Definition Of Category Research Articles

Screening of Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Health: Comparison of the Urine Dipstick Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and Dipstick Proteinuria

Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) needs to be detected early in order to prevent a poor outcome in the general population. A semiquantitative evaluation based on a dipstick has become available to detect the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and proteinuria simultaneously in spot urine samples. The aim of this study was to compare dipstick ACR with proteinuria for CKD screening in a primary healthcare setting. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 88,479 subjects who underwent a health check up at 16 health promotion centers in 13 Korean cities. Dipstick ACR and proteinuria was measured using the automated urine test strip analyzer UC-3500 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). CKD definition and risk categories according to the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines were created using a combination of eGFR and albuminuria. Albuminuria was defined using dipstick ACR ≥ 30 mg/g and dipstick proteinuria as ≥ trace or protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) ≥ 150 mg/g. Results: The prevalence of CKD using dipstick ACR, proteinuria, and PCR were 16.3%, 12.7%, and 11.9%, respectively. The concordance rates between the dipstick ACR- and proteinuria- or PCR-based CKD risk categories were 88.76% (κ = 0.567) and 92.06% (κ = 0.683), respectively. On being grouped according to dipstick proteinuria, CKD risk categories would be underestimated than be overestimated. 37.2% and 37.6% of the subjects with ≥ moderately increased CKD risk using ACR-based category were reclassified into lower risk CKD using dipstick proteinuria (≥ trace) and PCR, respectively. Conclusion: The CKD risk category using dipstick proteinuria was underestimated compared to the ACR-based CKD risk category. These data suggest that screening of CKD using dipstick ACR is recommended in primary healthcare settings.

Challenging racism in the use of health data

Challenging racism in the use of health data

Procedure for digitalization of measures to create a gas distribution network

The article describes the possibility of measures digitalization to create a gas distribution network. The description of processes at definition of the contract category on connection, performance and the statement of the design documentation is resulted. The analysis of possible reduction of actions terms at the expense of electronic geodetic database use, a uniform platform on coordination of gas distribution networks projects is carried out. As a result of the introduction of measures digitalization to create a gas distribution network, the contractual obligations term on the part of the gas distribution organization will be reduced to 3 calendar months.

Transport of structure in higher homological algebra

We fill a gap in the literature regarding ‘transport of structure’ for (n+2)-angulated, n-exact, n-abelian and n-exangulated categories appearing in (classical and higher) homological algebra. As an application of our main results, we show that a skeleton of one of these kinds of categories inherits the same structure in a canonical way, up to equivalence. In particular, it follows that a skeleton of a weak (n+2)-angulated category is in fact what we call a strong (n+2)-angulated category. When n=1 this clarifies a technical concern with the definition of a cluster category. We also introduce the notion of an n-exangulated functor between n-exangulated categories. This recovers the definition of an (n+2)-angulated functor when the categories concerned are (n+2)-angulated, and the higher analogue of an exact functor when the categories concerned are n-exact.

Definições de homossexuais masculinos em dicionários escolares

Com o desenvolvimento das teorias linguísticas e da própria Lexicografia, várias pesquisas e abordagens diferentes foram propostas para dar conta da produção e da recepção das definições lexicográficas. Nessa pesquisa, tomando como base as discussões sobre a definição no âmbito da Metalexicografia (BOLINGER, [1985] 2008; BUGUEÑO MIRANDA, 2009; PONTES, 2009; PORTO DAPENA, 2002; WELKER, 2004), investigamos os recursos linguísticos empregados nos dicionários escolares tipo 3 para significar os homossexuais masculinos. A partir de um recorte de dados de Santos (2016), analisamos as entradas ‘gay’, ‘homossexual’, ‘maricas’ e ‘pederasta’ dos cinco dicionários selecionados, totalizando uma amostra de vinte verbetes. As definições foram analisadas com base nas categorias de definição propostas por Porto Dapena (2002), e os resultados apresentam a seguinte distribuição: 16 definições relacionais (44,5%), 12 definições hiperonímicas (33,3%), 6 definições sinonímicas (16,7%) e 2 definições pseudoperifrásticas (5,5%). Foi constatada uma tendência, na amostra, à utilização de definições relacionais, destacando o caráter metalinguístico dos dicionários. Outro aspecto relevante diz respeito aos traços semânticos utilizados nas definições que trazem à tona discussões sobre gênero social e sexualidade.

