Derivational Suffixes Research Articles

An Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Song

This research discusses about derivational affixes in song lyrics. The researcher analyzed five songs in Harris Jung’s Salam album. The five songs are: Salam Alaikum, Good Life, Rasool’ Allah, I Promise, and My Hero. The kind of the research was library research. The researcher analyzed the data by using four steps, they are understanding (reading), identifying, classifying, and describing. The results of the research are there were two kinds of derivational affixes in Harris Jung’s Salam album in the five selected songs, they were derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes. The dominant of derivational affixes in Harris Jung’s Salam album in five selected songs were derivational suffixes with the total percantage 64% that are suffixes –ness (4), -y (1), -ful (1), -en (1), -ly (2) and then derivational prefixes with the total percantage 36% that are prefixes re- (2), un- (1), pro- (1), in- (1).

Acquisition of English derivational morphemes students of selected universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Derivational morphemes pose problems for learners of English. In this connection, the nature of the problems faced by the learners needs to be investigated. The present study investigates the acquisition of English derivational morphemes by undergraduate level students. Data for the study was selected from four universities of KPK including Hazara University, Islamia College University, Kohat University of Science and Technology and Swat University. The findings of the study highlight that the problems faced by learners are different in nature. Some students did not easily acquire the English derivational morphemes. Their scores were different for different derivational morphemes suggesting that they had acquired some of these morphemes easily as compared to others. Derivational morphemes such as de-adjective nominal suffixes are acquired more easily as compared to de-verbal nominals. Our first hypothesis that states that class preserving suffixes are acquired easily than class changing suffixes was approved. Furthermore, the classes preserving derivational prefixes were found to be easily acquired than class changing derivational suffixes.

The Effects of Multiple‐Exposure Textual Enhancement on Child L2 Learners’ Development in Derivational Morphology: A Multi‐Site Study

AbstractMuch research exists on the role of textual enhancement in instructed second language (L2) development, yet little is known about how its effectiveness is influenced by multiple exposures, whether it can facilitate the acquisition of L2 derivational morphology, and how it may affect child language learning. To fill these gaps, this study employed a six‐week multiple‐exposure design to investigate the extent which to textual enhancement can benefit children’s knowledge of L2 derivational morphemes. The study employed a pretest‐posttest design, with six treatment sessions. Participants were 91 L2 learners of English in two primary school EFL contexts (Romania, Sweden). In each context, participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the +highlight group received textually enhanced texts, whereas the –highlight group read unenhanced texts during the treatment. The children read the texts through a digital reader application during their English lessons. The target constructions were the –ion and –ment morphemes. The pretest and posttest included a non‐word derivational suffix choice and a nonword derivational suffix decomposition task. Results of linear mixed effects models found a small advantage of textual enhancement for the acquisition of the –ion morpheme by Swedish learners on the suffix choice task, but Romanian learners showed no benefits from highlighting.

Dressed, undressed, or both; The case of Ewaw in Southeast Maluku

This article discusses complexity and simplification in Ewaw (also known as Kei or Keiese), an Austronesian language in Southeast Maluku. Section 1 provides an introduction to the genetics, spelling, and phonology of this language, which is related to the Austronesian languages of Timor. There are two main dialects which subdivide into two variants each. Section 2 provides an overview of the productive inflection in Ewaw and its derivational morphology, of which only reduplication is still productive. It has two noun classes and four verb classes, seventeen derivational prefixes and four derivational suffixes. Section 3 is a sketch of Ewaw syntax and deixis. It has twenty-four adverbial markers to encode direction and manner, which can all be analysed as serial verb constructions. Section 4 compares Ewaw grammar to languages in the region. Whereas Ewaw’s petrified morphology is more complex than in any other language in the region, it now has the simplest morphology. Section 5 concludes that Ewaw’s simplification without “shedding” its morphology is problematic.

