Derivational Suffixes Research Articles

Morphological Processes in English and Sanskrit: A Cross-Linguistic Study

Morphology is the sub-discipline of linguistics. It is the study of morphemes and their arrangement in forming words. The present study attempts to identify and compare the morphological processes in English and Sanskrit. This study was based on qualitative methods and the selected documents of both languages were used as the research tools for this study. The results reveal that the English suffixes such as -age, -al,-ation,-ism, -ment, -ant, -ent, -er, and Sanskrit suffixes such as -ya/-eya, -man, -na, -an, -a, -ti -a, -ana, -ah, -ti, -tri, -aka, -man, are nominal derivational suffixes. The plural morpheme -s, and genitive morpheme -'s are English nominal inflectional morphemes whereas there are twenty-one inflectional suffixes (sup) (su, au, jas) in Sanskrit. Similarly, English verbal inflectional morphemes are -ed, -en, and -ing whereas there are eighteen verbal inflectional suffixes (tin) (tip, tas, jhi,) in Sanskrit. Furthermore, there are compound nouns (breakfast), verbs (fine tune), adjectives (open-ended), and adverbs (uprightly) in English. In contrast, there are only two special sub-class of exocentric compounds in Sanskrit, namely numerative (dvigu), and adverbials (avyayībhāva). As a comparative study, it can help identify the root knowledge of both languages as languages are related to each other.

Derivational Suffixes Analysis Found in “Every Summer After” Novel by Carley Fortune

This study specifically concentrated on conducting an in-depth analysis of the various types of derivational suffixes. Derivational affixes were one of the most interesting topics to analyze, as they influence the formation of words from simple to complex ones. The data used in this analysis was sourced from the novel "Every Summer After" by the esteemed author Carley Fortune. Carley Fortune is a #1 Canadian national bestseller and has been honored with an award for her exceptional work as a journalist and author. This data was meticulously examined through the application of a qualitative analytical method. The research findings have been thoroughly explored using both formal and informal explanations. The analysis was based on Plag's theory (2003) and supported theory up by Carstairs-Mccarthy's theory (2002). This comprehensive approach helped in understand the findings in depth. This comprehensive linguistic analysis of the novel meticulously identified four distinct types of derivational suffixes: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial. The results revealed a notable prevalence of nominal suffixes, a total of 249 instances, and a smaller number of verbal suffixes, amounting to just 3 instances. Furthermore, this study found 96 instances of nominal suffixes, 86 instances of adverbial suffixes, and 64 instances of adjectival suffixes in the text. This thorough analysis provides a detailed examination of the intricate language intricacies found within Fortune's novel. Furthermore, it enhances the overall understanding of how derivational morphology is utilized in contemporary literature.

언어 접촉(Language Contact)의 관점에서 본 중국 조선어의 변이 양상

This paper aims to empirically demonstrate the variation patterns observed in Chinese Korean and rationally explain them from the perspective of language contact. Over a long period and for various reasons, the ethnic Koreans who migrated from the Korean Peninsula to China have been influenced by the Han Chinese, the majority ethnic group in China, in numerous aspects, including economy, society, culture, and language, due to the policies of the Chinese government. In the multi-ethnic and multilingual society of China, language contact is a common phenomenon. Consequently, Chinese Korean inevitably exhibits elements of the Chinese language in addition to its original Korean linguistic features. Previous research has primarily focused on the diachronic perspective, addressing the characteristics of Korean vocabulary altered under the influence of Chinese. This paper, however, aims to directly observe the variation patterns resulting from language contact with Chinese from a synchronic perspective. For this purpose, Korean compositions written by adolescents in Korean ethnic communities were collected and comprehensively examined. The analysis revealed a significant presence of hybrid words combining Korean derivational suffixes or endings with Chinese morphemes, despite the typological and genealogical differences between Korean and Chinese. Additionally, certain sentence structures showed the influence of Chinese. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the intensity of contact between Korean and Chinese corresponds to level three according to Thomason (2001).

