Albumin Denaturation Research Articles

Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Study of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Aegle marmelos Fruit with Peel and without Peel: A Comparative Evaluation

Background: Aegle marmelos is an important ethnomedicinal plant that is found commonly in India and other Asian countries. The peel of the fruit is hard and is often discarded as waste. However, a few studies have shown that even the peel has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes. The aim of this research work was to perform a comparative evaluation of Aegle marmelos fruit extracts with the peel (whole fruit) and without the peel. Phytochemical investigations were carried out on the two extracts. Materials and Methods: The Folin-ciocalteu reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method were used to determine the total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents, respectively. The marmelosin content was measured using the high-performance thinlayer chromatography technique. The antioxidant activity was determined in-vitro using the free-radical scavenging method, and the in vitro antiinflammatory property was determined using the egg albumin denaturation method. The unpaired t-test (with Welch’s correction) was used to determine P values. Any differences that were observed were considered significant if P < 0.05. Results: The total flavonoid content of the extracts was found to be low, while the total phenolic content was high. There were no significant differences in the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activities and marmelosin contents of the extracts were significantly different. Conclusion: The extracts displayed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of the fruit without the peel was found to be greater than that of the extract of the fruit with the peel.

Elucidating Therapeutic and Biological Potential of Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt Bark, Leaf, and Root Extracts.

Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt is a medicinal plant known to have potential for the treatment of various diseases. In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of the bark, leaves, and roots of B. baluchistanica plant were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial, anti-leishmanial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined by agar mix and agar well diffusion method. All extracts showed potential activity against the target bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor mucedo). S. aureus proved to be the most sensitive strain for each extract, with a maximum zone of inhibition for bark at 23 ± 0.12 mm, for leaves at 22 ± 0.36 mm, and for root extracts at 20.21 ± 0.06 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration values of B. baluchistanica bark, leaves, and roots for different target bacterial strains ranged from 1.56 to 25 mg ml–1, and the minimum bactericidal concentrations were in the range of 3.12 to 25 mg ml–1, respectively. The root extract possessed potent antifungal activity against A. flavus with 83% of growth inhibition, A. niger with 80%, and M. mucedo with 73%. The bark extract was found active against M. mucedo with 86% of inhibition, followed by 70% against A. flavus and 60% against A. niger. The leaf extract showed a significant response by 83% inhibition against M. mucedo, followed by A. flavus and A. niger with 73 and 72% inhibition, respectively. In an anti-leishmanial bioassay, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) was observed for each extract against Leishmania major. The bark showed good activity (IC50 = 4.95 ± 0.36 mg/ml), followed by the roots (IC50 = 7.07 ± 0.18 mg/ml) and the leaves (IC50 = 8.25 ± 0.29 mg/ml). An evaluation of anticancer activity was done by using MTT cell assay against HeLa cell line. Upon comparing the values of each extract to the standard, it was revealed that the ethanolic bark extract showed the highest anticancer activity with IC50 = (12 ± 0.15 μg/ml), followed by the roots (14 ± 0.15 μg/ml) and the leaves (17 ± 0.21 μg/ml), respectively. The anti-inflammatory assay was undertaken by the inhibition of albumin denaturation activity, proteinase inhibitory activity, and heat-induced hemolysis activity. The IC50 value for protein denaturation of the bark was IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.25 mg/ml, followed by the roots (0.67 ± 0.21 mg/ml) and the leaves (0.73 ± 0.13 mg/ml). The proteinase inhibitory activity of the bark extract was IC50 = 0.55 ± 0.12 mg/ml, followed by the leaves (0.62 ± 0.23 mg/ml) and the roots (0.69 ± 0.15 mg/ml), respectively. For heat-induced hemolysis assay, the bark showed the lowest IC50 value (0.48 ± 0.15 mg/ml) compared to the leaves (0.52 ± 0.35 mg/ml) and the roots (0.58 ± 0.05 mg/ml) of the plant. All analyzed parts of the B. baluchistanica plant showed significant biological activities which make the plant medicinally important and a good candidate for the isolation of antimicrobial, inflammatory, and anticancer compounds. Further studies may lead us to determine the active compounds responsible for the biological activities of the plant extracts.