La contribución de la universidad para mejorar el trabajo académico de los profesores de posgrado

El artículo forma parte de una investigación de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo sobre el profesorado de posgrado, que se llevó a cabo en una universidad pública del Centro de México. El proyecto tuvo dos fases: la aplicación de un cuestionario–escala, al que se agregaron preguntas abiertas y un programa de entrevistas, con base en diez interrogantes, que se aplicaron a un total de 34 académicos de dicho nivel de enseñanza. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el análisis de uno de los cuestionamientos de dicho programa de entrevistas: ¿Cómo puede contribuir la universidad para mejorar el trabajo académico de los profesores del posgrado? que recupera lo expresado directamente por los sujetos. En la parte metodológica se presentan dos procedimientos. El primero expone la manera en que se eligieron los 34 entrevistados y el segundo se refiere al proceso por el que se definieron las categorías empíricas con base en lo que contestaron los académicos. Dividimos el artículo en dos apartados: una revisión de literatura sobre publicaciones mexicanas acerca del papel que desempeñan las universidades para apoyar las funciones sustantivas, y los argumentos que dieron los entrevistados, clasificados en siete categorías de carácter empírico. Lo que plantean es que la institución atienda los siguientes asuntos: Soluciones para los diversos problemas burocrático–administrativos; Mejorar las condiciones de trabajo; Tomar en cuenta el cuestionamiento a los sistemas de mérito; Promover apoyos para la docencia y para los estudiantes; Facilitar la comunicación; Desarrollar los procesos de evaluación, y Fomentar la madurez de los cuerpos colegiados y revisar las políticas generales del posgrado. Una de las principales conclusiones es que la pregunta ¿Cómo puede contribuir la universidad para mejorar el trabajo académico de los profesores del posgrado? detonó en los académicos entrevistados diversas inquietudes, reflexiones, respuestas y propuestas que pueden ser recuperadas y aprovechadas para la mejora de las instituciones universitarias.

Smooth functorial field theories from B-fields and D-branes

In the Lagrangian approach to 2-dimensional sigma models, B-fields and D-branes contribute topological terms to the action of worldsheets of both open and closed strings. We show that these terms naturally fit into a 2-dimensional, smooth open-closed functorial field theory (FFT) in the sense of Atiyah, Segal, and Stolz–Teichner. We give a detailed construction of this smooth FFT, based on the definition of a suitable smooth bordism category. In this bordism category, all manifolds are equipped with a smooth map to a spacetime target manifold. Further, the object manifolds are allowed to have boundaries; these are the endpoints of open strings stretched between D-branes. The values of our FFT are obtained from the B-field and its D-branes via transgression. Our construction generalises work of Bunke–Turner–Willerton to include open strings. At the same time, it generalises work of Moore–Segal about open-closed TQFTs to include target spaces. We provide a number of further features of our FFT: we show that it depends functorially on the B-field and the D-branes, we show that it is thin homotopy invariant, and we show that it comes equipped with a positive reflection structure in the sense of Freed–Hopkins. Finally, we describe how our construction is related to the classification of open-closed TQFTs obtained by Lauda–Pfeiffer.

Redefining geriatric trauma: 55 is the new 65.

As the prevalence of geriatric trauma patients has increased, protocols are being developed to address the unique requirements of this demographic. However, categorical definitions for geriatric patients vary, potentially creating confusion concerning which patients should be cared for according to geriatric-specific standards. The aim of this study was to identify data-driven cut points for mortality based on age to support implementation of age-driven guidelines. Adults aged 18 to 100 years with blunt or penetrating injury were selected from 95 hospitals' trauma registries. Change point analysis techniques were used to detect inflection points in the proportion of deaths at each age. Based on these calculated points, patients were allocated into age groups, and their characteristics and outcomes were compared. Logistic regression was used to estimate risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality controlling for sex, race, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, and number of comorbidities. A total of 255,099 patients were identified (female, 45.7%; mean age, 59.3 years; mean Injury Severity Score, 8.69; blunt injury, 92.6%). Statistically significant increases in mortality rate were noted at ages 55, 77, and 82 years. Compared with the referent group (age, <55 years), adjusted odds ratios (AORs) showed increases in mortality if age 55 to 76 years (AOR, 2.42), age 77 to 81 years (AOR, 4.70), or age 82 years or older (AOR, 6.43). National Trauma Data Standard-defined comorbidities significantly increased once age surpassed 55 years, as the rate more than doubled for each of the older age categories (p < 0.001). As age increased, each group was more likely to be female, have dementia, sustain a ground level fall, and be discharged to a skilled nursing facility (p < 0.001). This large multicenter analysis established a clinically and statistically significant increase in mortality at ages 55, 77, and 82 years. This research strongly suggests that trauma patients older than 55 years be considered for inclusion in geriatric trauma protocols. The other age inflection points identified (77 and 82 years) may also warrant additional specialized care considerations. Epidemiological study, level III; Care management, level IV.

