Degree Of Inclination Research Articles

Anterior Dislocation of Shoulder and Glenoid Version and Inclination; A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The labrum plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the glenohumeral joint. Anterior displacement of the humerus often results in damage to the anterior labrum, causing various lesions. This injury compromises the labrum's stabilizing mechanism, predisposing the shoulder to recurrent dislocations. Objectives: The objective of this study was to use MRI to measure the angles between the glenoid and the humerus, employing the techniques described by Friedman et al. and Poon and Ting (PT). Additionally, the findings were compared between two glenoid groups. Methods: A retrospective comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on patients aged 18 to 70 years with anterior labrum injuries and a control group (individuals without such injuries). These participants underwent MRI imaging of the shoulder using a standard protocol for reasons unrelated to labrum injuries. Results: The study included 55 patients with anterior labrum injuries and 55 individuals from the control group. In the anterior labrum injury group, there were 17 women and 38 men, whereas the control group consisted of 18 women and 37 men. The case group showed a significantly higher rate of anteversion compared to the control group, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The degree of caudal inclination was significantly greater in the anterior labrum injury group compared to the control group. Furthermore, it was determined that a higher degree of caudal inclination increases the likelihood of anterior labrum injury by a factor of 3.35, a statistically significant finding.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE NAKHCHIVAN RIVER BASIN

In the article, we attempt to characterize adverse natural phenomena in terms of intensity in various river valleys of the Nakhchivan river basin. In the Nakhchivan river basin, flood events attract significant attention due to the damage they cause to populated areas and the economic system, as well as the repetition of widespread hazardous natural processes. The villages of Bichenak, Kolani, Daylagli, Selasuz and the city of Shahbuz are most exposed to the risks and dangers caused by flood flows. Stabilized landslides of ancient and relatively recent origin have developed in almost all river valleys of the basin. The zone where the landslides spread most actively covers the upper part of the Nakhchivan river basin, the Batabat massif, the Bichenak forest, the middle course of the Kuku river, the settlements of Kechili and Zirnel. Both glacial and debris landslides are widespread here. The factors that cause avalanches in the area differ between low mountains and high mountains. Thus, while in some places frost weathering plays an important role in avalanche formation, in other a sharp change in temperature, the physical and chemical composition of rocks, vegetation, color affecting the heat capacity of rocks, lithological bedding, slope exposure, and degree of inclination, etc., also plays a role. Through the joint analysis of satellite images and field research, for the first time in the basin area, we distinguished some of the dangerous exodynamic processes and were able to prepare maps of them.

Change in Spatiotemporal Parameters During Running at Different Degrees of Inclination: Systematic Review

Background:Running is one of the simplest and most popular forms of exercise. Biomechanical evaluation of running is one of the elements of evaluating running technique and, consequently, improving sports performance. Running uphill and downhill is one of the components of daily running but also an element of training used by recreational runners. The aim of this study is to optimize running training and minimize the risk of injury by identifying changes in the spatiotemporal structure of running at different inclinations. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The protocol has been registered on the international platform INPLASY under the number INPLASY202430094U2. The search was conducted up to 30 March 2024 using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Results: Spatiotemporal parameters were most frequently analyzed at 2.8–3.35 m/s velocities and inclinations in the range of −11% to 11%. Decreases in stride length (SL) and flight time (FT), and increases in step frequency (SF) were the most frequently reported changes from all parameters analyzed as a function of inclination and velocity. Significant increases or decreases in individual parameters were more often observed for positive inclination values than negative ones. Conclusions: The heterogeneous results of the study limit the possibility of determining the changes that occur in the spatiotemporal structure of the run under the impact of different inclinations. The variation in the results for negative inclination values indicates the different characteristics of running uphill and downhill. However, for uphill running, SF, SL, and FT are closely related to the increase in inclination.

A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star. No evidence of transits in TESS photometry

A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star, designated as Barnard b, has recently been announced. At almost the same time, the first photometric data of Barnard's star by the Transit Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) was released in Sector 80. We explore the possibility of emergent transits of Barnard b in TESS photometry. The detrended 2 min light curve appears to be flat, with a flux root mean square of 0.411 parts per thousand. Attempts of blind and informed transit curve model inference suggest no evidence of transiting Barnard b, or any other body. This provides a 3sigma upper bound of 87.9 degrees for the orbital inclination of Barnard b.

