24 cm and hover flight time is 7.2 m.Originality/valueThe UAV design can be launched. Design, calculation and experimental studies have been carried out for rapid take-off of the rotary wing UAV. The parts used in the UAV are originally produced. It is not a commercial product.

A Pilot-Based Integration Method of Ranging and LS Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems

In the design of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a commonly used communication technology. An efficient channel estimation and equalization algorithm is required to recover the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the signal in OFDM systems. At present, the more precise channel estimation method is based on the pilot. However, its spectrum utilization is relatively low. Therefore, this paper presents the design of a new pilot based on the LS channel estimation, which extends the role of the traditional pilot and improves the utilization of the spectrum. In addition to the channel estimation and equalization, the new pilot can also be utilized for ranging. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve both channel estimation and communication ranging functions by using the new pilot, and it outperforms the conventional method in channel estimation performance. The proposed method can complete ranging when the bit error rate (BER) is above 0 dB. Moreover, compared with the traditional channel estimation, it reduces the requirement for SNR by about 1 dB under the same BER.

무인항공기용 프로펠러 형상에 따른 추력특성 해석

A study on propllers for unmaned aerial vehicles is conducted using the open softwares. Since the shape of the propeller is closely related to the thurst characteristics of the propulsion system, adopting an appropriate propeller will significantly reflect stable aerodynamic performances. In this study, propellers for unmanned aerial vehicles were modeled by using OpenVSP and Propel for comparison, the thrust characteristics according to the number of blades and the diameter of the propeller were analyzed. In addition, the tendency of thrust characteristics according to various propeller pitch angles was confirmed. Based on the analysis results of this study, the applicability of the propeller shape to the design of the unmanned aerial vehicle was confirmed. It is shown that the analysis results of this study can be utilized when modeling the propeller shape in research such as a conceptual design of unmanned aerial vehicle. In this case, it should be noted that OpenVSP does not involve the viscous effect of air.

Gemini II: Design, Modeling, and Control of a Compact Yet Efficient Servoless Bi-copter

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are widely used in the field for tasks that require 3-D movements in space. The simultaneous demand for heavy payload capacity, long operating time, and size restriction poses a challenge to UAV design. To solve this conundrum, this article proposes a novel bi-copter with only two actuators. Unlike tandem rotor bi-copters that utilize two servomotors to achieve yaw and roll control, our novel design, the Gemini II bi-copter, controls attitude by using cyclic flapping response in hinges that connect the blades. This passive cyclic pitch-varying mechanism makes the UAV no longer depend on two heavy and expensive servo motors or swashplate to vector the thrust. This change of propulsion system not only makes the UAV mechanically simpler, more reliable, and cost-effective, but also enhances the UAV performance by mitigating the issues of backlash, nonlinearity, and nonminimum phase caused by servo motors. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the Gemini II, built entirely on off-the-shelf electronics, is the first servoless bi-copter that can precisely control its 3-D position and orientation with two actuators only. To demonstrate the flight performance and applications of the proposed novel UAV, we conduct path-following experiments along with manual poking and wind disturbances tests.

Quantitative analysis of the morphing wing mechanism of raptors: morphing kinematics of Falco peregrinus wing

Raptors are getting more attention from researchers because of their excellent flight abilities. And the excellent wing morphing ability is critical for raptors to achieve high maneuvering flight, which can be a good bionic inspiration for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) design. However, morphing wing motions of Falco peregrinus with multi postures cannot be consulted since such a motion database was nonexistent. This study aimed to provide data reference for future research in wing morphing kinetics. We used the computed tomography (CT) approach to obtain nine critical postures of the Falco peregrinus wing skeleton, followed with motion analysis of each joint and bone. Based on the obtained motion database, a six-bar kinematic model was proposed to regenerate wing motions with a high fidelity.