Derivational Suffixes Forming Adjectives and Their Syntactic Functions in reference to Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales

Derivational Suffixes Forming Adjectives and Their Syntactic Functions in reference to Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales

The Effects of Derivational Suffix Instruction on English Vocabulary Knowledge in Thai High School Learners

This study investigated the effect of derivational suffix instruction on vocabulary knowledge. Fifty-eight high school learners were recruited to participate in the study. The learners were divided into control (n = 29) and experimental (n = 29) groups. The experimental group received a Fundamental English II course with an emphasis on derivational suffix instruction, whereas the control group only received a Fundamental English II course. Two receptive and productive derivational suffix tests were designed and validated to measure high school learners’ suffix knowledge. A questionnaire was also administered to explore the experimental participants’ perceptions of derivational suffix instruction in facilitating vocabulary knowledge. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted to analyse the quantitative data, including pair-sample t-tests and independent-sample t-tests. The results showed that high school learners in both groups performed significantly better on the posttest than on the pretest. The results also revealed that experimental learners significantly outperformed their control counterparts. These findings suggest the efficacy of derivational suffix instruction on English vocabulary knowledge in Thai high school learners. In addition, the questionnaire analysis indicated that high school learners had positive perceptions towards derivational suffix instruction as a method to improve their vocabulary knowledge. Together, the current findings highlight the importance of derivational suffixes in vocabulary acquisition and development. Other relevant implications and suggestions for future studies are also discussed.

How well do schoolchildren and adolescents know the form and meaning of different derivational suffixes? Evidence from a cross-sectional study

AbstractAs children advance through school, derived words become increasingly common in their reading materials. Previous studies have shown that children’s knowledge of derivational morphology develops relatively slowly, but there is more to learn about this development. This study examined differences in knowledge of the form and meaning of suffixes across grade levels (Grades 3, 5, and 8) and different types of derivational suffixes (adjectives and nominals). We assessed 309 English-speaking children on word reading and receptive vocabulary tests and two tasks designed to assess the form (orthographic knowledge) and meaning (semantic knowledge) of 28 derivational suffixes (14 adjectives and 14 nominals). Overall, our findings showed a significant improvement in identifying and understanding derivational suffixes from Grade 3 to Grade 5 and a smaller, but still significant, improvement from Grade 5 to Grade 8. Our findings regarding suffix types were mixed. While written forms of adjectives were identified more accurately than nominals across all grades, this advantage did not extend to the students’ understanding of the meaning of the suffixes. These results highlight the distinction between the identification of suffixes and the understanding of their meaning. We discuss our results in relation to suffix frequency in children’s reading materials.

The Types of Derivational Suffixes Found in The Dry Novel by Jane Harper

The study focused on analysing the types of derivational suffixes. The data was taken from The Dry by Jane Harper and analysed by using the theory from Plag (2003) and Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002). The data collected was analysed by using a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study were explained using both formal and informal methods. The findings showed that there are four types of derivational suffixes found in this novel, such as nominal suffixes, verbal suffixes, adjectival suffixes, and adverbial suffixes. The total of the data found in this study is 194 data which consist of nominal suffixes with 66 data. The second, in verbal suffixes with 1 data. Next, adjectival suffixes with 69 data. The last suffix is adverbial suffixes with 58 data.

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN THE RETURN OF SHERLOCK HOLMES NOVEL: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In the context of a language must have their respective positions as an effort to classify sentences in several positions. The main purpose of the classification of positions is to provide direction and explanation regarding the meaning of a sentence when it is collaborated with others sentences. Words that have initial positions as nouns or adjectives to verbs and adverbs will be in their position if they get an addition at the end of the word according to their context and use. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reasons for the change of each basic word and to find out the context of the changes made so that the reader has a deep understanding when reading the novel "The Return of Sherlock Holmes". The research method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used in the form of reading and note-taking techniques. While the data analysis techniques used a step of analysis is to use the theory that underlies this derivational suffix and use some supporting references to produce a scientific finding. As a step to describe research, it is easier to use a concept map because it is easy to understand. The results of the research show that there are 2 words that are classified as changes in the suffix of adjective, there are 1 word that is classified as changes in the suffix of adverb, 2 words that are classified as changes in the suffix of verb and 2 words that are classified as the suffix of noun. Of the several changes, the majority of the reasons for changing are as a way to change the position of the word class.