Compound Adjectives with Derivational Suffixes in Russian

This work is devoted to the study of the semantics of suffix-complex adjectives. The method of composition with simultaneous suffixation is a relatively independent and biased method of word-formation, which is productive in word-formation of adjectives. In this way, adjectives are produced whose pivot component is a suffixal adjective. The word-formation structure between members of multiple compounds suffixed derivative adjectives is not interpreted as a simple combination of linear morphemes. This structure contains dependencies of constituents that can be characterized by the relationship between determinans and determinatum. The generalized definition of a word-formation meaning as a relationship with a certain object or a characteristic by a certain object is expressed as follows by the logical and semantic relationship of the adjective s to the valence partner (attribute-attribute carrier) 1. Adjective designates the existence of a certain object: the ornative relationship 2. Adjective refers a complex of attribute carrier from parts: constructive relationships 3. The object is destined for something: purposive relationship 4. The object functions as a means of something: an instrumental relationship 5. Temporal relationships are expressed by adjectives: temporal relationship 6. Adjectives denote relations with places: local relationship 7. Adjectives refer to the owner of something or refer to the owner s object mentioned in the context: a possessive relationship, a subject or object-oriented relationship. 8.The adjective describes measured values of the physical properties of objects: Measured value relationship 9.The adjective refers to the classification of an object on a scale: Scale value relationship. The presentation of the complex form-meaning relations is in a semasiological and onomasiologically oriented analysis. This also gives rise to further aspects for a characterological description of Russian.

POLYSYLLABIC STRATUM ORDERING ANALYSIS IN SCIENTIFIC TEXT: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY

The word formation is largely influenced by derivational affixes. These affixes however have certain level orderings called stratum ordering that lead to the formation of new words hierarchically. The study focuses on the investigation of the possible stratum ordering of derivational morphemes in scientific texts and the analysis of how these stratums form polysyllables derivational words. Qualitative research methodology is applied to this study. The data source of this study was taken from http://ijiemjournal.uns.ac.rs/v11/v11-01.html. This journal concerns Industrial Engineering and Management. The intended data are randomly taken from five journals published on Volume 11 | Issue 1 | March 2020 limited to polysyllables of scientific terms. The data were analyzed using the theory of Francis Katamba proposing that the central to lexical morphology is organized in a series of hierarchical strata and also Spencer (1991) supported by Plag and Baayen (2008). This paper concludes in general that the addition of derivational affixes to scientific terms is hierarchically structured based on the theory, such as the placement of strata 1 affixes closer to the root word, the neutrality of stress placement of strata 2 suffixes, and non-netrality of strata 1 suffixes. However, it is also found some inconsistencies in the placement of derivational suffixes in which the second strata are placed closer to the root. This happens when suffix -able is combined with -ity in availability (adjective to noun) or when suffix -ize is combined with -ion to form verb to noun in parameterization. The most formations found is the use of suffixes -ion, -ity for nouns, -ize for verbs, -ive and -able for adjectives.

Derivational Suffix Productivity in Persian: A Fuzzy Analysis

ABSTRACT The main aim of this article is to introduce a new way of dealing with the vague concept of suffix productivity in Persian. This approach, that is fuzzy set theory, gives each suffix a degree of membership from [0,1] to different productivity categories. To estimate morphological productivity of Persian suffixes, first Baayen’s proposed measures, i.e. realized productivity, expanding productivity and potential productivity were applied to Bijankhan corpus. Correspondingly, 2.6 million words in the corpus were investigated and analysed using MATLAB and Microsoft Excel software. In the next step, the results of the three productivity measures were illustrated on separate fuzzy diagrams. The findings showed that the three measures employed could give a broader view of different aspects of derivational suffix productivity in Persian. Using fuzzy set theory makes it possible for a given suffix to belong simultaneously to different categories with different degrees of membership. According to the statistics of this research, suffixes – i and – e in Persian had the highest degrees of membership among the most productive suffixes up to now. Likewise, they continue to contribute the most to the growth rate of the contemporary Persian lexicon.

Effects of lexicality and pseudo-morphological complexity on embedded word priming.

Two masked priming experiments investigated the impact of prime lexicality (word vs. nonword) and the pseudo-morphological structure of prime stimuli (pseudosuffixed vs. nonsuffixed) on embedded word priming effects. In the related prime conditions, target words were embedded at the beginning of prime stimuli and were followed either by a derivational suffix (e.g., corner-corn; cornry-corn) or a nonsuffix but orthographically legal word ending (e.g., dragon-drag; dragip-drag). Lexical decisions to target words were facilitated by related pseudosuffixed primes compared with unrelated primes, and this occurred to the same extent for word primes (corner-corn) and nonword primes (cornry-corn). On the other hand, target word recognition was inhibited by related nonsuffixed word primes (dragon-drag), and no priming was found with nonsuffixed nonword primes (dragip-drag). Conditional suffix probability-the probability that a string-initial embedded word will be followed by a derivational suffix in a lexicon of all uninflected morphologically simple and derived words - determined the size of priming effects obtained with nonsuffixed primes. Two main conclusions are drawn on the basis of these findings: (a) the presence of a pseudo-morphological structure in words such as corner limits the impact of lateral inhibitory influences on embedded word priming, and (b) in the absence of a pseudo-morphological structure, one possible factor determining embedded word priming is the likelihood that the embedded word will be followed by a derivational suffix. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Bridging form and meaning: support from derivational suffixes in word learning