Design Configuration and Technical Application of Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Due to their advantages in hovering, takeoff and landing adaptability, maneuverability, and other factors, rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely applied across many different fields. The UAVs' design and configuration can be quite flexible to fit diverse operation conditions. The major goal of innovations in rotary-wing UAVs is to lower operating risk and expense by optimizing payload and structure layout. This study examines three aspects of rotary-wing UAV design and evolution: the number and arrangement of rotors, hybrid-wing-based UAVs, and configuration and loading structures. The most current advancements of UAV applications in crucial industries, including agriculture, fire rescue, inspection and monitoring, and aerial logistics, are then thoroughly examined. Finally, the authors discussed the prospective uses for rotary-wing UAV design in the future.

UAV-Mounted Cloudlet Systems for Emergency Response in Industrial Areas

The advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems, 5G networks and next-generation wireless systems, and embedded and distributed artificial intelligence are empowering Industry 4.0. In this new industrial era, smart autonomous and connected systems will improve efficiency, reduce cost and pollution, and increase productivity and safety in industrial 4.0 based applications. Nevertheless, the new generation technologies mentioned above have not been explored to improve safety in multiplant and industrial zones. In this article, we shed light on the design of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-assisted systems for emergence response in multiplant and industrial zones. We discuss the important contributions of UAV-mounted cloudlet systems to support SAR missions by providing computation, communication, and storage resources to first responders, surveillance of the affected area, real-time monitoring of SAR members and victims, and caching nodes to improve content delivery among SAR teams. Besides, we design an envisioned UAV-cloudlet reference system for emergency response in industrial areas. Moreover, we highlight the current challenges that are being addressed in the literature aimed at making possible the efficient use of the designed UAV-mounted cloudlet systems for emergency response. Finally, we point out some future research directions that require further investigation.

МЕТОД СТВОРЕННЯ НАВЧАЛЬНОГО БПЛА ЛІТАКОВОГО ТИПУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ 3D-ДРУКУ

he concept of specialized training unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of aircraft type for operators of unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed. Training opportunities in various areas of operator training are highlighted. A method of manufacturing an aircraft-type training UAV taking into account aerodynamic and weight characteristics has been developed. The developed method is based on the production of aircraft parts using a 3D printer, which is modified to meet the requirements of small aircraft type aircraft. This technique also includes the process of selecting the most advantageous combination of materials to create a small aircraft. Tables with initial data of existing UAVs are given.The flight characteristics, aerodynamic schemes and type of engine that are most rationally suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles in accordance with this class are proposed. Based on these data, a prototype model was built, the method of UAV design was adopted, taking into account the choice of parameters of the power plant. A demonstration example of the choice of the main parameters of the training taking into account the UAV under specific requirements is given. The obtained main technical characteristics of the UAV are presented. Based on the calculated data, a three-dimensional geometric model of the UAV was developed and a flight sample was made. A series of test flights of the flight model was conducted, tested under difficult weather conditions, when the wind force is about 12 m / s. The ways of using the described method of developing UAV training and research, as well as many other factors that affect 3D printing without detecting defects and problems are considered.

Computation Capacity Enhancement by Joint UAV and RIS Design in IoT

Mobile-edge computing (MEC) networks are facing limited coverage and harsh wireless transmission environments that severely hinder the computation capacity of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. To overcome these issues, this article proposes a novel MEC framework empowered by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay and a reconfigurable intelligence surface (RIS). To fully exploit the potentials in terms of computation enhancement brought by the joint UAV and RIS design, we formulate a max–min computation capacity problem via determining the uplink signal detection, active beamforming of UAV, passive beamforming of RIS, time slot partition, computation bits of UAV, and UAV’s trajectory. We develop a concave–convex procedure (CCCP)-based algorithm in an alternating optimization manner over three subproblems to solve the formulated problem. It finds that the CCCP-based algorithm is conducive to decouple the intractable expressions by converting them into new but tractable second-order cone (SOC) constrains. To evaluate the performance of the proposed CCCP-based algorithm, we later design a direct algorithm by exploiting the implicit convexity of the problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CCCP-based algorithm derives a comparable performance as the direct algorithm, and achieves about 2.57-Mb max-min computation capacity higher compared with the straight flight case, and 8.08-Mb max–min computation capacity higher compared with the case without RIS, which validate the superiority of the joint UAV and RIS design for computation enhancement.