STAVOVI STUDENATA SRBISTIKE I STUDENATA NEFILOLOŠKE ORIJENTACIJE O PRIHVATLjIVOSTI SOCIJALNIH FEMININATIVA U SAVREMENOM SRPSKOM JEZIKU

The subject of this paper is to analyze and interpret the attitudes of Serbian language and literature students and students who are not philologically oriented (Psychology, Pedagogy, Sociology, and Social Politics and Social Work majors) from the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, Serbia toward the levels of acceptability of social feminatives in contemporary Serbian. The analyzed examples include nouns derived by derivational suffixes -(n)ica (e.g. atašeica ‘attache f.’, naučnica ‘scientist f.’), -ka (e.g. administratorka ‘administrator f.’, akušerka ‘accoucheur f.’), -(k)inja (e.g. avanturistkinja ‘adventurer f.’, stručnjakinja ‘expert f.’), predominantly excerpted from the book Priručnik za upotrebu rodno osetljivog jezika (2019). The main aim was to study the factors that have an influence on the acceptability level of the analyzed social feminatives – the gender of the respondents, their program of study, year of study, and frequency of occur- rence of the gender sensitive language forms in their everyday language use. The respondents were asked to rate their perceived level of acceptability (on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 – completely unacceptable to 5 – completely acceptable). Average values greater than 3.4 were determined for 66.67% of the analyzed social feminatives, indicating a prevalent level of acceptability among the respondents. However, average values lower than 2.61 were deter- mined just for 7.69% of the analyzed social feminatives. The most acceptable social feminatives on average are the following: šefica ‘boss f.’, ministarka ‘prime minister f.’, urednica ‘editor f.’, načelnica ‘chief f.’, naučnica ‘scientist f.’, reporterka ‘reporter f.’ (an average value above 4.5) and the least acceptable are: sutkinja ‘ judge f ’, atašeica ‘attache f.’, menjačica ‘changer f.’, vojnikinja ‘soldier f.’, lovačica ‘hunter f.’ (an average value below 2.6). A statistically significant differ- ence was noted among the philology students and non-philology students when it came to rating the (un)acceptability of the selected feminatives. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference exists between the complete (un)acceptability of social feminatives among Serbian language and literature students on the one hand, and Sociology, Psychology, and Social Politics and Social Work students on the other. Finally, a statistically significant difference also exists between the acceptability of the selected feminine noun forms ending in the deriva- tional suffix -(k)inja and the selected feminine noun forms ending in the derivational suffixes -(n)ica and -ka.

AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOSYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH WRITING TEXT PRODUCED BY THE POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS AT UNISMUH MAKASSAR

This research aimed to find out the most frequent types of inflectional suffixes, derivational suffixes, noun phrases and verb phrases produced by the Postgraduate Students in writing argumentative text. This research used Descriptive Quantitative Research. The data were obtained by using writing test. The samples of this research were 16 Postgraduate Students of English Education Master Program in Academic Year 2023 selected by using Total Sampling Technique. The results of data analysis from 16 samples found that 1) The inflectional suffixes of plurality {-s} were 46,06%, 3rd person singular {s/es} were 8.33%, past tense/passive {-ed} were 14.58%, participle {-ing} were 17.59 %, possessive {-s} were 3,93%, and comparative/ superlative degrees {er/est} were 3.47%. 2) The derivational suffixes forming noun were 52.4%, forming verb were 3.2%, forming adjective were 23.92%, and forming adverb were 19.28%. 3) The constructions of simple noun phrases were 18.86%, rather complex noun phrases were 23.58 %, and very complex noun phrases were 56.83%. 4) The constructions of simple verb phrases were 82.5% and rather complex verb phrases were 16.87%. Thus, it can be concluded that the most frequent types of inflectional suffixes used by the students were plurality {-s}, the type of derivational suffixes was noun formation, the type of noun phrases was very complex noun phrases, and the type of verb phrases was simple verb phrases.

Acculturation of American English as Philippine English: An affective critique

This paper posits that Philippine English is a Filipino nativized variant of General American English, a unique linguistic outcome shaped by the historical imprints of Western Colonialism under Spain and the United States. Employing a Qualitative Research design, specifically a reader-response critique, the study delves into the acculturated lexicon processing of Philippine English. The findings indicate that English has evolved into the functional native tongue of Filipinos, serving diverse functions across linguistic and cultural groups. Filipinos demonstrate a tendency to overgeneralize word meanings and utilize derivational suffixes creatively. Notably, the preservation and widespread use of archaic or obsolete words persist in contemporary discourse. The Filipino English lexicon showcases analogical constructions, clippings, and coined words, contributing to the evolution of language. Spanish loanwords further enrich this linguistic tapestry. The study concludes that Philippine English is indeed a Filipino nativized variant of General American English. Recommendations include the creation of a monograph detailing English words and their functions in the Philippine context. Additionally, educators are urged to disseminate research insights within educational institutions or to higher authorities, fostering a deeper understanding of Philippine English and informing potential language education enhancements.