Synthesis of New 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Hybrid of Ibuprofen and Its Biological Evaluation

Herein we report the obtaining of 1-(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-2- (4-isobutylphenyl)propan-1-one and its characterization. The newly obtained hybrid and its derivatives (hybrids of ibuprofen with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and piperidine) were screened for their in vitro antioxidant, antitryptic, and inhibition of albumin denaturation activity. The lipophilicity was established using both reversed-phase thin layer chromatography and in silico calculations.

Chemical, Biological & Pharmacological Investigations of Different Fractional Extracts of Passiflora edulis Sims. (Family: Passifloraceae)

In the evaluation of antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 10 bacteria at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antibiotic disc of Azithromycin (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. The extracts showed no activity against gm (+ve) & gm (-ve) bacteria at a concentration of 500 µg/disc. Antifungal activity of ethanol, chloroform & n-hexane extracts of P. edulis was tested against 7 fungi at concentrations of 500µg/disc. Standard antifungal disc of Fluconazole (30 µg/disc) was used for the comparison. In antifungal screening the chloroform extract showed activity against A. fumigatus (15nm). In DPPH scavenging assay the ethanol extract of leaves showed maximum % inhibition of 73.41% at 100μg/ml while the standard ascorbic acid showed % inhibition of 82.14% at the same concentration. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample extract. The extract exhibited considerable DPPH free radical scavenging activity as indicated by their IC50 values which indicate the potency of scavenging activity. Standard ascorbic acid was found to have an IC50 of 1.66μg/ml. In comparison to standard ascorbic acid, ethanol extract of P. edulis showed of an IC50 of 2.57μg/ml. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation assay method, the percent inhibition of protein denaturation in the experiment of ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis was found to be 55.454% at 500μg/ml, 49.818% at 250μg/ml and 41.818% at 125μg/ml. The extract possesses significant activity comparable with that of the standard acetyl salicylic acid which showed percent inhibition of protein denaturation of 91.945%, 88.181% and 45.454% in the same concentration range. In this analgesic activity study using Eddy’s hot plate method in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis showed mild analgesic activity. After 30 minutes of administration of standard drug (Diclofenac 9 mg/kg), mean latency was found to be 17.34sec. While the extract at concentration of 400 mg/kg exposed mean latency of 6.67sec. Respectively. During antipyretic activity by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method in mice, the ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis produced moderate antipyretic activity. In this test, the extract reduced temperature from 102.4°F to 99.84°F (p=0.151188), 98.74°F (p=0.070485), 98.6℉ (p=0.056108), 98.37℉ (p=0.039072) and 98.27°F (p=0.110528) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hour respectively and caused maximum reduction of temperature in 1st hour. During antidiarrhoeal activity by castor oil induced test in mice, the ethanol extract of P. edulis produced moderate antidiarrheal episode. The latent period and the total diarrheic faces were found to be 0.978 hr & 8.34 at 500 mg/kg for P. edulis as compared to standard (Loperamide 3mg/kg) 2.845 hr & 5.34. In the sedative and hypnotic activity by using open field box, hole cross box and swing Test method on swiss albino mice ethanol extract of P. edulis showed moderate sedative and hypnotic activity. During the open field test, squares crossed by the group receiving standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 63 and 84.34 respectively. During the swing test, number of swings observed after administration of standard Diazepam and ethanol extract of leaves of P. edulis were 3.67 and 8.67 respectively. During diuretic activity by using the Lipschitz test in mice, ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of P. edulis (500mg/kg body wt.) showed no activity compared to standard drug Furosemide (20mg/kg body wt.)