Flow characterization of a submerged inclined impinging pulse jet

This study investigated flow characteristics associated with a circular pulse-impinging jet on an inclined surface using dye visualization and particle image velocimetry techniques. The experiments are carried out for various pulse frequencies (0.1 < St < 0.9) of the jet, a constant angle of surface inclination (θ = 26°), and fixed surface spacing. The primary objective is to explore the flow dynamics aspect of pulse-inclined impinging jets with respect to the pulse frequency and Reynolds number. The present observation shows that at a certain degree of surface inclination (θ ≈ 28°), the jet momentum drives the entire flow in the downhill direction, which represents the critical angle of inclination. Furthermore, the critical angle of the inclination remains unchanged for both steady and pulse jets. The interaction of the inner and outer shear layers of the jet in the downhill direction highly depends on the pulse frequency, which is indeed triggered by the free jet vortices. In a free jet, the vortex formation and their growth depend on the jet shear layer response (convective acceleration) and the time available for vortex formation (local acceleration). Moreover, the instantaneous jet information reveals that the presence of the growing vortices increases the jet entrainment, and its movement along the surface enhances the mixing (shear stress) between the surrounding and boundary layer fluid. The results show that pulsation at Strouhal Number (St) = 0.44 help develop more coherent and durable vortices impinging on the surface, which is identical to the critical St for free and normal impinging jets. Pulsation near the critical St increases the jet entrainment and mixing between the inner and outer jet shear layers and is responsible for enhancement in the heat transfer rate. The results improve our understanding of heat transfer from pulse-inclined impinging jet and reinforce the existence of a critical St (= 0.44) with an inclined pulsing jet, providing the criteria for maximizing the heat transfer rate.

UV Solar Energy and Erythemal Exposure: Mathematical Models to Assess the Dose on Vertical and Inclined Planes in Different Sky Conditions

Ultra violet (UV) solar energy can cause several negative effects to the skin and eyes in case of overexposure. To protect people from erythemal damage, personal erythemal exposure must be carefully assessed when outdoor activities are carried out. The direct measure with scientific instruments is impracticable to common people, and indirect methods assess the exposure only on the horizontal plane: this work developed a mathematical model to assess erythemal exposure to all the body districts. UVA irradiance and erythemal irradiance were measured on several inclined planes, oriented to the four cardinal directions, in seven environments with multiple sky conditions. The UV erythemal (UVE) ratio between erythemal irradiance on an inclined plane (Iery°) and UVA irradiance on a horizontal plane (IUVAh) was calculated. The results indicate that the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh is variable across the day and depends on the plane orientation, its degree of inclination, and sky conditions. Mathematical models to calculate erythemal exposure in clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions on planes with different inclinations and orientations were derived from the daily trends of the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh. The application procedure of the mathematical model to the vertical plane oriented to the south is provided as an example.

Evaluating Clear Aligners Versus Fixed Appliances for Periodontal Patients: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Current Evidence

Periodontal patients may face orthodontic problems because of bone support loss, such as maxillary incisor proclination, spacing, rotation, extrusion, pathologic tooth migration (PTM) or traumatic occlusion. Orthodontic treatment is therefore an element within the comprehensive treatment of periodontitis after the periodontal condition has stabilized. The presence of fixed appliances (FAs) promotes the accumulation of bacterial biofilm and impedes hygiene procedures. The increasing popularity of clear aligner (CA) treatment is due to the convenience of use, less discomfort, better esthetics, easier hygiene, lower failure rate, and shorter, less frequent visits. Therefore, the question arises whether treatment with aligners is a good solution for periodontal patients. To answer this question, the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases were searched using the following keywords: periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, clear aligners, multibracket orthodontic appliances, fixed appliance, root resorption, gingival recession and pathologic tooth migration. The search strategy identified 18 relevant studies. A total of 1090 participants took part in the analyzed studies. The available literature was analyzed in terms of the occurrence of root apex resorption, the possibility of treating pathologic tooth migration, the occurrence of gingival recession, periodontal health status and occlusal stability in patients treated with CAs and FAs. Despite statistically significant differences in terms of Plaque Index (PI), probing depth (PD), apical root resorption and gingival recession favor the use of CAs. However, these values are mostly of no clinical significance. It is possible to treat PTM with CAs, but it is limited by the high degree of tooth mobility and incisor inclination. Obtaining perfect occlusion is comparably difficult in both CA and FA treatment. When planning orthodontic treatment in patients with reduced periodontium, the use of both CAs and FAs should be considered. The choice of method would ultimately depend on the patient’s dental condition.

