Succinic Acid Derivatives Research Articles

How the Aliphatic Glycol Chain Length Determines the Pseudoeutectic Composition in Biodegradable Isodimorphic poly(alkylene succinate-ran-caprolactone) Random Copolyesters.

We synthesize four series of novel biodegradable poly(alkylene succinate-ran-caprolactone) random copolyesters using a two-step ring-opening/transesterification and polycondensation process with ε-caprolactone (PCL) as a common comonomer. The second comonomers are succinic acid derivatives, with variations in the number of methylene groups (nCH2) in the glycol segment, nCH2 = 2, 4, 8, and 12. The obtained copolyesters were poly(ethylene succinate-ran-PCL) (ESxCLy), poly(butylene succinate-ran-PCL) (BSxCLy), poly(octamethylene succinate-ran-PCL) (OSxCLy), and poly(dodecylene succinate-ran-PCL) (DSxCLy). We discovered a new mixed isodimorphic/comonomer exclusion crystallization in ESxCLy copolymers. The BSxCLy, OSxCLy, and DSxCLy copolymers display isodimorphic behavior. Our findings revealed a significant variation in the pseudoeutectic point position, from mixed isodimorphism/comonomer exclusion crystallization to isodimorphism with pseudoeutectic point variation from 54% to up to 90%. Moreover, we established a link between the melting temperature depression slope variation and the comonomer inclusion/exclusion balance, providing valuable insights into the complex topic of isodimorphic random copolymers.

Ionic Liquids as Extreme Pressure Additives for Bearing Steel Applications

The protection of steel surfaces from wear under extreme pressure conditions is of major importance in several industries as it provides better performance and longer life of machinery. The motivation for this work was to study the lubrication of steel by ionic liquids (ILs), which have recently emerged as greener alternatives to commercial lubricants and additives. Three ILs based on sulfur-containing anions, used as 2-wt% additives in polyethylene glycol base oil (MW 200; PEG 200), were tested in the lubrication of ASTM 52100 bearing steel contacts in extreme pressure conditions (under mixed lubrication with a Hertzian pressure of 1.12 GPa) using a mini traction machine (MTM). Due to the poor resistance to corrosion of bearing steel, a semi-ester of succinic acid derivative corrosion inhibitor (Lanxess RC 4801) was added to the mixtures at a 1 wt% concentration. The ILs 1-hexyl-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C6mim][TfO]) and 1-hexyl-4-picolinium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C6-4-pic][TfO]) revealed promising results in terms of surface protection of bearing steel. In contrast, 4-picolinium hydrogen sulfate ([4-picH][HSO4]) as 2-wt% additive to PEG 200 + 1% RC 4801 did not show any improvement in wear performance compared to neat PEG 200 + 1% RC 4801. PEG 200 + 2% [C6mim][TfO] + 1%RC 4801 allowed for a decrease in wear up to ~ 76% and PEG 200 + 2% [C6-4-pic][TfO] + 1%RC 4801 up to ~ 46% when compared with neat PEG 200 + 1% RC 4801. Optical microscopy images suggest the formation of an adsorbed layer, which was further supported by chemical analysis via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data for [C6mim][TfO].Graphical abstract