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Cissus quadrangularis extract and its invitro study

ObjectiveGreen synthesis of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterial has received significant importance in various fields. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed using aqueous extracts of Cissus quadrangularis. Aqueous extracts of plants plays a major role to reduce the silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles and also aid as surface stabilizing material for silver nanoparticles production. MethodsThe synthesized nanoparticles was monitored by physicochemical techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, Uv–Vis, and SEM. Anti-arthritic activity of silver nanoparticles was examined by Egg albumin denaturation and albumin (BSA) denaturation method. ResultsXRD, FT-IR and Uv–Vis spectrum confirms crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. SEM images show the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. Egg albumin denaturation method results revealed 81% inhibition and bovine serum albumin method shows 85% inhibition than standard drug. ConclusionIt confirms that, the green synthesized silver nanoparticles would be useful in promoting research aiming at the development of new agent for arthritis applications. Hence, the utilization of natural harmless materials like plant extracts for nanoparticles synthesis offers various advantages like eco-friendliness and compatibility for drug and biomedical applications.

Multi-target bioactivity of summer quinones production in the Persian Gulf burrowing black-type sea urchin

After harvesting the sea urchin gonads for Japanese food “uni” echinoculture systems, the remaining shells and spines are considered waste. However, the material of shells and spines is thought to be rich in natural bioactive molecules. The current study used liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry to extract summer quinones pigment present in spines and shells of the burrowing sea urchin ‘black’ type Echinometra mathaei from the natural Qeshm Island echinoculture. Then, the biochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of sea urchin quinones pigment were investigated. In terms of bioactivity, both shell and spine pigments demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity (antioxidant). The shell pigment exhibited maximum albumin denaturation inhibition (IC50 = 9.62 μg/ml) (anti-inflammatory), as well as α-amylase inhibition (92.28 percent 4.77) (antidiabetic). Pigments were discovered to have a low antibacterial effect against positive gramme bacteria, as well as low cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects when compared to Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio). For identification and quantification of pigment extracts, both the photodiode array detector and LC-ESI-MS were used. Spinochrome A, B, and C, as well as echinochrome A, were identified as bioactive quinonoid pigments. This chemical defence is discussed in relation to its algal diet and environmental conditions. In conclusion, the isolated pigments obtained from the shell and spines of E. mathaei sea urchins found to have potent bio-activity and can be used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Differences effect of red and big white ginger extract as anti-inflammatory agents by In vitro

This research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of different anti-inflammatory effects from the extract of red ginger and big white ginger by measuring their protein (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibitory capability. This study is a quasi experimental, using a model reaction between 0.2 % BSA were heated to form protein denaturation by five groups: red ginger water extract group, red ginger ethanol extract group, big white ginger water extract group, and big white ginger ethanol extract group as the test group (200 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm) and diclofenac sodium as the standard group (40 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm). Potential inhibition of protein denaturation is known to determine the value of IC50. The results of this study indicate that the red ginger water extract has the IC50 value of 107.4513 ppm (r=0.967), the red ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value of 193.4338 ppm (r=0.959), the big white ginger water extract has the IC50 value 160 ppm (r=0.969), the big white ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value 160.9536 ppm (r=0.994), of whereas for diclofenac sodium by 27.1133 ppm (r=0.874). These results indicate that the red ginger and big white ginger as a potential inhibitor of protein denaturation for inflammatory processes in vitro.

Introducing the multi-dimensional spectral phasors: a tool for the analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices

The use of phasors to analyze fluorescence data was first introduced for time-resolved studies for a simpler mathematical analysis of the fluorescence-decay curves. Recently, this approach was extended to steady-state experiments with the introduction of the spectral phasors (SP), derived from the Fourier transform of the fluorescence emission spectrum. In this work, we revise key mathematical aspects that lead to an interpretation of SP as the characteristic function of a probability distribution. This formalism allows us to introduce a new tool, called multi-dimensional spectral phasor (MdSP) that seize, not only the information from the emission spectrum, but from the full excitation-emission matrix (EEM). In addition, we developed a homemade open-source Java software to facilitate the MdSP data processing. Due to this mathematical conceptualization, we settled a mechanism for the use of MdSP as a tool to tackle spectral signal unmixing problems in a more accurate way than SP. As a proof of principle, with the use of MdSP we approach two important biophysical questions: protein conformational changes and protein-ligand interactions. Specifically, we experimentally measure the EEM changes upon denaturation of human serum albumin (HSA) or during its association with the fluorescence dye 1,8-anilinonaphtalene sulphate (ANS) detected via tryptophan-ANS Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). In this sense, MdSP allows us to obtain information of the system in a simpler and finer way than the traditional SP. Specifically, understanding a protein’s EEM as a molecular fingerprint opens new doors for the use of MdSP as a tool to analyze and comprehend protein conformational changes and interactions.

