Design Of Patch Research Articles

Computer-aided design and optimization of estradiol valerate nanoemulsion-loaded core-shell microneedle patches for controlled release transdermal drug delivery

Estradiol valerate (E2V) is a hormone utilized for estrogen replacement therapy. Nonetheless, its application in pharmaceutical formulations has been limited due to its poor solubility in water and suboptimal efficacy for transdermal drug delivery. Hence, the combination of nanoemulsions (NEs) with core-shell dissolving microneedles (CS-dMNs), which encase the drug, represents a promising approach to enhance transdermal drug delivery while ensuring controlled release. This study aimed to develop E2V-NE-loaded CS-dMNs for achieving controlled transdermal release of E2V. The E2V-NEs were formulated and evaluated for parameters including droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Subsequently, these E2V-NEs were integrated into the core of CS-dMNs. The physical and mechanical properties of E2V-NE-loaded CS-dMNs were evaluated, along with parameters such as detachment time, drug content, in vitro and in vivo skin permeation, and safety. The results indicated that E2V-NE-loaded CS-dMNs exhibited favorable physical and mechanical characteristics, enabling easy self-administration with patch detachment after 30 min, while ensuring controlled drug release from the core of dMNs. The E2V content in CS-dMNs was determined to be 0.76 ± 0.15 mg/patch. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo skin permeation studies demonstrated a synergistic effect between NEs and MNs, achieving therapeutic drug levels sustained over a week (368.54 ± 67.93 μg/mL in in vitro and 697.45 ± 270.10 pg/mL in in vivo), with no indications of infection and complete skin healing observed within 8 h. Consequently, E2V-NE-loaded CS-dMNs present a promising alternative for achieving sustained and controlled hormone levels conveniently.

Optimal Prediction for Patch Design Using YUKI-RANDOM-FOREST in a Cracked Pipeline Repaired with CFRP

Optimal Prediction for Patch Design Using YUKI-RANDOM-FOREST in a Cracked Pipeline Repaired with CFRP

Design and application research of portable reversible thermochromic patches in grid power supply systems

This study aims to develop a novel portable reversible thermochromic patch and evaluate its potential applications in temperature monitoring and indication. The film is based on the concept of electronic charge transfer thermochromic coatings, enabling accurate detection of high temperatures. Experimental results demonstrate that when the temperature of the monitored device’s circuit reaches 70 °C or above, the color of the film changes from deep blue to colorless, indicating potential overheating in the power grid. Using salt spray corrosion testing and cycle performance testing, we validate the film’s excellent corrosion resistance in harsh natural environments and its provision of reliable color indication. The film possesses portability and ease of attachment to various electrical devices and circuits requiring temperature sensing. By connecting the color information of the film to a computer system, we can achieve digital temperature monitoring, providing potential applications in future smart grid development.

Three-Dimensional-Printed GelMA-KerMA Composite Patches as an Innovative Platform for Potential Tissue Engineering of Tympanic Membrane Perforations.

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, primarily induced by middle ear infections, the introduction of foreign objects into the ear, and acoustic trauma, lead to hearing abnormalities and ear infections. We describe the design and fabrication of a novel composite patch containing photocrosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and keratin methacryloyl (KerMA) hydrogels. GelMA-KerMA patches containing conical microneedles in their design were developed using the digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing approach. Following this, the patches were biofunctionalized by applying a coaxial coating with PVA nanoparticles loaded with gentamicin (GEN) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) with the Electrohydrodynamic Atomization (EHDA) method. The developed nanoparticle-coated 3D-printed patches were evaluated in terms of their chemical, morphological, mechanical, swelling, and degradation behavior. In addition, the GEN and FGF-2 release profiles, antimicrobial properties, and biocompatibility of the patches were examined in vitro. The morphological assessment verified the successful fabrication and nanoparticle coating of the 3D-printed GelMA-KerMA patches. The outcomes of antibacterial tests demonstrated that GEN@PVA/GelMA-KerMA patches exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, cell culture studies revealed that GelMA-KerMA patches were biocompatible with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC) and supported cell attachment and proliferation without any cytotoxicity. These findings indicated that biofunctional 3D-printed GelMA-KerMA patches have the potential to be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing TM perforations.

Dough-Kneading-Inspired Design of an Adhesive Cardiac Patch to Attenuate Cardiac Fibrosis and Improve Cardiac Function via Regulating Glycometabolism.