Synthesis of functionalized organophosphorus derivatives of succinic acid

Synthesis of functionalized organophosphorus derivatives of succinic acid

The effect of sulfur atom on the biomedical properties of metal organic frameworks (MOF) prepared from mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) with Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared at room temperature using natural occurring succinic acid derivatives, mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA), and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), as organic linker with Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) as metal ions. The porosity, thermal, and structural properties of MSA- and DMSA-based Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) MOFs were characterized and DMSA-Cu(II) MOFs were found to have higher surface area and lower pore size values, 73.7 m2/g, and 12.7 nm, respectively. The metal ion amount in MSA and DMSA-based MOF structures via Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis revealed an increased amount of Metal ions with the increasing number of −SH groups in the MOF structures. The antioxidant activities of DMSA-based MOFs were measured higher than MSA-based MOFs by ABTS•+scavenging assay. DMSA-Cu(II) MOFs showed higher antioxidant activity with 4.58 ± 0.13 μmol trolox g−1. Both MSA- and DMSA-MOFs presented hemocompatible behavior at concentrations < 100 µg/mL. Also, against B. subtilis and S. aureus bacteria strains, DMSA-Cu(II) MOFs showed higher antimicrobial activity than all the other prepared MSA- and DMSA-based MOFs with a MIC value of 31 µg/mL and MBC value of 125 µg/mL for both bacteria strains. Moreover, the MSA- and DMSA-MOFs at 250 μg/mL concentration retain about 80 % cell viability for L929 fibroblast cells at 24 incubation time.

Study of Interfacial Properties of Anionic–Nonionic Surfactants Based on Succinic Acid Derivatives via Molecular Dynamics Simulations and the IGMH Method

Surfactants are widely used in fields such as oil recovery and flotation. The properties and mechanisms of surfactants can be effectively studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Herein, the aggregation behavior of surfactants was studied at the oil–water interface by MD simulation, and the micro-morphology of surfactants was analyzed under a low concentration and saturated state at the oil–water interface, respectively. The visualization results of the MD simulation showed that DTOA was saturated at the oil–water interface at 120 surfactant molecules, whereas 160 surfactant molecules were required for BEMA. In addition, the effect of surfactant concentration on the interfacial thickness and hydrogen bond distribution was studied, with the inflection point of hydrogen bond distribution identified as a characteristic parameter for surfactant saturation at the oil–water interface. The aggregation behavior of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains at the oil–water interface was qualitatively assessed using order parameters. Finally, the aggregation state of surfactants in salt-containing systems was studied, and it was found that the surfactants could effectively adsorb magnesium ions and calcium ions at the oil–water interface. However, the curve of the number of hydrogen bonds varies greatly, with a possible reason being that BEMA has a different coordination manner with diverse metal ions. This study provides some original insights into both the theoretical study and practical application of anionic and nonionic surfactants.

Studies on the properties and molecular dynamics simulations of nonionic surfactants based on succinic acid derivatives

AbstractNonionic surfactants have proven useful in various applications such as wastewater treatment, enhanced oil recovery, dyeing, and cosmetics. Novel nonionic surfactants such as PEMP, BEMP, HEMP and BEEP were synthesized based on succinic acid derivatives and using L‐isoleucine as the linking group and four polyether alcohols as the hydrophilic group. First, the structures of the four nonionic surfactants were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Then the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of the four nonionic surfactants in aqueous solution were tested. γ‐lg c curves determined the relationships of their surface properties as BEEP &gt; PEMP &gt; BEMP &gt; HEMP. In order to expand the range of applications for nonionic surfactants, we evaluated the salt‐resistant properties of four such surfactants. Our findings demonstrated that this class of surfactants indeed has superior salt‐resistant properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study how surfactant molecules aggregate in the interfacial film. The study investigated the trend of solvent accessible surface area (SASA) over time. Results showed that the surfactant molecules interacted well with solvent molecules in the equilibrium state. This study investigates the performance differences among four types of surfactants using the electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution of their molecules. The study employed both experimental and computational simulations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of surfactant properties. The results offer insights into the theoretical research and application extension of this class of surfactants.

Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti-ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs.