Synthesis and evaluation of 6-Fluoro benzothiazole substituted quinazolinones

The present work was hypothesized to synthesize Benzothiazole substituted diethyl amino Quinazolinone derivatives and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Quinazolinones were synthesized from condensation of 2-amino benzothiazole, anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride further followed by condensation with formaldehyde and diethyl amine. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion using organisms and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activies were studied using albumin denaturation and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The structures of the synthesized Quinazolinone derivatives were confirmed by spectral analysis, such as IR, H-NMR and among the derivatives screened, the compounds 4d, 4f 4g, 4h have appreciable antimicrobial activity compared to standards. The compounds (4a-4h) have least anti-inflammatory activity while compound 4g have significant antioxidant activity as that of positive control.

Contemporary uses of old folks: the immunomodulatory and toxic potential of fenbufen

Fenbfen is used for pain, pyrexia and in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders. The present research was planned to examine the immunomodulatory activity of fenbufen in different models of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immunity (HI). The CMI was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia assays while HI was appraised by hemagglutination (HA) assay by administering fenbufen at 2, 6 and 10 mg.kg-1 and azathioprine 40 mg.kg-1 (as standard therapy) to albino mice by intraperitoneal route. The ex vivo immunomodulatory action was determined by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays. The results showed that fenbufen treatment had significantly (p<0.05-p<0.001) reduced white blood cells, hemoglobin content, and red blood cells in the healthy and neutropenic mice. A significant (p<0.001) reduction in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and glutathione contents, and enhancement of malondialdehyde level were observed in neutropenic mice that were restored by fenbufen treatment. It suppressed DTH reaction after 24, 48 and 72 h post topical application of 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Fenbufen or azathioprine treated groups also showed a significant reduction in the antibody titer against human RBCs induced immune activation in mice as compared to the disease control mice. Fenbufen showed IC50 of 14.0, 50.5 and 66.2 μg.ml-1 whereas, diclofenac sodium showed IC50 of 61.0, 126 and 50.5 μg/ml in RBCs membrane stabilization, egg albumin and bovine serum albumin denaturation assays respectively. The current study shows that fenbufen might have potential immunomodulatory activity against CMI and HI. It can be utilized to treat immune system disorders.

DETERMINATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF GERMINATED BROWN RICEoryza Sativa L. USING ALUMINIUM INDUCED CHICK EGGS

Brown rice is most versatile grain with plenty of nutrient. Studies proved that germinated brown rice has so many advantages when compared to white rice. Inammation is a immune response that is triggered by various factors such as pathogens, damaged cells and other toxic compounds. There plenty of commercial drug available for the treatment of inammation but most of them have side effect. Some times the risk factors leads life threatening. In this study we check the anti-inammatory activity of GBR rice using Aluminium toxicity induced chick eggs. We focus on the phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, inhibition of albumin denaturation and HET-CAM test.

Role of Ajwa Date Fruit Pulp and Seed in the Management of Diseases through In Vitro and In Silico Analysis.