The development of heterosemous inflection and derivation

Abstract In Norwegian, the noun vis ‘manner’ is commonly used to head compounds. It is the historical source of several suffixes: derivational suffixes in adverbs and adjectives and an inflectional suffix on measure nouns. Thus, compounding has given rise to both derivation and inflection. These developments are analysed and compared with respect to how they affect the network of constructions, with a focus on differences between derivation and inflection. The main difference is that links of similarity and contrast have been centrally involved in the development of inflection, but not of derivation.

Polskie gniazda słowotwórcze z rzeczownikami wyjściowymi nazywającymi pory roku w porównaniu z rosyjskimi

The article discusses derivational nests of Polish nouns ‘wiosna’, ‘lato’, ‘jesień’, ‘zima’ in comparison with their Russian equivalents ‘весна’, ‘лето’, ‘осень’, ‘зима’. The analysis shows that in both languages the nests include nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, and that the most productive method of word formation is the attachment of a derivational suffix. The semantics of the derivatives is influenced by the primary meaning, i.e. the name of the season. The main difference lies in the number of derivatives based on ‘zima’ / ‘зима’. In the Polish language there are 21 lexemes against 62 in Russian. Also, derivational nests in Russian contain a greater number of verbs, as well as deverbal nouns and adjectives.

Derivational Suffixes in Joe Biden’s Instagram Captions

This study's focus was to analyze Joe Biden's Instagram captions. The aim was to determine the derivational suffixes' types by using a theory proposed by Katamba (1993). The method of descriptive qualitative is used to represent the types of suffixes. The observation method was utilized by reading Instagram captions. Then in collecting data, a note-taking technique was applied by writing down the words with suffixes that belonged to the topic of the study. According to Katamba (1993), there were eleven types of derivational suffixes. Meanwhile, this study found nine types of suffixes because two types, such as -less and -full were not found. There was a total of 42 data with nine types of suffixes found. The data consist of suffixes; two -hood, one -ship, five -ness, five -ity, five -ment, one-ic, eight -al, four -er, eleven -ly. Based on the analysis, nine types of suffixes were found, and the most data was by suffix -ly, whereas the lowest data was by the suffix -ship and -ic.

An Analysis of Students’ Ability in using Suffixes by using Online Media Quizlet at Grade X of SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh

This research is aimed to describe the students’ ability in using derivational suffixes. The research focuses on analyzing the students’ ability in using four types of derivational suffixes by online media Quizlet. The design of the research is quantitative descriptive approach. The population of the research is 342 students and assigned 32 students grade X of SMAN Sungai Penuh academic year of 2023/2024 as the sample. The data collected by using Quizlet and analyzed by calculating the total score, the percentage, and the average of students’ ability. Then, calculating the mean score to determine the students’ ability in using suffixes. The researcher found out the percentage students’ ability in using suffixes. 19.35% students included in excellent level. 35.48% students included in good level. 38.71% students included in fair level, 6.45% students included in poor level and 0% included in very poor level. The researcher also found the students’ average ability in using each type of suffixes. In nominal suffixes 58.06 or good level. In verbal suffixes, 66.45 or good level. In adjectival suffixes 69.68 or good level. In adverbial suffixes 67.74 or good level. According to the total mean score 65.16, the researcher categorized the Students’ Ability in Using Suffixes by using online media quizlet at grade X of SMAN 2 Sungai Penuh was good ability or high ability

THE ROLE OF MORPHONOLOGICAL UNITS IN DESCRIPTION OF TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FUSIONAL LANGUAGES

The article deals with issues related to the fusion of the Russian language. According to the author, it manifests itself in such morphonological phenomena as alternation of stress, alternation of phonemes and alternation of affixes. They are units of morphonology that participate in the process of synthesizing the sound image of a word in inflection and derivation of the Russian language. Stress and alternations have been described in works by prof. V.A. Red’kin. An affix as a morphoneme representing variants (allomorphs) of a derivational suffix is considered in the works by S.B. Im. KEY WORDS: Morphonology, Morphoneme, Fusion, Agglutination, Alternation.