Recently, hydrogel adhesive patches have been explored for treating myocardial infarction. However, achieving secure adhesion onto the wet beating heart and local regulation of pathological microenvironment remains challenging. Herein, a dough-kneading-inspired design of hydrogel adhesive cardiac patch is reported, aiming to improve the strength of prevalent powder-formed patch and retain wet adhesion. In mimicking the polysaccharide and protein components of natural flour, methacrylated polyglutamic acid (PGAMA) is electrostatically interacted with hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) to form PGAMA/HPCS coacervate hydrogel. The PGAMA/HPCS hydrogel is freeze-dried and ground into powders, which are further rehydrated with two aqueous solutions of functional drug, 3-acrylamido phenylboronic acid (APBA)/rutin (Rt) complexes for protecting the myocardium from advanced glycation end product (AGEs) injury by reactive oxygen species (ROS) -responsive Rt release, and hypoxanthine-loaded methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) nanogels for enhancing macrophage targeting ability to regulate glycometabolism for combating inflammation. The rehydrated powders bearing APBA/Rt complexes and HAMA-hypoxanthine nanogels are repeatedly kneaded into a dough-like gel, which is further subjected to thermal-initiated crosslinking to form a stabilized and sticky patch. This biofunctional patch is applied onto the rats' infarcted myocardium, and the outcomes at 28 days post-surgery indicate efficient restoration of cardiac functions and attenuation of cardiac fibrosis.

Combined hydroxyphenyl-modified adhesive with the ion-pair strategy for long-lasting delivery of clonidine in single-layer matrix-type patch

Existing long-acting patches usually use controlled-release membranes to achieve constant rate delivery of the drug, which is complex and costly to prepare due to the 5-layer structure, so there is a necessity to develop a method to simplify the patch design and to control constant rate drug delivery. This study prepared a 7-day long-acting clonidine (CLO) patch using the ion-pair strategy based on hydroxyphenyl-modified pressure-sensitive adhesive (HP-PSA) and clarified the molecular mechanism of controlled delivery. Single factorial and central composite design (CCD) experiments were used to optimize the patch formulation, which was evaluated by a pharmacokinetic study. The controlled drug delivery mechanism was investigated by FTIR, 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), molecular modeling, and rheology study. The optimized patch was formulated with 4.80% (w/w) CLO-AA (azelaic acid) as API and HP-PSA as PSA matrix and 95.00 μm thickness. The single-layer patch not only simplifies the preparation process but also has a zero-level skin penetration profile (r = 0.9592) in vitro. Compared with the commercial patch (AUC0-t = 7748.51 ± 662.76 h ng/ml, MRT0-t = 71.04 ± 9.30h), the pharmacokinetic behavior of the optimization group was semblable (AUC0-t = 8160.28 ± 694.04 h ng/ml, MRT0-t = 63.19 ± 12.38h). Mechanistic studies showed that ion-pair improved drug interaction with HP-PSA, leading to controlled drug release. Changes in drug physicochemical properties decreased skin permeability and increased drug-skin interaction, resulting in a constant delivery rate. In conclusion, the 7-day long-acting drug delivery of the CLO patch was achieved by the ion-pair strategy, which simplified the preparation process, and inspired a long-acting transdermal drug delivery system.

How Does Customized Cutting Guide Design Affect Accuracy and Ergonomics in Pelvic Tumor Resection? A Study in Cadavers.