Simple SummaryMost diseases result in an imbalance of antioxidant defense, inflammatory responses, and membrane permeabilization. The current therapeutic modules of disease prevention are not fully effective and have some adverse effects on physiological parameters. In this vista, medicinal plants and their active compounds have proven to be effective against disease prevention and treatment. Ajwa dates have high nutritional value and are reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. In the current in vitro study, Ajwa fruit pulp and seed extract were found to have strong antioxidant properties, stabilize the RBC membrane, and have a good protective capacity against protein denaturation. Besides this, the seed extract prevents glucose-mediated browning of BSA as well as inhibiting the development of cross-amyloid and AGEs formations. Molecular docking results confirm the interaction between functional residues of antioxidant enzymes and components of Ajwa fruit pulp and seed contents. Therefore, the consumption of Ajwa dates can be beneficial in disease prevention and treatment. However, more detailed study is required based on pharmacological aspects to determine the mechanisms of action of Ajwa dates’ components in disease prevention.This study investigated the health-promoting activities of methanolic extracts of Ajwa date seed and fruit pulp extracts through in vitro studies. These studies confirmed potential antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anti-proteolytic, and anti-bacterial activities associated with Ajwa dates. The EC50 values of fruit pulp and seed extracts in methanol were reported to be 1580.35 ± 0.37 and 1272.68 ± 0.27 µg/mL, respectively, in the DPPH test. The maximum percentage of hydrogen peroxide-reducing activity was 71.3 and 65.38% for both extracts at 600 µg/mL. Fruit pulp and seed extracts inhibited heat-induced BSA denaturation by 68.11 and 60.308%, heat-induced hemolysis by 63.84% and 58.10%, and hypersalinity-induced hemolysis by 61.71% and 57.27%, and showed the maximum anti-proteinase potential of 56.8 and 51.31% at 600 μg/mL, respectively. Seed and fruit pulp inhibited heat-induced egg albumin denaturation at the same concentration by 44.31 and 50.84%, respectively. Ajwa seed showed minimum browning intensity by 63.2%, percent aggregation index by 64.2%, and amyloid structure by 63.8% at 600 μg/mL. At 100 mg/mL, Ajwa seed extract exhibited good antibacterial activity. Molecular docking analysis showed that ten active constituents of Ajwa seeds bind with the critical antioxidant enzymes, catalase (1DGH) and superoxide dismutase (5YTU). The functional residues involved in such interactions include Arg72, Ala357, and Leu144 in 1DGH, and Gly37, Pro13, and Asp11 in 5YTU. Hence, Ajwa dates can be used to develop a suitable alternative therapy in various diseases, including diabetes and possibly COVID-19-associated complications.

FORMULATION OF POLY HERBAL NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ANTI RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Novel herbal drug delivery system opens new vistas for delivery of herbal drugs at right place, at right concentration, for right period of time and also gives scientific angle to verify the standardization of herbal drug. Herbal Transdermal patches can develop valuable assessment and drug safety by additional site specific the way and temporal position in the body’s imperative to reduce the number and size of doses required to achieve the objective of systemic medication during topical application to the intact skin surface. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by persistent inflammation that primarily affects the peripheral joints. In the present study, herbal transdermal patch was developed by using ethanolic extract of leaves of Cardiospermum halicacabum and rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia that had already been widely used for the treatment of arthritis in conventional dosage forms. Evaluation of the developed patch for the effectiveness against RA was done by in vitro methods in terms of inhibition of albumin denaturation, measurement of Interleukin-6 cytokines by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay (ELISA). IC-50 value was determined from albumin denaturation inhibition assay. The herbal patch significantly and dosedependently inhibited Interleukin–6 cytokines. The present study revealed that the formulated polyherbal Transdermal patch will be the better drug of choice for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis as compared to the conventional dosage forms.

Phytochemical Analysis, Pharmacological Activities, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from the Roots of Sterculia urens Roxb.