Emoxypine (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin B6 . Emoxypine succinate is a registered drug in Russia and Ukraine under various trade names including Mexidol, Mexicor, and Armadin Long. Mexidol demonstrates antihypoxic and anti-ischemic effects and also modulates metabolism. The use of Mexidol by Russian athletes has been confirmed in the past. Current use by athletes is unknown as this drug is not monitored or included in drug testing protocol. Metabotropic and antihypoxic effects of Mexidol were compared to the effects of meldonium or trimetazidine, both of which are included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List in category S4.4. Metabolic Modulators. The conjugation of emoxypine with succinate elevates the therapeutic effectiveness of the Mexidol formulation as succinic acid itself has important impacts to consider despite being a common food additive and drug excipient. Other succinic acid salts like ammonium succinate, found as dietary supplement, have been patented as performance enhancers. Available research on healthy subjects suggests that combinations of selected 3-substituted pyridine derivatives with succinate including Mexidol and a related drug Cytoflavin can enhance the performance of athletes. Cytoflavin is a multi-component formula containing meglumine sodium succinate, nicotinamide (vitamin B3 ), inosine (riboxin), and riboflavin. Other related succinate-based drugs include Remaxol, Reamberin, and Cogitum. Mexidol and Cytoflavin and related substances exhibit similar biological effects as drugs on the WADA Prohibited List, and if they are used for performance enhancement by athletes, they could be worthy of consideration as prohibited substances in sport.

Possibilities of «therapeutic retargeting» of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives due to their dopaminergic action

The review is devoted to a comparative analysis of the clinical efficacy of the original domestic derivatives of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) in comparison with the results of an experimental study of their dopaminergic action. The position that the dopaminomimetic activity of emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol largely determines their anti-ischemic, antihypoxic, insulin-potentiating neuroprotective, nootropic and antidepressant potential has been substantiated. A comparative analysis of the safety profile of emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol was carried out, taking into account potential and real side-effects caused by iatrogenic deviations from the eudopaminergic state. It has been shown that mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate), which is simultaneously a derivative of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid, has the best balance of efficacy and safety. A generalized assessment of the available data on the successful use of off-label derivatives of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid indicates the advisability of a significant expansion of indications for their clinical use. The authors resume that the «therapeutic retargeting» of emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol (i.e. their use for qualitatively new indications) will contribute to progress in the treatment of socially significant and most common diseases.

Ferulic acid as major antioxidant phenolic compound of the Tetragonisca angustula honey collected in Vera Cruz - Itaparica Island, Bahia, Brazil.

The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Investigation of the Effect of Succinic Acid Derivatives as a Growth Agent in the Field of Agriculture and Greening

Investigation of the Effect of Succinic Acid Derivatives as a Growth Agent in the Field of Agriculture and Greening

Tailored Succinic Acid-Derived Molecular Structures toward 25.41%-Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Minimizing interfacial charged traps in perovskite films is crucial for reducing the non-radiative recombination and improving device performance. In this study, succinic acid (SA) derivatives varying active sites and spatial configurations are designed to modulate defects and crystallization in perovskite film. The SA derivative with two symmetric Br atoms, dibromosuccinic acid (DBSA), exhibits the optimal spatial arrangement for defect passivation. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the carboxyl group and atomic Br in DBSA synergistically interact with the under-coordinated Pb2+ . Moreover, the strong electronegativity of Br efficiently stabilizes the formamidinium cation via electrostatic interaction. Consequently, film quality is significantly improved and non-radiative recombination is markedly depressed, resulting in a photoluminesence lifetime of exceeding 4µs of and a carrier diffusion length of 3µm. An exceptional efficiency of 25.41% (certified at 25.00%) along with a high fill factor of 84.39% and excellent long-term operational stability have been achieved finally.

Extraction, isolation, identification, and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea

Antrodia (A) cinnamomea is a precious edible and medicinal mushroom and has attracted attention because of its rare resources and unique bioactivities. The bioactive compounds from the fruit body, mycelium, and fermentation broth of A. cinnamomea include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, antroquinonols, benzenoids, and succinic and maleic acid derivatives. Among these, polysaccharides are very important and are high-content bioactive compounds. The A. cinnamomea polysaccharides (APSs) present numerous biological activities, such as antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antivascular, immunoregulation, antioxidant, and nerve protection. However, only few studies have focused only on APSs so far. Therefore, the cultivation methods, extraction, isolation, composition, structure, biological activity, and application of APSs are summarized in this review to provide a comprehensive and convenient reference for further research and development on APSs.