Customized cutting guides are technical aids that make primary pelvic bone tumor resection safer and more reliable. Although the effectiveness of such devices appears to be widely accepted, their conception and design remain varied. Two main designs have been reported: the heavier block-type customized cutting guides and the lighter patch-type customized cutting guides. As recent tools, there must be more evidence regarding the impact of design on their accuracy and ergonomics. Thus, an evaluation of their respective performances appears warranted. In a cadaver model, we assessed whether (1) a thinner, patch-type customized cutting guide design results in resections that are closer to the planned resections than the heavier block-type customized cutting guides, and (2) the patch-type customized cutting guide design is more ergonomic than the block-type customized cutting guide with improved usability in surgery (in terms of bulkiness, ease of placement, primary and secondary stability, and stability during cutting). We conducted an experimental study involving five fresh whole-body anatomic specimens (three women and two men with a median age of 79 years and median weight of 66 kg) by simulating six virtual tumors in three areas according to the Enneking classification (Zones I: iliac wing, II: periacetabular area, and I and IV: sacroiliac joint area). We compared the impact of the customized cutting guide's design on performance in terms of the resection margin accuracy using CT scan analysis (deviation from the planned margin at the closest point and the maximum deviation from the planned margin) and the intraoperative ergonomic score under conditions simulating those of an oncologic resection of a bone tumor (with a range of 0 to 100, with 100 being best). The patch customized cutting guides performed slightly better than the block customized cutting guides regarding deviation from the planned margin at the closest point, with median values of 1 mm versus 2 mm (difference of medians 1 mm; p = 0.02) and maximum deviation from the planned margin of 3 versus 4 mm (difference of medians 1 mm; p = 0.002). In addition, the patch design was perceived to be slightly more ergonomic than the block design, with a 92% median score versus 84% for the block design (difference of medians 8%; p = 0.03). We observed an equivalence in performance regarding accuracy and ergonomics, with slight advantages for patch customized cutting guides, especially in complex zones (Zone I and IV). Owing to a small cohort in a cadaver study, these results need independent replication. The patch-type customized cutting guide with thinner contact spots to the bone in specific areas and less soft tissue dissection might offer an advantage over a larger block design for achieving negative oncologic bony margins, but it does not address issues of soft tissue margins.

Design, Formulation, and Evaluation of Lisinopril Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches by Using the Combination of Natural Polymers

The main objective of present investigation to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive buccal patches of Lisinopril using solvent casting method. Sodiumalginate combined with Sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose, HPMC, and Carbopol934 in different proportions were used as a mucoadhesive polymer and Propyleneglycol used as a plasticizer as well as penetration enhancers. The formulated Buccal patches of Lisinopril were evaluated on the basis of Thickness, Weight uniformity, folding endurance, swelling Studies, Surface pH Determination, Percentage Moisture loss, Drug content Uniformity, Ex-Vivo Mucoadhesive strength, In Vitro Drug Release, Ex- vivo permeation study. By compatibility study there is no chemical interaction between drug and excipients used. All prepared buccal patches were transparent, smooth, consistent and flexible. The surface pH of all formulations was found to be almost in neutral pH and no mucosal irritation was expected. Among all the formulations, F6 showed maximum swelling index as 25.01%. The optimized formulation F6 also showed satisfactory, Mucoadhesive strength (5.1kg/cm2), drug content (98.75), and Ex-Vivo permeation (82.03%). In-Vitro drug release of optimised formulation (F6) was found to be 75.12 at the end of 8 hrs. Drug release mechanism was determined by plotting release data to Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. All the formulations are best fitted to Korsmeyer-Peppas model and according to this model the drug releases from theses patches may be controlled by diffusion with super case-II transport.

Application of Surface Wettability to Control Spreading of an Impacting Droplet.

While the simplest outcome of a normal impact on a flat stationary solid surface is radially symmetric spreading, it is important to note that asymmetric spreading can intrinsically occur with a tangential velocity along the surface. However, no previous attempt has been made to restore the symmetry of a lamella that intrinsically spreads asymmetrically. Adjusting the lamella's asymmetric shape to a symmetric one is achieved in this work by varying wettability to affect the receding velocity of the contact line, according to the Taylor-Culick theory. Here we theoretically and practically show how restoring the symmetry can be achieved. Theoretically we built a framework to map the needed receding velocity at every given point of the contact line to allow for symmetry to be restored, and then this framework was applied to generate a wetting map that shows how at each local the wettability of the surface needs to be defined. Simulated results confirmed the effectiveness of our framework and identified the envelope of its applicability. Next, to apply the idea experimentally, the wetting map was transformed to a single wettability contrast area dubbed the "patch". Experimental results showed the effectiveness of the patch design in correcting the asymmetric spreading lamella for water droplets impacting a surface for the following Weber number conditions: Wen ≤ 300, Wet ≤ 300, and 0.51 ≤ Wen/Wet ≤ 2.04.