Геометрическая модель группового преследования одиночной цели методом погони

The article describes the model of group pursuit of a single target by the chase method. All objects participating in the pursuit model move with a constant modulo speed. One of the participants in the process moves along a certain trajectory and releases objects at specified intervals, the task of which is to achieve the goal by the chase method. All objects have restrictions on the curvature of the motion path. A single target, in turn, is tasked with achieving the target that releases objects using the parallel approach method. For each pursuing object, a detection area is formed in the form of two beams. The object's velocity vector is directed along the bisector of the angle formed by such rays. If the target enters the detection area, then the object starts pursuit and the velocity vector is directed to the target. If the target leaves the detection area, then the object makes a uniform and rectilinear movement. The task is to implement a dynamic model of multiple group pursuit, where each object has its own tasks, implemented by the chase method. As an example, where the model developed in the article could be in demand, the following example can be given. Consider the movement of a low-maneuverable object that is overtaking a faster target. As a means of protection, instead of releasing passive heat traps, it is proposed to drop a variety of autonomously controlled weapons. An analysis of existing studies has shown that such means of protecting aircraft do not exist. The results of the research can be in demand in the design of unmanned aerial vehicles with elements of autonomous control and artificial intelligence.

Modern possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles by Police authorities and units: Analysis of foreign and Ukrainian experience

The relevance of the research subject is conditioned upon the scientific originality and practical significance of using modern capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles by police authorities and units. The relevance of the research issue is that the provisions of the current legislation defining the legal basis for using unmanned aerial vehicles by police authorities and units are mostly formally defined. Based on this, and considering that the law enforcement system has encountered new challenges which constantly require the introduction of the latest methods and means of countering crime, including using modern achievements of digital, technological, scientific and technical progress, the purpose of this research is to analyse the foreign experience of using unmanned aerial systems by law enforcement agencies, and based on this, to develop proposals for improving the current legislation in the part concerning using UAVs. The research methodology includes a combination of general scientific and special methods that allow for defining assumptions and drawing conclusions. The research examines the relevant issues of the day concerning using the technical capabilities of unmanned aerial systems in the course of performing the tasks assigned to police agencies and units. In particular, the author examines the international experience of some technologically advanced countries (the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, China and Israel) in using modern capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles by law enforcement agencies. Attention is devoted to the development of the aviation industry of Ukraine in terms of the design of Ukrainian unmanned aerial vehicles, and the prospects for their implementation in the activities of the National Police. The author outlines the main prospects for using unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of police agencies and units. In particular, those related to the protection of public order, road safety, detection, suppression and counteraction to criminal and administrative offences, and protection and defence of human rights and freedoms, life and health. The scientific originality and practical significance of the research are that it highlights the current possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles by police authorities and units, outlines some issues of a working nature which require resolution, and, based on international experience, identifies the areas for improvement of the current legislation on using unmanned aerial vehicles by the National Police

Minimal Surfaces as an Innovative Solution for the Design of an Additive Manufactured Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

This paper aims to describe the methodology used in the design and manufacture of a fixed-wing aircraft manufactured using additive techniques together with the implementation of technology based on solar panels. The main objective is increasing the autonomy and range of the UAV’s autonomous missions. Moreover, one of the main targets is to improve the capabilities of the aeronautical industry towards sustainable aircrafts and to acquire better mechanical properties owing to the use of additive technologies and new printing materials. Further, a lower environmental impact could be achieved through the use of renewable energies. Material extrusion (MEX) technology may be able to be used for the manufacture of stronger and lighter parts by using gyroids as the filling of the printed material. The paper proposes the use of minimal surfaces for the reinforcement of the UAV aircraft wings. This type of surface was never used because it is not possible to manufacture it using conventional techniques. The rapid growth of additive technologies led to many expectations for new design methodologies in the aeronautical industry. In this study, mechanical tests were carried out on specimens manufactured with different geometries to address the design and manufacture of a UAV as a demonstrator. In addition, to carry out the manufacture of the prototype, a 3D printer with a movable bench similar to a belt, that allows for the manufacture of parts without limitations in the Z axis, was tested. The parts manufactured with this technique can be structurally improved, and it is possible to avoid manufacturing multiple prints of small parts of the aircraft that will have to be glued later, decreasing the mechanical properties of the UAV. The conceptual design and manufacturing of a solar aircraft, SolarÍO, using additive technologies, is presented. A study of the most innovative 3D printers was carried out that allowed for the manufacture of parts with an infinite Z-axis and, in addition, a filler based on minimal surfaces (gyroids) was applied, which considerably increased the mechanical properties of the printed parts. Finally, it can be stated that in this article, the potential of the additive manufacturing as a new manufacturing process for small aircrafts and for the aeronautical sector in the future when new materials and more efficient additive manufacturing processes are already developed is demonstrated.