A Historical-Comparative Approach to the Kikongo Language Cluster, with a Special Focus on Cabinda

Abstract My doctoral dissertation is aimed at gaining a better understanding of how the Kikongo Language Cluster (klc) as we know it today was shaped through time, with a special focus on Cabinda, Angola. It does so by adopting a historical-comparative linguistic approach to phonological, morphophonological and morphological variation which current-day language varieties manifest, both among each other and with regard to historical varieties for which documentation is available. This diachronic study spanning nearly four centuries complements earlier studies on the history of the klc within the BantUGent research group, especially the lexicon-based phylogenetic classifications. It has relied on the vast, multifaceted and long-range documentation on the klc accumulated since the KongoKing project (2012–2016) and continued during the BantuFirst project (2018–2023). The PhD thesis is cumulative, including four articles pertaining to (1) Bantu spirantisation and 7 > 5 vowel reduction, (2) progressive vowel harmony involving verb derivational suffixes, (3) the broader morphophonology of the verb ending *-ide, and (4) diminutive marking. These articles are preceded by an introduction including several original-language maps of Cabinda and other data from several fieldwork missions. The conclusion offers answers to the dissertation’s four main research questions, three pertaining to the historical development of the klc and one to the planned promotion across Cabinda of the standardised language Ibinda.

THE FUNCTIONS OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN INSPIRATIONAL BOOK WRITTEN BY MARIA AND ELIZABETH RAHAJENG “BECOMING UNSTOPPABLE”

This study focuses on the derivational suffixes found in Maria and Elizabeth Rahajeng's book "Becoming Unstoppable." The study encourages further exploration and understanding of derivational suffixes, by comprehending what is the function derivational suffixes, individuals can enhance the language skills and improve communication. The study identifies and explains the derivational suffixes using the theories proposed by (Lieber, 2009) and(Carstairs-Mccarthy, 2002), shedding light on the process involved. Both formal and informal methods were used to describe the study's findings. The writer identified three forms of derivational suffix functions: category-changing lexeme formation, meaning-changing lexeme formation, and both category and meaning-changing lexeme creation. The process of derivational suffixes was described using labeling and bracketing. From the outcome, a total of 159 data were identified, with the main type function being category-changing lexeme formation 129 data, followed by both category-meaning changing formation 30 data. However, meaning-changing lexemes were not found in the data source. This study underscores the significance of morphological terms in language, as they facilitate the creation of new words from diverse languages and word forms.

Are some morphological units more prone to spelling variation than others? A case study using spontaneous handwritten data

The relation between morphology and spelling is an important source of evidence for theories of linguistic processing. In particular, spelling errors can help us assess the role of morphological structure in language users’ mental representations of words in authentic texts. Previous research suggests that some morphological units are more prone to spelling errors than others, partly depending on the degree to which they are perceived as separate units. In this paper, we want to test this hypothesis by exploring graphemic variation in a collection of 1,667 German school-exit exams. Specifically, we code the spelling errors for their morphological structure. We can show that inflectional suffixes show a much higher probability of final letter omissions compared to final stems or derivational suffixes. We also find tentative evidence that case markers are more often affected by omissions than number markers.

Morphology Analysis Of Derivational Suffixes Process In The "Walls" Music Album By Louis Tomlinson

Morphology is the study of linguistics that concerns about words and the structure of words. The aims of this study is to explore derivational morphology process according theory about types of derivational suffix from Plag (2002) in "Walls" music album by Louis Tomlinson. The method that is used in this study is qualitative research because there is no calculation involved and the technique to collect the data is documentation method because the data source is writen text, therefore that is suitable with the method. The data were collected by a music album with the title "Walls" by Louis Tomlinson which contains 12 songs. This study shows that the types of derivational suffix that were found are nominal suffix such as -ion, -ing, -ity, verbal suffix -ize, adjectival suffix such as -ive, adverbial suffix that is -ly. The implication of the study was based on the data, there are derivational suffixes can found in music album, not only in the literary works. From finding derivational suffix data, readers or listeners will understand more about the structure of a word used in the data source and know more about the meaning of each word