Compression and energy absorption of wood-based reinforced 3D Kagome lattice structures

3D Kagome lattice sandwich structure is recognized as the most excellent lattice configuration. However, the preparation method of 3D Kagome is complicated and the raw materials for its preparation are limited to materials with high plasticity. In this study, we developed a wood-based 3D Kagome lattice structure that combines discrete rods into a continuous core using reinforcement. Orthogonal tests, theoretical analysis, and finite element simulations were performed to investigate the correlation between the dimensional parameters, the mechanical properties, and the energy absorption capacity. The damage modes were found to be mainly bending fracture, core shear, and panel rupture, with the use of reinforcement affecting the damage modes. Compressive properties of the 3D Kagome lattice structure are increased by increasing core diameter and inclination degree, decreasing core in-cut diameter, and using high-strength reinforcements. Finite element simulations further confirm that the use of high-strength reinforcements changes the stress distribution of the lattice structure. The 3D Kagome lattice structure with an inclination degree of 65°, a core diameter of 10 mm, a reinforcement wall thickness of 2 mm, and a core in-cut diameter of 2 mm has the optimal compression performance and energy absorption capacity.

Assessment of Inter- and Intrasurgeon Variability in Preoperative Planning of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Evaluation.

Objective To evaluate the intra and intersurgeon variability regarding the positioning and selection of implants in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Methods A cross-sectional study assessed computed tomography images of the shoulder joint of patients diagnosed with degenerative joint diseases. The study team included seven specialists in shoulder surgery, representing six different institutions. Surgeons were instructed to plan all cases twice, and then we evaluated inter- and intrasurgeon variability. Results The interclass correlation for version and inclination showed low agreement concerning inclination (0.26), and moderate agreement for version (0.73) and graft selection (0.54). The intrasurgeon evaluation revealed a moderate correlation for version (0.55), inclination (0.58), and implant selection (0.46), while for lateralization the correlation was high (0.77). Conclusion This comparative study of preoperative planning by different surgeons showed the lack of consensus on implant positioning parameters during reverse shoulder arthroplasty planning. However, most surgeons tend to plan for zero degrees of version and inclination.

Model Test Study on the Bearing Mechanism of Inclined Variable Cross-Section Piles Using Transparent Soil

In view of the influence of the inclination and variable section on the pile stability and bearing capacity, this paper introduces particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, and designs a transparent soil visualization model test. The experimental results show that, when the pile has a variable cross-section and inclination angle, the friction resistance on both sides of the pile increases. The vertical-load-carrying capacity of the 2% and 4% inclined piles with a variable cross-section is greater than that of the piles with inclinations greater than 8%. For model piles with the degrees of inclination of 2% and 4%, the variable-section inclined piles with diameters of 17 mm and 15 mm show significantly less settlement than the equal-section inclined piles. For the model pile with an inclination of 8%, the settlement of the inclined piles with a variable cross-section diameter of 17 mm is slightly smaller than that of the equal cross-section inclined piles. The change in variable cross-section and inclination angle has a large effect on the soil displacement around the pile, and the conclusions of this paper can provide guidance for the engineering application of variable cross-section piles.

The Relationship between Inclination for Conscious Movement Monitoring and Control and Stopping a Golf Stroke

Increased conscious movement monitoring and control can impair sports performance. Recent evidence indicates it might facilitate stopping motor actions. To further investigate, we asked novices to putt balls, but they needed to stop promptly while an auditory cue appeared during the downswing. They also completed the Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale, which measures movement self-consciousness (MS-C) and conscious motor processing, indicating the degree of inclination for conscious movement monitoring and control, respectively. Individuals with high MS-C displayed higher stopping rates but longer stopping time. Further exploration suggests that they were more likely to make slow downswings, allowing successful but late stops. We conclude that increased conscious movement monitoring may affect movement execution in such a way that it affords better stopping of ongoing motor actions.

Correlations between the Frankfort Plane and the Presence of Myofascial Trigger Points in Posterior Cervical Musculature: An Exploratory Study.

Neck pain is a pathology with a high impact in terms of physical disability in modern society. The position of the head is related to neck pain. The Frankfort plane determines the position of the skull in space. The profile photograph of the subjects was used to determine the Frankfort plane and to study its degree of inclination. Myofascial pain syndrome is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal pain. Trigger points are hyperirritable spots located in a palpable taut band of skeletal muscle that is painful on compression or stretch and causes a local twitch in response to snapping or palpation of the band. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the Frankfort plane and the presence of myofascial trigger points causing cervical myofascial pain. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. All subjects underwent a photographic study to determine the degree of Frankfort plane inclination, and the posterior cervical musculature was palpated to find myofascial trigger points that were measured with a pressure algometer in three cervical locations on the right and left sides. Results: Our study included 47 subjects who had suffered at least one episode of cervical pain in their lifetimes. The mean age was 22.3 ± 2.9 years. Statistically significant results were found in the first right location and sports practice (p = 0.007), in the second right location and gender (p = 0.0097), in the second right location and sports practice (p = 0.0486), in the third right location and gender (p = 0.0098), and in the first, second, and third left locations and gender (p = 0.0083; p = 0.024; p = 0.0016, respectively). In the correlation between the Frankfort plane and the presence of myofascial trigger points, all locations were positive, with the first right location being statistically significant (p = 0.048). Conclusions: A positive relationship was found between the Frankfort plane and the presence of myofascial trigger points. The greater the angle of the Frankfort plane, the less the myofascial pain.