Design and Trajectory Tracking Control of a New Bi-Copter UAV

A pair of vectored thrusts brings versatility and power efficiency to bi-copter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). One common difficulty confronted by state-of-the-art bi-copter UAVs is the non-minimum phase nature, which puts fundamental limitations in the system and challenges the control. This letter introduces a new minimum phase bi-copter UAV that outperforms the conventional bi-copter UAV on attitude control with faster angular response and halved settling time. The comparison is made based on the optimal performance found by a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based attitude controller on SO(3). The differential flatness property of generic bi-copter UAVs considering servo dynamics is analyzed. Flatness-based trajectory generation and tracking control of the new bi-copter UAV are described in detail together with flight experiments demonstrating the performance of the bi-copter flying through a drone race gate following a four-dimensional trajectory.

Asymmetrical Damage Aspects Based Investigations on the Disc Brake of Long-Range UAVs through Verified Computational Coupled Approaches

In recent years, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased significantly. Asymmetrical factors, or frictional studies on the disc brake of UAVs, are one of the safety considerations taken into consideration during the design process because UAVs and their components have been built with the best safety in mind. This study focuses on choosing the optimal material for a UAV’s disc brake by using transient structural and thermal models. In order to compare the asymmetry-based frictional force produced by the two ways; the processes used in the transient simulation are validated using pin-on-disc (POD) testing. The foundation for this validation investigation is a metal matrix composite made of an aluminum alloy, and the basis tool is an ASTM G99-based computational test specimen. Steel-EN24 and carbon ceramic matrix composites testing are expanded using the same POD tests. A range of 3 percent to 8 percent error rates is found. As a result, the calculation techniques are applied to the UAV’s disc brake after they have proven to be trustworthy. This fixed-wing UAV’s extensions have a 5 kg payload capacity. The weight, avionics components, tire dimensions, and disc brake dimensions of the other UAV design parts are calculated using analytical formulas. The final designs are made using CATIA as a result. The grid convergence experiment is organized using a traditional finite element analysis tool. Finally, at its maximum rotational speed, a UAV’s disc brake is put through asymmetrical friction testing based on structural and thermal consequences. The correct materials for critical applications, such as carbon fiber-woven-wet-based reinforced polymer and Kevlar unidirectional-49-based reinforced polymer composites for changing rotating speeds, have now been made possible by fixed-wing UAVs.

Design and Implementation of UAVs for Bird’s Nest Inspection on Transmission Lines Based on Deep Learning

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been increasingly used in power line inspections. Birds often nest on transmission line towers, which threatens safe power line operation. The existing research on bird’s nest inspection using UAVs mainly stays at the level of image postprocessing detection, which has poor real-time performance and cannot obtain timely bird’s nest detection results. Considering the above shortcomings, we designed a power inspection UAV system based on deep learning technology for autonomous flight, positioning and photography, real-time bird nest detection, and result export. In this research, 2000 bird’s nest images in the actual power inspection environment were shot and collected to create the dataset. The parameter optimization and test comparison for bird’s nest detection are based on the three target detection models of YOLOv3, YOLOv5-s, and YOLOX-s. A YOLOv5-s bird’s nest detection model optimized for bird’s nest real-time detection is proposed, and it is deployed to the onboard computer for real-time detection and verification during flight. The DJI M300 RTK UAV was used to conduct a test flight in a natural power inspection environment. The test results show that the mAP of the UAV system designed in this paper for bird’s nest detection is 92.1%, and the real-time detection frame rate is 33.9 FPS. Compared with the previous research results, this paper proposes a new practice of using drones for bird’s nest detection, dramatically improving the real-time accuracy of bird’s nest detection. The UAV system can efficiently complete the task of bird’s nest detection in the process of electric power inspection, which can significantly reduce manpower consumption in the power inspection process.