BackgroundVocabulary development is closely associated with morphological knowledge, yet work is needed to understand the mechanisms underpinning this relationship. One possibility is that because morphological relationships entail systematic mappings between word form (phonology and orthography) and word meaning (semantics and grammar), children may take advantage of these links to form high‐quality lexical representations when learning novel words. This study examined whether developing readers show superior semantic, phonological and orthographic learning of novel words when those words contain an existing suffix that is congruent with the definition of that word.MethodsTwo groups of adolescents (younger: 12–13 years, n = 39, and older: 16–19 years, n = 39) learned definitions for 18 nonwords, each comprising a nonword stem and an existing suffix (e.g., clantist). Half the definitions were semantically and syntactically congruent with the suffix; the other half were incongruent. Training took place across two sessions, followed by a series of post‐tests measuring semantic learning (through a semantic recall task), phonological learning (through a shadowing task), lexicalisation of nonwords (through a lexical decision task) and orthographic learning (through a spelling task).ResultsBoth age groups showed significantly stronger semantic recall for items taught in the congruent compared with the incongruent condition. However, this effect did not emerge in our measures of phonological and orthographic learning or in lexicalisation of nonwords.ConclusionsThese findings provide some evidence that the presence of familiar suffixes in unfamiliar words facilitates novel word learning in adolescents, but in the present study, this benefit was only observed in the mappings between word form and meaning and not in the learning of word forms.

THE USE OF INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN THE NOVELS HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSOPHER’S STONE AND TWILIGHT

The paper discusses the use of inflectional and derivational suffixes, for which purpose two chapters from two novels written in English language have been analysed. The novels include: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, written by J. K. Rowling and Twilight, written by Stephanie Meyer. It is hypothesized that inflectional suffixes prevail in literature texts written in English language in comparison to derivational suffixes. The first part of the paper provides theoretical background of the process of affixation with a special emphasis put on suffixation, types of suffixes, distinction between inflectional and derivational suffixes, whereas the central and the most important part of the paper deals with the analysis and the results. Although only two chapters of two novels have been analysed, the sufficient number of each type of suffixes has been selected clearly showing that inflectional suffixes prevail, which proves the hypothesis. The results obtained through the analysis can be representative, even though they cannot be considered as a general rule since they may be influenced by many factors, e.g., whether the analysis has been conducted using the entire novels or even completely different corpus (newspapers, online articles, scientific papers, etc.). Nevertheless, the results can provide a good basis/source for some future similar research. Keywords: affixation; suffixation; suffixes; types of suffixes; inflection; derivation

Quid manet? A diachronic approach to the Italian derivational suffixes -izzare and -eggiare

Quid manet? A diachronic approach to the Italian derivational suffixes -izzare and -eggiare

Гендерні сопозиції, що відносяться до осіб, в ліриці Марлени Рахліної

The analysis of grammatical units, the basis of which is the category of gender of nouns is given. These units denote living beings that have gender correlates. The article examines the functioning of gender correlates referred to persons based on the lyric works by Marlena Rakhlina. The object of analysis is morphological categories in Rakhlina’s poetry. The subject of the research is gender juxtapositions related to persons in poems by Rakhlina. The poetic potential of linguistic units in literary functioning is revealed by means of the functional method; the distributive method made it possible to consider morphological units in a poetic text based on contextual correlation and compatibility; with the help of context-interpretation analysis morphological ways of implementing the author's intention to create poetic meaning are characterized. Among the nouns referred to living beings in the lyrics by Rakhlina gender correlates that denote persons are presented. Four different types of such gender correlates have been revealed. Gender semantics is realized in pairs of one-root personal substantives with derivational suffixes of feminine gender; in gender correlates, systemically reflecting family relationships; in opposites that denote various age groups; in oppositional pairs, expressed in different parts of speech. The types of gender juxtapositions identified in the poems by Rakhlina can be expressed in different parts of speech and reflect the meanings of not only unification in a married couple or a pair of lovers, but also unification along the same type of people. Such consolidation quite often indicates family relationships between the lyric character of the poem and her children, which go through different age phases. The materials of this article can be used in classes on grammar and stylistics of the Russian language.