Effect of Plate Inclination and Osteotomy Positioning on Rock-back following Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy in Dogs.

Rock-back is a reported complication following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), whereby tibial plateau angle (TPA) increases postoperatively. The mechanism of rock-back is not fully understood, although a recent ex vivo investigation demonstrated that osteotomy exit cut angle (ECA) and inclination of the plate in the sagittal plane might be risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore these relationships in a clinical dog population. We hypothesized that dogs with rock-back would have a higher degree of plate inclination and downward ECA compared with those without rock-back. Medical records and radiographs of dogs that underwent TPLO between January 2021 and January 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. TPA was recorded preoperatively, postoperatively, and at follow-up. Plate inclination, ECA, and descriptive data were collected. Observers measuring TPA were blinded to other variables. Rock-back was defined as a change in TPA ≥ 2. Ninety-five TPLO procedures met the inclusion criteria (n = 87 dogs). Rock-back was identified in 21% of TPLOs (n = 20/95). The mean increase in TPA in the rock-back group was 3.2 ± 2.6. Plate inclination and ECA were not correlated with the presence of rock-back. Descriptive variables did not have a significant correlation with rock-back. Plate inclination and ECA did not have a relationship with rock-back when defined as a postoperative TPA change ≥2 degrees, in this clinical retrospective study.

Determination of lignin composition in compression wood-like reaction wood of angiosperm Gardenia jasminoides by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract Using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the lignin composition was analysed in normal and reaction wood samples grown at three stem inclination angles in Gardenia jasminoides, which forms compression wood-like reaction wood. Lignin content among the samples was not significantly different. However, the reaction wood samples with larger stem inclination angles showed a lower syringyl/guaiacyl ratio. In conclusion, the degree of inclination affected the lignin composition in G. jasminoides reaction wood, and qualitative changes in lignin might be necessary to mechanically support the stems in this species.

Seepage Behavior of Underwater Tunnels in Stratum with Inclined Surface: Insights from Numerical Analysis

This paper is to investigate the seepage behavior of underwater tunnel with inclined boundary at the contact between water body and underwater stratum. Extensive finite element analyses using COMSOL are performed considering various magnitudes of inclination degree of underwater soil surface. The rationality of the numerical analysis method is demonstrated via comparing with analytical solutions. It is found that the inclined boundary has a significant impact on the seepage field of underwater tunnel. The hydraulic head distribution, streamline evolution, velocity and other aspects are comprehensively analyzed, and relevant conclusions are drawn. The streamlines in waters are not vertically downward, but presents a certain acute angle distribution with the stratum direction. And the interface angle toward the depth is larger. Streamlines will also become denser. The streamline flows into the tunnel from all directions. And the attenuation speed of water head in the lower part of tunnel is less than that in the upper part. Thereby serving the optimal design and construction of practical projects.

"Investigation of the role of cultural factors in the degree of inclination of Tehran students to technical and professional education courses with an emphasis on the mediation of social networks"

"Investigation of the role of cultural factors in the degree of inclination of Tehran students to technical and professional education courses with an emphasis on the mediation of social networks"

Detecting the large-scale wall-attached structural inclination angles by a machine learning perspective in turbulent boundary layer

With the recent advances in machine learning, strategies based on data can be used to augment wall modeling in the turbulent boundary layer. Combined with the attached eddy hypothesis, the present work applies extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) to predict the large-scale wall-attached structures at a range of wall-normal locations based on a near-wall reference position (zR+≈4) spanning a Reynolds-number range Reτ∼O(103)−O(105). The input and output signals are selected as the large-scale structures; here, the input signals are set as in the fixed near-wall reference position by a series of streamwise velocity ({X−N,…,X−1,X0,X1,…,XN}), and the output signal Y0 is set directly above X0. Within each dataset, the large-scale wall-attached structures are identified from the prediction modeled by XGBoost between the turbulence in the upper region and at the near-wall reference position, resulting in a successful prediction of the large-scale structures inclination angles. Along the wall-normal offset Δz and streamwise offset Lx (distance between Xi and X0), the slope of the feature importance (represented by contour levels) is exactly equal to the degree of inclination of large-scale structures, indicating the turbulent inner and outer connection inferred by the machine learning input and output interactions perspective. This study shows that there is a great opportunity in machine learning for wall-bounded turbulence modeling by connecting the flow interactions between near-wall and outer regions.