Trajectory Design for Multi-UAV-Aided Wireless Power Transfer toward Future Wireless Systems.

In this paper, we investigate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted wireless power transfer (WPT) system, in which a set of UAV-mounted mobile energy transmitters (ETs) are dispatched to broadcast wireless energy to an energy receiver (ER) on the ground. In particular, we aim to maximize the amount of energy transferred to the ER during a finite UAV’s flight period, subject to the UAV’s maximum speed and collision avoidance constraints. First, the basic one/two-UAV scenarios are researched in detail, which show that UAVs should hover at fixed locations during the whole charging period. Specifically, the Lagrange multiplier method is employed to solve the proposed optimization problem for the case of two UAV situation. Specifically, the general conclusions based on the theoretical analysis of one/two-UAV scenarios are drawn contribute to deducing the trajectory design of UAVs when the number of UAVs increases from three to seven. The obtained trajectory solution implies that UAVs should be evenly distributed on the circumference with point (0,0,H) as the center and UAVs’ safe distance as the radius. Finally, numerical results are provided to validate the trajectory design algorithm for the multiple UAVs-enabled single-user WPT system.

Multifidelity Simulation Research on the Low Reynolds Number Effect on the Engine Performance at Different Altitudes

Abstract With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles, the effect of the low Reynolds number on gas turbine performance and high-altitude endurance has received extensive attention. However, the existing three-dimensional component modeling cannot meet the design requirements of the whole engine level, and the accuracy and physical principles of the existing engine empirical correction cannot be guaranteed. Through the study of a single-shaft turbojet engine, this paper adopts a versatile and accurate coupling method, which combines the volume method and the full coupling method and conducts multifidelity simulation research on the zero-dimensional engine model and the three-dimensional component model. Then, based on the high-altitude test data, under typical operating conditions, compared with the existing empirical correction method in gasturb, the accuracy of the engine inlet flow, fuel flow, thrust, and exhaust gas temperature predicted by the volume-based fully coupled method is improved by 6.2%, 7.9%, 4.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. Next, as the flight altitude rises from 0 km to 21 km, the Reynolds number reduces, the working lines approach the surge lines, and the maximum mass flow rate and the efficiency of the engine components gradually decrease. In addition, in the flow field of the components, the thickness of the boundary layer increases, the shock wave intensity decreases, and the position moves forward. The core innovation of this article is that it provides a creative multifidelity evaluation method for gas turbines to effectively solve the problems of insufficient accuracy of the existing empirical correction methods and the inability of the component design to meet the gas turbine requirements in the study of the low Reynolds number effect at different altitudes, which significantly strengthens the connection among the component internal flow field information extraction, the component characteristics analysis, and the gas turbine performance matching. Moreover, it is conducive to the scientific design of the advanced unmanned aerial vehicles' power.

Optimal and Fully Connected Deep Neural Networks Based Classification Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is treated as an effective technique for gathering high resolution aerial images. The UAV based aerial image collection is highly preferred due to its inexpensive and effective nature. However, automatic classification of aerial images poses a major challenging issue in the design of UAV, which could be handled by the deep learning (DL) models. This study designs a novel UAV assisted DL based image classification model (UAVDL-ICM) for Industry 4.0 environment. The proposed UAVDL-ICM technique involves an ensemble of voting based three DL models, namely Residual network (ResNet), Inception with ResNetv2, and Densely Connected Networks (DenseNet). Also, the hyperparameter tuning of these DL models takes place using a genetic programming (GP) approach. Finally, Oppositional Water Wave Optimization (OWWO) with Fully Connected Deep Neural networks (FCDNN) is employed for the classification of aerial images. A wide range of simulations takes place and the results are examined in terms of different parameters. A detailed comparative study highlighted the betterment of the UAVDL-ICM technique compared to other recent approaches.