Accelerated cascade melanoma therapy using enzyme-nanozyme-integrated dissolvable polymeric microneedles

Dissolvable polymeric microneedles (DPMNs) have emerged as a powerful technology for the localized treatment of diseases, such as melanoma. Herein, we fabricated a DPMN patch containing a potent enzyme-nanozyme composite that transforms the upregulated glucose consumption of cancerous cells into lethal reactive oxygen species via a cascade reaction accelerated by endogenous chloride ions and external near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. This was accomplished by combining glucose oxidase (Gox) with a NIR-responsive chloroperoxidase-like copper sulfide (CuS) nanozyme. In contrast with subcutaneous injection, the microneedle system highly localizes the treatment, enhancing nanomedicine uptake by the tumor and reducing its systemic exposure to the kidneys and spleen. NIR irradiation further controls the potency and toxicity of the formulation by thermally disabling Gox. In a mouse melanoma model, this unique combination of photothermal, starvation, and chemodynamic therapies resulted in complete tumor eradication (99.2 ± 0.8 % reduction in tumor volume within 10 d) without producing signs of systemic toxicity. By comparison, other treatment combinations only resulted in a 42–76.5 % reduction in tumor growth. The microneedle patch design is therefore not only highly potent but also with regulated toxicity and improved safety.

Artificial Octopus-Limb-Like Adhesive Patches for Cupping-Driven Transdermal Delivery with Nanoscale Control of Stratum Corneum.

Drug delivery through complex skin is currently being studied using various innovative structural and material strategies due to the low delivery efficiency of the multilayered stratum corneum as a barrier function. Existing microneedle-based or electrical stimulation methods have made considerable advances, but they still have technical limitations to reduce skin discomfort and increase user convenience. This work introduces the design, operation mechanism, and performance of noninvasive transdermal patch with dual-layered suction chamber cluster (d-SCC) mimicking octopus-limb capable of wet adhesion with enhanced adhesion hysteresis and physical stimulation. The d-SCC facilitates cupping-driven drug delivery through the skin with only finger pressure. Our device enables nanoscale deformation control of stratum corneum of the engaged skin, allowing for efficient transport of diverse drugs through the stratum corneum without causing skin discomfort. Compared without the cupping effect of d-SCC, applying negative pressure to the porcine, human cadaver, and artificial skin for 30 min significantly improved the penetration depth of liquid-formulated subnanoscale medicines up to 44, 56, and 139%. After removing the cups, an additional acceleration in delivery to the skin was observed. The feasibility of d-SCC was demonstrated in an atopic dermatitis-induced model with thickened stratum corneum, contributing to the normalization of immune response.

Design and development of high-dose bioactive oil-loaded transdermal patch with the aid of natural waste as an adsorbent- optimization with SeDeM-SLA tool

PurposeRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects joints significantly. Its prevalence varies globally, with more impact on females than males. Presently it is treated using NSAIDs which unfortunately show significant adverse effects on the liver and renal system after long-term use. Conventional topical use of bioactive oils like ginseng oil is one of the best natural options to treat RA, but poor retention time has limited its usefulness. By considering the involvement of ginseng oil in managing RA and the associated limitations, the proposed study investigated the impact of the transdermal patch prepared by ginseng oil loaded-natural biocompatible adsorbent in treating RA. MethodAt early stage of research, the flow property of ginseng oil-loaded adsorbent was optimized by using advanced technology, viz. Brookfield powder flow tester and SeDeM model. In the lateral stage, the transdermal patches of oil-loaded adsorbent were prepared by variable concentrations of HPMC and PEG using the solvent casting method. Prepared patches were evaluated for various parameters. ResultOptimized patch showed average thickness, average weight, folding endurance, tensile strength, and moisture content as 0.38 ± 0.10 mm, 0.215 ± 0.41 gm/ 2 sq. inch, 145 ± 0.20, 3.370 ± 0.16 MPA/mm and 3.770 ± 0.81 %, respectively, along with satisfactory skin adherence property. In vitro diffusion study showed increased ginseng oil release from the prepared patch at a specific interval of up to 10 h, and then release diminished. ConclusionAnti-inflammatory test and measurement of cytokines levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) on male Wistar rats showed a significant reduction in paw edema and notable control on the cytokines level compared to a conventional approach.

The utilization of chitosan/Bletilla striata hydrogels to elevate anti-adhesion, anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenesis properties of polypropylene mesh in abdominal wall repair.

Polypropylene (PP) mesh is commonly used in abdominal wall repair due to its ability to reduce the risk of organ damage, infections and other complications. However, the PP mesh often leads to adhesion formation and does not promote functional tissue repair. In this study, we synthesized one kind of aldehyde Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSPA) modified chitosan (CS) hydrogel based on Schiff base reaction. The hydrogel exhibited a porous network structure, a highly hydrophilic surface and good biocompatibility. We wrapped the PP mesh inside the hydrogel and evaluated the performance of the resulting composites in a bilateral 1 × 1.5 cm abdominal wall defect model in rats. The results of gross observation, histological staining and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the positive impact of the CS hydrogel on anti-adhesion and wound healing effects. Notably, the addition of BSPA to the CS hydrogel further improved the performance of the composites in vivo, promoting wound healing by enhancing collagen deposition and capillary rearrangement. This study suggested that the BSPA-modified CS hydrogel significantly promoted the anti-adhesion, anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenesis properties of PP meshes during the healing process. Overall, this work offers a novel approach to the design of abdominal wall repair patches.