PROPOSALS ON ADJECTIVE FORMATION FROM BORROWED TERMS IN ‑ГРАФІЯ, ‑ЛОГІЯ, ‑МЕТРІЯ, ‑СКОПІЯ

The article reviews the tendencies of activating the specific productive pattern for adjective formation in ‑ійний from the borrowed terms in ‑ія. These tendencies were normalized in the current edition of the “Ukrainian Orthography” of 2019. The theoretical basis of this study was the fundamental work of Kateryna Horodenska, which shows that for the nouns in ‑ія the hybrid adjective derivational suffixes ‑ічн‑/‑ичн‑, formed on the basis of the foreign adjective suffix ‑ic‑, are not required and it would be advisable to directly attach the specific Ukrainian suffix ‑н‑ to the borrowed noun stems. The main source chosen for analyzing the arrays of noun terms in ‑графія, ‑логія, ‑метрія, ‑скопія and related adjectives is the Academic Ukrainian-English Dictionary of Scientific Language (Physics and Related Sciences), the electronic version of which is available at https://e2u.org.ua/. It is shown that the adjective formation pattern in ‑ійний began to be spontaneously applied to the adjectives from nouns in ‑графія, ‑логія, ‑метрія, ‑скопія. In addition, quantitative assessments of the synchronous morphological and word-formative re-normalization of previously borrowed adjectives are presented, which shows that today only the first steps have been taken towards adapting the external forms of borrowed adjectives to the specific Ukrainian features. Proposals are made to maintain this tendency in the Ukrainian adjective formation, in particular: 1) in scientific works systematically to form and use adjectives in ‑ійний from all borrowed nouns in ‑ія without exception, both commonly used and newly borrowed; 2) in terminological dictionaries to include first of all the adjectives in ‑ійний from all borrowed nouns in ‑ія and, if necessary, to enter previously borrowed forms in ‑ічний/‑ичний of the same meaning and to put them in the second place with certain marks (for example, obsolete, not recommended etc., if these forms have no additional meanings); 3) in drafting standards to form and use the adjectives in ‑ійний which are derived from borrowed nouns in ‑ія, first of all newly borrowed, and also from those of common usage, if these adjectives in ‑ійний are already included in the dictionary or authoritative scientific works. It is noted that this is the only way to ensure the consistency of the Ukrainian terminology and contribute to protection of the originality of Ukrainian word formation against the influx of numerous new borrowings.

Derivational Suffixes in Crazy Rich Asians Novel: A Morphological Analysis

This study focused on the classification types and identifying the function of derivational suffixes. The data were taken from a novel entitled Crazy Rich Asians by Kevin Kwan. The collected data were analysed by using documentation method and qualitatively analyzed. The analysis was based on the theory of morphological study, particularly suffixes that is proposed by Plag (2002:109). Moreover, Merriam Webster dictionary is used in this study to analyse the word class of suffixes. The findings showed that there are four types of suffixes, such as: nominal suffixes, verbal suffixes, adjectival suffixes, adverbial suffixes. The function of the suffix can be divided into two, which is to class maintaining suffixes and class changing suffixes.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Base Truncation in English Word-Formation

This study deals with an issue of base-final rime truncation observed in word formation process in English. The base truncation occurs only when a vowel-initial derivational morpheme is affixed to a preceding base. The examples are divided into two major groups: bases ending in a vowel and bases ending in a consonant. The second group of data is also sub-divided into four, depending on the structure and the compositions of the base-final syllable. We argue that the base-final rime deletion is motivated by avoiding a sequence of hetero-syllabic vowels across the morpheme boundary, the final two syllables of a derived word with the identical onsets, the neutralization of a back-formed or prominent vowel, the three or more stressless syllables, and the concatenation of certain derivational suffixes in a derived word. Even though the base-final rime truncation was triggered by various reasons, their goal is to achieve a better syllabic, prosodic, metrical, or morphological structure in newly formed words in English and this study provides a constraint-based analysis which employs constraints, reflecting all those motivations of the base-final rime truncation.

Complex nouns of common type in the Erzia and Hungarian languages

Introduction. Word building is used to form integral complex words on the basis of two or more simple ones. The initial base can be a group of equal lexical units or a phrase. There are many derivational types of composites, the study of which allows us to trace what trends are manifested in the modern word building system of the language. Topical comparative research in this area contributes to the replenishment of the theoretical base and makes a significant contribution to teaching methods. Within the framework of this article, the following tasks are solved: to establish derivational connections of complex words, to classify composites in the Erzia and Hungarian languages, to identify ways of word formation of complex nouns and the degree of their productivity, to carry out a comparative analysis of derivational formants in Erzia and Hungarian. Materials and Methods. The material for the research was bilingual dictionaries: Erzia-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The author used a descriptive method, methods of synchronous analysis, formal semantic and component analysis, historical-comparative and comparative-comparative methods, as well as quantitative analysis. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of a continuous sampling from the dictionaries, it was found that the share of compound nouns with a compositional connection in both languages is within 20% of the total number of compound nouns. This means that the creation of composites is less productive than the formation of words with a subordinate link. In most cases, the first component in the examples under consideration is a noun, the history of which can be easily traced, in particular by derivational suffixes. In rare cases, the components of a compound word have lost their meaning. Conclusion. The intensity of the use of word building methods in the modern Erzia and Hungarian languages allow the production of words with a complex structure. The increase of the interest in comparative research indicate the need to study this phenomenon from a historical-comparative standpoint.