The present study was intended to explore the pharmacological significance of the crude root extract of Sterculia urens Roxb. Further the bio-active compounds were isolated and characterized using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Soxhlet extraction apparatus was utilized for isolation of the chemical constituents from the root using a series of solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The pharmacological activities such as inhibition of DPPH radical, α-amylase enzyme activity, albumin denaturation along with antibacterial and thrombolytic activities. The isolation of purified bioactive constituents was carried using preparative HPLC technique and the purified compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques like NMR, IR and mass. Among the crude root extracts, methanolic extract shows high DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 concentration of 26.74 ± 0.08 μg/mL. The IC50 concentrations in α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was 263.96 ± 0.90, 127.73 ± 1.23 and 223.54 ± 4.76 μg/mL, respectively for ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts, respectively. The methanolic extract shows high albumin denaturation inhibition assay than other extracts with IC50 concentration as 137.09 ± 0.20 μg/mL, which is very close to standard ascorbic acid. The methanolic extract also shows high % clot lysis than other extracts and results were comparable with 100 μL of streptokinase standard. The preparative HPLC followed by spectral analysis confirm that two known alkaloids (Sterculinine I & II) and three known flavonoids (gossypetin, apigenin and 6-hydroxyluteolin) were purified and characterized from the root methanol of Sterculia urens Roxb. The purified and identified compounds were reported for the first time in Sterculia urens Roxb.

Antioxidant potentials and anti-inflammatory properties of methanol extracts of ripe and unripe peels of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Abstract Studies suggest that extracts from plant materials could play protective roles against various disorders associated with the interplay between oxidative response and inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and phytochemical analyses of methanol extract of ripe and unripe peels of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. The antioxidant properties were investigated through the analyses of ferric ion reducing antioxidant capacities, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacities, and nitric oxide scavenging capacities of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory potentials of the extracts were assessed through albumin denaturation inhibition and proteinase inhibition assays. Further investigation was carried out on the phytochemical composition of the extracts. There was no significant difference in the antioxidant potentials of the extracts assessed through the reduction of ferric ion. However, the ascorbic acid equivalent capacities and nitric oxide scavenging potential revealed that the antioxidant potentials of the extract of the unripe peel of A. comosus were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the antioxidant potentials of the extract of ripe peel. Albumin denaturation inhibitory potential was significantly higher (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the protease inhibitory potentials of both extracts. The estimated amounts of total flavonoids present in the extract of ripe peel of A. comosus were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the estimates in the extract of unripe peels. This study gave a comprehensive insight into the antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties and phytochemical compositions of the methanol extracts of the peels of ripe and unripe A. comosus which could be exploited as an alternative and complementary medicine in the treatment of different ailments associated with inflammatory disorders.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity using thermally inhibiting protein denaturation of egg albumin and antimicrobial activities of some organic solvents

This study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of some organic solvents used in drug delivery systems including N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone (2-PYR), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, tetraglycol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and propylene glycol (PG). Anti-inflammation was evaluated by inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation of egg albumin model, and the reference drug was diclofenac sodium. NMP, 2-PYR and diclofenac sodium expressed concentration-dependent inhibition with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 4.82%v/v (49.35 mg/ml), 4.83%v/v (52.29 mg/ml) and 736.50 µg/ml, respectively. DMSO, tetraglycol, and PEG400 showed some anti-inflammatory activity. Ethanol and PG displayed a dose-dependent inflammation effect by promoting more protein denaturation. NMP, 2-PYR, DMSO, tetraglycol, and PG had antibacterial and antifungal activities against all test microorganisms. The antibacterial, especially against Porphyromonas gingivalis, and antifungal activities of both NMP and 2-PYR were apparently evident. Triacetin and PEG400 showed only antifungal and some antibacterial activities, respectively, whereas absolute ethanol had no antimicrobial activity. Thus, NMP and 2-PYR were regarded as potential solvents for in situ forming gel (ISG).