Synergistic color-changing and conductive photonic cellulose nanocrystal patches for sweat sensing with biodegradability and biocompatibility.

Given the ongoing requirements for versatility, sustainability, and biocompatibility in wearable applications, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) photonic materials emerge as excellent candidates for multi-responsive wearable devices due to their tunable structural color, strong electron-donating capacity, and renewable nature. Nonetheless, most CNC-derived materials struggle to incorporate color-changing and electrical sensing into one system since the self-assembly of CNCs is incompatible with conventional conductive mediums. Here we report the design of a conductive photonic patch through constructing a CNC/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel modulated by phytic acid (PA). The introduction of PA significantly enhances the hydrogen bonding interaction, resulting in the composite film with impressive flexibility (1.4 MJ m-3) and progressive color changes from blue, green, yellow, to ultimately red upon sweat wetting. Interestingly, this system simultaneously demonstrates selective and sensitive electrical sensing functions, as well as satisfactory biocompatibility, biodegradability, and breathability. Importantly, a proof-of-concept demonstration of a skin-adhesive patch is presented, where the optical and electrical dual-signal sweat sensing allows for intuitive visual and multimode electric localization of sweat accumulation during physical exercises. This innovative interactive strategy for monitoring human metabolites could offer a fresh perspective into the design of wearable health-sensing devices, while greatly expanding the applications of CNC-based photonic materials in medicine-related fields.

Janus adhesive microneedle patch loaded with exosomes for intrauterine adhesion treatment.

Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) are common sequelae of cervical mucosa damage caused by uterine curettage. Establishing an anti-adhesion barrier between the damaged endometrium with a sustained-release drug capability and hence promoting endogenous regeneration of the endometrium is an available treatment for IUA. However, current therapy lacks long-term intracavitary residence, drug-delivery permeability, and tissue anti-adhesion to the endometrium. Here, we report the design of a Janus microneedle patch consisting of two layers: an adhesive inner layer with an exosomes-loaded microneedle, which endows the patch with a tissue adhesive capability as well as transdermal drug-delivery capability; and an anti-adhesion outer layer, which prevents the intrauterine membrane from postoperative adhesion. This Janus adhesive microneedle patch firmly adhered to uterine tissue, and sustainedly released ∼80% of the total loaded exosomes in 7 days, hence promoting the expression of vascular- and endothelial-related cell signals. Furthermore, the anti-adhesive layer of the microneedle patch exhibited low cell and protein adhesion performance. In rats, the microneedle patch successfully prevented uterine adhesions, improved endometrial angiogenesis, proliferation, and hormone response levels. This study provides a stable anti-adhesion barrier as well as efficient drug-release capability treatment for intrauterine adhesion treatment.

Design and simulation of phased array antenna 5G applications

Modern mobile communication faces challenges due to the limited frequency spectrum, driving the need for antennas that are simple, low-profile, and robust. Microstrip patch antennas and arrays are ideal choices due to their size, cost, and performance advantages. Polarization is crucial, especially in mobile and space communications, where antenna misalignment requires constant reorientation. Rectangular microstrip patch antennas can help mitigate signal loss and multipath effects in such scenarios. Phased array subsystems are becoming essential in next-generation mobile communication for their ability to electronically steer antenna beams without physical movement. Previous methods for rectangular microstrip patch radiation using orthogonal modes with a 90° time-phase difference resulted in poor axial ratio, gain, and return loss. These methods also used complex dual-feed excitation with an external 90° power divider and external phase shifters for beam steering. This paper proposes a simpler approach using a corner trimming technique for radiation and progressive phase excitations at source ports for phased arrays. The design and optimization for 26 GHz operation are achieved using simulation-based modeling software, ANSYS HFSS, on substrates like FR4 epoxy and Rogers RT or Duroid 5880. This paper includes the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip patches and 1x2 and 1x4 linear phased arrays to operate at 26 Ghz.