A corpus-based list of academic English derivational suffixes

The study reported in this paper aims to create a list of academic English derivational suffixes to help EFL teachers decide which derivational suffixes to be taught first and help their learners, especially those of higher education, expand their vocabulary size. Gardner and Davies’ (2014) 3,000-word list of Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) academic was analyzed following Hay (2002) and Plag’s (2006) frameworks by counting the number of words containing the suffixes. This study found 1,251 suffixed words in the corpus deriving from 41 suffixes, which comprise 22 noun suffixes, 13 adjectival suffixes, 4 verbal suffixes, and 2 adverbial suffixes. The suffixes were then ordered into 3 levels based on the frequency; 22 suffixes are put in Level 1, 12 suffixes in Level 2, and 7 suffixes in Level 3. Considering the high frequency, all suffixes in Level 1 should gain more attention of the teachers. The more frequent occurrence of the suffix in a variety of context will provide a greater chance for the learners to get more exposure. Hence, mastering it will likely expand learners’ vocabulary size through combining the suffix and existing base.

Affrication of Voiced Labials (/B, V/) in Changana

This article describes and analyses the frication of the voiced labial
 consonants (/b/ and /v/) in Changana, a Bantu language (S53, in Guthrie’s
 1967-1971 classification). In the light of the autosegmental phonology (Leben
 1973, 1978, 2006; 1973, Goldsmith 1976, 2004; Odden 1986) combined with
 the Feature Geometry theory, the article discusses phonological processes
 that turn voiced labials into labial-alveolar affricate [bz]. In this study, we
 assume that the process of hiatus resolution by gliding is the trigger of the
 alteration under analysis. That is, when derivative suffixes with low vowel
 (/a/) and the high front vowel (/i/) in the initial position are attached to
 words with rounded vowels (/o, u/) in final position in some morphological
 processes such as diminutivisation and locativisation, the results are
 undesirable sequences (hiatus). In order to resolve such hiatus, a series
 of phonological processes such as the turning of the rounded vowel in the
 word final position into labial-velar glide allowing the adjacency of voiced
 labials with labial glide which violates the Obligatory Contour Principle
 (OCP) takes place. The present study analyses the OCP using empirical
 Changana data collected both in the fieldwork supplemented by data from
 other sources including bibliographical and introspective data. The article
 is organised as follows. Firstly, it discusses the theoretical framework;
 secondly it analyses the Hiatus Resolution in Changana; thirdly, it analyses
 the data and lastly, it presents the main conclusions of the study.

A Morphological Process of Derivational Affixes in Popular LINE Webtoon: The Annarasumanara

This research tries to analyze the morphological process of derivational affixes in a popular LINE Webtoon comic titled Annarasumanara authored by Il Kwon Ha. This research uses a synchronic descriptive approach in which data are collected and explained naturally. The objects of this research are the conversations in Annarasumanara from episode 1 to 10. The results of the research are 53 words that changed word classes, involving 7 derivational prefixes and 47 derivational suffixes. The suffix “-ly” is the most dominantly used in the Webtoon. This study revealed not only the detailed morphological process of affix analysis but also the grammatical categories of words and meanings.

Pluractionality in Hittite

AbstractHittite features three derivational suffixes, i.e.,-ške/a-, -šša-, and -anna/i-, that attach to verbs and are commonly described as expressing a number of imperfective-like functions. So far, the distribution and use of these suffixes has defied a satisfactory explanation. Whereas some scholars argue that they operate within the domain of lexical aspect, others view them as associated with the encoding of grammatical imperfective aspect. In this paper, we focus on the interpretation of-ške/a-and argue that a better understanding of the nature of this suffix can be achieved if one frames its description within the typology of pluractional constructions. As we show, the range of polyfunctionality of-ške/a-fully complies with the cross-linguistic behavior of pluractional markers. We also provide a tentative diachronic scenario that accounts for the rise of such polyfunctionality out of the original semantic core of the suffix.