Assessment of the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activities of Flavonoid-rich Fraction of <i>Pleiocarpa mutica </i>Leaves

<i>Pleiocarpa mutica</i> is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and belongs to the family of <i>Apocynaceae</i>. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of flavonoid-rich fraction of <i>Pleiocarpa mutica</i> leaves (FRFPML) using both <i>in-vivo </i>and <i>in-vitro </i>based assays. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (110-150g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the <i>in-vivo</i> anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 untreated; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFPML respectively. Tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins were found in varied amounts in the plant secondary metabolites according to quantitative analysis. The extract demonstrated no harm in an acute toxicity assay when dosed up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. Scalar dosages of the FRFPML significantly (p<0.05) suppressed the development of paw oedema induced by egg albumin in the systemic rat paw oedema model. This compares favorably to the standard anti–inflammatory drug indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w) which at 24 hours inhibited egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema (11.82%). Varying doses of the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited egg albumin denaturation, hypotonicity-induced membrane stabilization, protease inhibition and phospholipase A₂ in a concentration-dependent manner, causing inhibition comparable to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug used. The extract at different concentrations (0.2-0.8 mg/ml), significantly (p<0.05) exhibited DPPH (1-1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner similar to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid used. Results from the study revealed that the FRFPML exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity.

Formulation development of anti-rheumatoid gel of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde hydroalcoholic extract containing eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil as penetration enhancer

In the present research investigation, various concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (family: Caesalpinaceae) dried bark and carbopol polymer at different temperature ranges were optimized for the preparation of gel formulation. Natural penetration enhancers, v.i.z., eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil were incorporated separately in the extract based gel formulations to study the rate of drug permeation across egg membrane, using franz diffusion cell. In vitro anti-arthritis potential of the formulations was also studied using inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization method. As per the results of current study, it is established that S. asoca dried bark hydroalcoholic extract based gel prepared using peppermint oil as penetration enhancer exhibited good permeation rate of 8.48% at the end of 3 h. The percentage inhibition of proteins by antiproteinase method at concentration of 50 µg/ml was 50.01±1.00% which was close to 53.92±0.99% as shown by the standard drug, Diclofenac. Also, the percent protein inhibition determined using membrane stabilization method was found to be 49.70±1.00%, however, it was 63.32±0.94% for the standard drug, Diclofenac. Hence, it is concluded that peppermint oil may act as a good candidate for the preparation of potent anti-rheumatic gel preparations.

Preparation of Herbal Formulation of Stevia and Piper Longum and its Antiinflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect

AIM: The aim of the study was to prepare the herbal formulation of stevia and the piper longum nanoparticle and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Materials and Methods: For the evaluation of antiinflammatory activity we used albumin denaturation assay and for the cytotoxic activity we used a brine shrimp lethality assay and evaluated the result according to the test results and the graph was made with the results Result : The nanoparticle of stevia and piper longum showed a marked anti inflammatory and cytotoxic activity with increased in their concentrations Conclusion: Stevia and piper longum nanoparticle markedly increase the anti inflammatory and cytotoxic activity compared to the standard and should be employed as a formulations

Comparative In vitro Anti Inflammatory Study on Alpha Amyrin Isolated from Bark Extracts of Ficus benghalensis. Linn and Alstonia boonei. De Wild

Background Ficus benghalensis and Alstonia boonei are two good sources of triterpenes like alpha amyrin and other bioactive compounds possessing anti-inflammatory activity.Objective The present study was conducted to compare the potential in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of alpha amyrin isolated from methanolic stem bark extracts of Ficus benghalensis Linn Fb and Alstonia boonei. De Wild Ab and to identify a better source for isolation of alpha amyrin.Methods The compound alpha amyrin was identified by Thin layer chromatography TLC method followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LCMS and Fourier transform infrared FTIR studies of the extracts and with High performance liquid chromatography HPLC determination. Furthermore the compound was studied for its in vitro anti-inflammatory effect by testing its role on inhibition of albumin denaturation anti-proteinase and anti-lipoxygenase activities and the results were compared with standard aspirin 100 microg mL.Results The results showed dose dependent activity in all the three in vitro models but showed non-significant variation among the isolated alpha amyrin from two different plants.Conclusion Amount of isolated alpha amyrin was higher in Fb source 0.42 mg than Ab plant 0.23 mg and hence Fb was identified as a better source for isolation of alpha amyrin for further investigations.