Symmetrical L-slots Reconfigurable Triple band Antenna for Mutiband Applications

This paper introduces a novel compact reconfigurable antenna that utilizes monopole technology and tunable frequencies through switch control. The antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and features a unique patch design with two L-shaped slots and integrated switches. This inventive design enables remarkable reconfigurability, allowing the antenna to operate within the frequency ranges of [3.8-3.93 GHz], [5.05-5.3 GHz], and [7-7.5 GHz]. These frequency ranges are strategically chosen to align with specific application requirements. The antenna also boasts an almost omnidirectional radiation pattern. The experimental outcomes highlight the efficacy of the proposed antenna, which occupies a compact footprint of 34x35.4 mm², making it particularly well-suited for applications requiring multiband functionality.
 Keywords: CPW-fed, multiband antenna, reconfigurable.

Highly Independent 5G Multiband Antenna using Circular Patch Structure

5G mobile communication technology has attracted much attention in the past three years. However, the development of antennas that can cover three types of 5G bands at once has not been studied. This paper proposes an antenna covering the three frequency bands of 2.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 26 GHz for 5G communication. The proposed antenna uses a microstrip patch design with 50-ohm inset feeding. FDTD mathematical analysis through simulation has been carried out and confirmed that the proposed antenna meets the required specifications in 5G technology. The simulation result shows that the proposed antenna has a good reflection coefficient in the target frequencies of -22.6 dB, -28.26 dB, and -22.48 dB, respectively.

Tailored release of fluorescence quenched drug from the electrospun nanofiber mat for the treatment of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF)

The aim of the presented work involves the preparation and characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun nanofibers mats (ESNF) loaded with the drug losartan potassium (LP) as a potential localized treatment strategy for treating OSMF.ESNF mats were fabricated using PCL as the biodegradable polymer matrix within which the drug of choice – LP and super disintegrant (SD) – PVP were mixed. The formed ESNF mats were subjected to thorough physico-chemical characterization.The electrospinning technique resulted in the fabrication of controlled diameter PCL nanofibers with no beading and uniform thickness. The presence of LP or PVP was dispersed uniformly within the polymer matrix and did not result in clump formation. The average diameter of blank PCL was 170 nm and that of LP and PVP loaded was 610 nm.The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were calculated based on theoretical loading and quantification of the drug after destroying the mats and were found to be 89–92 %. The ex-vivo release profile of LP from PCL ESNF was designed to be tailored to release the drug in a few hours to a few days by the addition of super disintegrants in the polymer matrix. The addition of PVP was able to tune the release of LP from the PCL ESNF mat from 6 days to 17 days when compared to 21 days for samples without PVP. This was further studied using DOE® software that used mathematical software techniques to give the optimized formulation of the LP and PVP-loaded PCL ESNF mat. This optimized formulation was then incorporated in a buccal patch to design an effective system for localized drug delivery application. The optimized buccal patch design was later validated through a mucoadhesive strength study using pig mucosa. The mucoadhesive strength of the buccal patch in pig mucosa showed a force of detachment of 153.30 N/m2 and a force of adhesion of 0.27 N.Hence, a novel PCL-ESNF mat containing LP along with PVP was designed with a tailorable release profile as a possible localized therapeutic platform to alter the overproduction of collagen to provide a cure for OSMF.

O-Shape Fractal Antenna Optimized Design with Broad Bandwidth and High Gain for 6G Mobile Communication Devices

Optimization of antenna parameters is important for achieving the best design that has higher results for gain and bandwidth while also having a smaller size. One such antenna design is numerically investigated and presented in this research. The antenna is optimized to an O-shape fractal design from a square patch design. The antenna is created by etching a slot of a square patch and making an O-shape fractal metamaterial patch antenna that operates on the THz band. The THz patch antenna is also investigated for its metamaterial properties. The optimization of the THz patch antenna is carried out for substrate height, slot length, and slot width. The optimized design has a size of 65 × 65 µm2. The highest bandwidth of 31.4 THz (138%) and the highest gain of 11.1 dBi is achieved. The optimized design is then investigated for multiple elements. The two-element MIMO antenna design using an O-shape patch is investigated to observe its performance and compare it with an O-shape single-element design. The two-element MIMO antenna design gives two bands with a bandwidth of 18 THz (113%) and 21 THz (56%). The gain of this design is 5.18 dBi and the size is 130 × 65 µm2. A comparison between the O-shape single-element fractal design, two-element fractal MIMO design, and other published designs is carried out. The compact, broadband, and high gain design presented can be used for 6G high-speed mobile communication devices.