Comparative Analysis of Stress-Protective Activity and Prevention of Fatigue during Physical Load of Standardized Humic Acids from Peat and Officinal Preparations of Succinic Acid in Experiment.

The effect of humic acids and substances with similar action - derivatives of succinic acid (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) and combined agent consisting of succinic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, and riboxin on the performance and stress resistance of experimental rats was studied. Performance was assessed in the test of exhaustive forced swimming with a load, stress resistance was evaluated by the serum level of corticosterone and open field behavior, and the state of anaerobic metabolism was estimated by the serum level of lactate after swimming test. Humic acids from peat showed anti-stress activity comparable to that of the officinal preparation and preventive effect on fatigue during physical exercise. They can be recommended as a component for the development of drugs that increase human performance and stress resistance.

Biobased Production of Succinic Acid and Its Derivatives Using Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms

As concerns over climate crisis and environmental issues continue to mount, there is an urgent need to transition towards a more sustainable society. One key aspect of this transition is establishing systems for production of industrially important chemicals from fossil feedstocks to renewable biomass. Succinic acid (SA) is recognized as one of the most important platform chemicals due to its potential in numerous industrial applications. Consequently, extensive efforts have been made to develop metabolically engineered microbial strains capable of producing SA with high efficiency. In this paper, the current status of microbial SA production is reviewed with an accompanying table summarizing the titer, yield, and productivity achieved by various metabolically engineered microorganisms. In addition, this paper discusses downstream processes for the purification of biobased SA and showcases microbial production of several SA derivatives of interest. Finally, future perspectives on the successful industrialization of biobased SA are discussed.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Itaconic Acid from the Aqueous Phase Using Natural and Chemical Solvents

Itaconic acid, also known as methylene succinic acid, is a colorless, crystalline substance that is found in nature. Due to its two functional carboxylic acid forms and - unsaturated bond, it can be used in a variety of sectors (plastics, super-absorbents, biopolymers, anti-scaling agents, etc.). Itaconic acid can be produced via thermally decarboxylating citric acid, catalysing the condensation of succinic acid derivatives with formaldehyde, decarboxylating aconitic acid, and fermentation utilizing Aspergillus terreus and other microbes. It is quite expensive and harmful to extract itaconic acid from the fermentation broth. In the present study, Iso-butanol, iso-octanol, groundnut, soybean, mustard, and rice bran oil were incorporated as solvents for separating itaconic acid from their solutions in distilled water. Liquid-liquid extraction experiments were conducted over the range of 0.08-0.533 mol.L-1 of itaconic acid. The results thus obtained were defined as the separation efficiency (E) and distribution coefficient (KD). Separation was observed at maximum efficiencies of 69.33%, 47.8%, 12.93%, 17.9%, 15.625% &amp; 14.18% with iso-butanol, iso-octanol groundnut, soybean, mustard, and rice bran oil respectively. Since the solvents used in this study were natural and chemical, it can be helpful to make the process more eco-friendly and the efficiency of the process can be further increased with the help of reactive extractants.

Dopaminergic potential of domestic 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives and prospects for their therapeutic «retargeting»

The review is devoted to the assessment of the pharmacological effects of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives (emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol) from the standpoint of their dopaminergic activity. A systematic analysis of the data has been performed, allowing us to consider emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol as «normalizers of dopaminergic neurotransmission», the dopaminergic action of which in its phenotype corresponds to the effects of partial dopamine receptor agonists. The position that the dopaminergic effect, antioxidant and antidepressant potential of drugs containing 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-oxypyridine (emoxipine and mexidol) are associated with their inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) has been substantiated. A direct relationship between the stimulating effect of succinate-containing drugs (reamberin and mexidol) on MAO-B, their prooxidant activity, insulin-potentiating and antidepressant effects was analyzed. A hypothesis has been put forward on the general pathological significance of dopaminergic regulation disorders, the correction of which with the 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives can be considered as a promising strategy for improving the complex therapy of socially significant and common human diseases.