Effects of external loads-induced inclination damage on the seismic performance of traditional straight M-T joints

Under the earthquakes, wind, and other external loads, ancient timber structures have experienced various degrees of damages, in which the inclination damage of mortise and tenon (M-T) joints, induced by the external loads, has an adverse effect on the safety of the whole structure. To study the effect of various degrees of inclination damage on the seismic behavior of straight M-T joints, we fabricated four 1/3.2-scaled ancient straight M-T joint specimens, one without inclination and three with different degrees of inclination, and subjected them to the cyclic loading tests. The inclination of the joint was simulated artificially, i.e., pushing the intact joint to the predetermined inclination rotation and holding the loads, then unloading when the part of tenon entered a nonrecoverable plastic state. The failure modes, initial elastic stiffness, moment-resisting capacity, strength and stiffness degradation laws as well as energy dissipation and deformation capacities of the joints were investigated. The results showed that the plastic deformation of the tenon and mortise edge, tenon pull-out, and longitudinal splitting of the tenon were exhibited in the inclined joint specimens. Compared to the intact joint, the plastic deformation of the tenon and tenon pull-out for the inclined M-T joints were more apparent during the positive loading. The hysteretic curve of each joint exhibited an anti- "Z" shaped, and the greater the inclination degree, the more apparent the negative initial slipping and pinching effect. With an increase in the damage degree, the initial stiffness, ultimate moment-resisting capacity, and hysteretic energy dissipation behavior of the inclined M-T joint gradually degraded. When the damage degree was 3.89%, the positive yielding moment, peak moment, and initial stiffness of the inclined M-T joint degraded to 52.41%, 86.09%, and 67.19% of that of the intact joint. Based on the hysteretic characteristics and test results of the inclined M-T joints, the degradation formulas of the key parameters of seismic behavior for the inclined M-T joints were established, and an improved degraded hysteretic model, which can reflect the hysteretic behaviors of inclined M-T joint, was proposed. Good agreements between the model predictions and the test results were observed.

Investigation of the Experimental Shear Resistance of RC T-beams after Strengthening with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Bars

This study investigates the stiffness and shear resistance of T-reinforced concrete beams that have been strengthened against shear using the embedded through-section approach. The beams were exposed to a monotonic one-point load until failure. The experimental methodology included the investigation of 12 T beams made of reinforced concrete, consisting of 2 reference beams that were not subjected to any strengthening measures and 10 reinforced beams. The 12 beams were classified into two primary categories: those with stirrups and those without stirrups. The primary factors from each group encompassed the spacing and angle of inclination pertaining to the Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) bars placed along the central axis of the section. Various configurations were used, including varied spacing intervals and degrees of inclination. The results showed that the ratio of the CFRP shear resistance to the total section (Vf / Vsec) ranged between 10 to 21% in group one (with stirrups). This means that the Embedded Through Section (ETS) technique with CFRP bars is useful in increasing the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams. For group two (without stirrups), this ratio ranged between 56 to 58.5%. That is, ETS with CFRP bars significantly increases the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams without stirrups.

Investigating the Impact of Cell Inclination on Phase Change Material Melting in Square Cells: A Numerical Study.

In order to determine the ideal degree of inclination that should be employed for constructing effective thermal energy storage systems, it is important to examine the impact of inclination angle on the melting behavior of phase change materials (PCMs) such as paraffin wax within a square cell. In consequence, this would guarantee the greatest capacity for energy release and storage. Additionally, analyzing this influence aids engineers in creating systems that enhance heat flow from external sources to the PCM and vice versa. To find out how the cell's inclination angle affects the melting of PCM of paraffin wax (RT42) inside a square cell, a numerical analysis is carried out using the ANSYS/FLUENT 16 software. Specifically, the temperature and velocity distributions, together with the evolution of the melting process, will be shown for various inclination angles, and a thorough comparison will be made to assess the influence of inclination angle on the PCM melting process and its completion. The findings demonstrated that when the cell's inclination angle increased from 0° to 15° and from 0° to 30° and 45°, respectively, the amount of time required to finish the melting process increased by 15%, 42%, and 71%, respectively. Additionally, after 210 min of operation, the PCM's maximum temperature is 351.5 K with a 0° angle of inclination (horizontal) against 332.5 K with an angle of inclination of 45°.