Photocatalyzed Functionalization of Alkenoic Acids in 3D-Printed Reactors.

The valorization of alkenoic acids possibly deriving from biomass (fumaric and citraconic acids) was carried out through conversion in important building blocks, such as γ‐keto acids and succinic acid derivatives. The functionalization was carried out by addition onto the C=C double bond of radicals generated under photocatalyzed conditions from suitable hydrogen donors (mainly aldehydes) and by adopting a decatungstate salt as the photocatalyst. Syntheses were performed under batch (in a glass vessel) and flow (by using 3D‐printed reactors) conditions. The design of the latter reactors allowed for an improved yield and productivity.

Перспективи нейропротекції у хворих із тяжкою черепно-мозковою травмою (аналітичний огляд)

Актуальність. Покращення результатів виживаності та відновлення функцій головного мозку в постраждалих із тяжкою черепно-мозковою травмою (ТЧМТ) являє одну з найскладніших проблем інтенсивної терапії. Мета. Висвітлення сучасного комплексу заходів, що застосовуються при проведенні інтенсивної терапії у постраждалих із ТЧМТ, з акцентом на застосування нейропротекторів, та перспективи зазначеного напряму лікування. Матеріали та методи. Детальне вивчення змісту сучасних авторитетних рекомендацій, розроблених з метою покращення результатів лікування у постраждалих із ТЧМТ, а також результатів досліджень з ефективності застосування у цих пацієнтів різноманітних нейропротекторних заходів, висвітлених в Інтернеті. Результати. Всупереч тому, що нейропротекторні заходи не включено до офіційних протоколів і рекомендацій, вони використовуються в складі інтенсивної терапії у постраждалих із ТЧМТ надзвичайно широко. В світі не припиняються рандомізовані багатоцентрові дослідження, присвячені вивченню захисного та відновлювального ефектів зазначених заходів. Серед них: сірчанокисла магнезія, N-ацетилу цистеїн, прогестерон, симвастатин і аторвастатин, еритропоетин, міноциклін, циклоспорин А, блокатори рецепторів збуджуючих амінокислотних нейромедіаторів, нестероїдні протизапальні препарати, що проникають крізь гематоенцефалічний бар’єр, та інші. В клініках Східної Європи поширення отримали препарати з центральною холінергічною дією (цитиколін і гліатилін), похідні янтарної кислоти, що в першу чергу чинять антигіпоксичний ефект. Роботи над створенням нових, більш ефективних нейропротекторів постійно тривають. Висновки. Метаболічна нейропротекції розглядається як один з перспективних компонентів покращення результатів лікування у постраждалих із ТЧМТ.

Роль сукцинатоксидазного окисления в интенсивной терапии тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы

Цель: изучение особенностей цереброкардиальных взаимодействий у пациентов с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой (ТЧМТ) и их изменений при использовании в интенсивной терапии (ИТ) производных янтарной кислоты — препаратов цитофлавин и этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцинат. Материалы и методы. Группу сравнения составили 12 больных с диагнозом ТЧМТ, которые получали ИТ по стандартному протоколу. Группу исследования (ГИ) составили 74 пациентов с ТЧМТ: 43 больных, получавших, кроме стандартного протокола, цитофлавин (5 мл в 100 мл физиологического раствора внутривенно 1 раз в сутки), и 31 больной, получавший дополнительно к стандартному протоколу этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцинат (5 мл в 100 мл физиологического раствора внутривенно 1 раз в сутки). Длительность ИТ — от 10 суток до 8 мес. Из пациентов ГИ 9 человек умерли, у 5 пациентов острая церебральная недостаточность трансформировалась в вегетативное состояние. Диагноз вегетативного состояния у пациентов ГИ был выставлен в динамике наблюдения на основании принятых международных критериев, утвержденных Американской академией неврологии. В динамике терапии проводили анализ уровня сознания по шкале комы Глазго, Глазго-Питсбургской шкале комы и шкале исходов Глазго, параметров компьютерной томографии (Philips Brilliance CT), количественной электроэнцефалографии (кЭЭГ) (система Nihon Kohden Corporation EEG-1200K), вариабельности сердечного ритма (ВСР) («Ютас ЮМ 200»). Статистическая обработка данных была проведена с помощью программы MedStat. Результаты. В условиях ТЧМТ центральный контур регуляции ВСР смещался от вегетативных центров продолговатого мозга в область ретикулярной формации ствола и среднего мозга и в проекцию дна IV желудочка. Об этом свидетельствуют выявленные средние и сильные прямые корреляционные связи между параметрами ВСР и уровнями мощности дельта-диапазона («патологическая» медленноволновая активность), максимально в проекции окципитальных и лобных отделов коры; активностью нейроглиального пула центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) (спектр-мощность (СМ) кЭЭГ в диапазоне 0,5–1 Гц), максимально в зонах проецирования стволовых образований (С3С4; О1О2); активностью адренергических нейромедиаторных структур ЦНС (СМ кЭЭГ 4–5 Гц), максимально в зонах проецирования стволовых образований (С3С4, Т3Т4); средние обратные корреляционные связи между параметрами ВСР и уровнями мощности тета- и альфа-1-диапазона, максимально в проекции окципитальных и центральных отделов коры; активностью холин- (СМ кЭЭГ 6–7,5 Гц) и дофаминергических (СМ кЭЭГ 11–12 Гц) систем ЦНС, максимально в зонах проекции стволовых образований (С3С4; О1О2). В условиях ТЧМТ c неблагоприятным исходом не существовало единого центрального контура регуляции ВСР, выявлены одновременные конкурентные влияния со стороны таламокортикальных, таламогипоталамических структур; ретикулярной формации диэнцефального уровня. Применение препаратов — производных янтарной кислоты (цитофлавин и этилметилгидро­ксипиридина сукцинат) у пациентов с ТЧМТ приводило к восстановлению равноправных влияний традиционного центрального контура — центры продолговатого мозга, гипоталамо-гипофизарная область — на формирование ВСР. Интересно, что эффекты этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцината были связаны в большей мере с динамикой параметров кЭЭГ, отражающих изменения на верхнестволовом и корковом уровне ЦНС, а использования цитофлавина — преимущественно с изменениями параметров кЭЭГ, которые являются нейрофизиологическими предикторами динамики на уровне среднего мозга, диэнцефальной, таламической и лимбико-гиппокампальной областей ЦНС. Выводы. Параметры цереброкардиальных взаимодействий при ТЧМТ и их изменения информативны для оценки эффективности ИТ и прогнозирования исхода.

IMPACT OF AN ANTIDIABETIC DRUG METABOLITES ON THE STATE OF THE LIPID PEROXIDATION PROCESSES, NITROGEN OXIDE EXCHANGE AND ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS

It was studied the biological activity of an antidiabetic drug (ADD) metabolites representing the succinic acid derivatives within their subchronic per oral introduction. It was defined, i) the content of the proteins and lipids free-radical peroxide oxidation (FRPO) products, ii) the level of the nitrogen oxide stable metabolites, and iii) the activeness of the anti-oxidant system in the rats’ organism. It was found that the ADD metabolites in sub-toxic doses were able to cause the elevation of the FRPO intensiveness interconnected with the changes of the key antioxidant protection enzymes in the liver and blood serum. Impact of these compounds proved to lead to a decrease of the nitrite- and nitrateanions levels and so forth to additionally change the FRPO state in the liver and blood serum. It was concluded in stating that the specified changes of pro-/antioxidant and nitrogen oxide homeostasis may serve as estimation criteria of the ADD metabolites toxic impact.