О ПОНЯТИИ КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ «ОБРАЩЕНИЕ ГРАЖДАНИНА»

The right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to appeal to state bodies and bodies of local self-government is one of the oldest human rights. It is an integral part of the mechanism for the implementation of a large number of subjective rights and freedoms. However, the concept of the legal category “citizen’s appeal” contained in the Federal Law “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of Citizens of the Russian Federation” is not informative and creates many questions and problems. It is difficult to establish the content of the category “citizen’s appeal” because the word “appeal” is a verbal noun and has several meanings in Russian. In order to establish the true meaning of the term “citizen’s appeal”, the authors conducted a lexical analysis of the word “appeal” and examined its use in legal acts. Based on the analysis, it has been established that the term “appeal” in normative acts is used in different meanings and, to clarify it, an additional term is required that would explain the context of the use of the word “appeal”. Then, using specific legal methods of cognition (formal-legal, formal-logical, systemic, technical-legal methods), the authors analyzed the legislative definition of the term “citizen’s appeal”, namely, its understanding in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and in special legal literature. The authors have formulated the definition of the category “citizen’s appeal”: it is the will of a person (group of people or organization) guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, corresponding in its form to the normatively established rules and expressed in the form of a written, oral or implied-in-fact requirement to a state body or local government. The appeal is aimed at realizing the subjective rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the applicant and third parties. The definition includes the necessary and sufficient set of essential characteristics that reveal the analyzed phenomenon, namely: constitutional conditionality, the proper applicant (subject of the appeal), the proper addressee, the form of expressed will, the purpose of the appeal. The absence of any of the above elements eliminates the citizen’s appeal as such or transforms it into a different kind of expression of will. Based on this theoretical construct, a new legislative definition of the legal category “citizen’s appeal” is formulated. The terms “applicant” (citizen, group of citizens, or organization sending the appeal) and “organization that performs publicly significant functions” (a legal entity established by a public law entity with the aim of performing non-commercial functions or a legal entity that exercises certain state or municipal powers) are also defined.

Разработка методики и математической модели обеспечения качества интегрированной системы безопасности объекта кредитно-финансовой сферы

The purpose of the work: is to develop a methodology and a mathematical model for ensuring the quality of an integrated security system for a credit and financial facility. The authors used the modern: theory of quality control to determine the quality of the integrated security system of credit-financial sphere, the formalization of analysis and quality control an integrated security system, Markov processes in quality management of the integrated security system of credit-financial sphere as well. The methods of causal analysis are applied in the quality management of the integrated security system of the credit and financial sector object. It is concluded that among the methods of evaluating information measures of causal influence, the method of IH-analysis is preferable. Result: the definition of the quality category of the integrated security system of the credit and financial sector object is given. It is noted that one of the significant problems at present is the problem of developing high-quality projects of standard integrated security systems. It is shown that it is necessary to distinguish between: the quality indicators of the integrated security system itself, that is, the quality indicators of a certain system; the quality indicators of the system functioning process, which are functionally dependent on the quality indicators of the system and its operating conditions; indicators of the quality of the result of the system functioning. The formalization of the analysis and quality management of the integrated security system of the credit and financial sector object is carried out. The hidden and causal mechanisms of quality management of the integrated security system of the credit and financial sphere object are revealed. The main aspects of the application of causal analysis methods in the quality management of the integrated security system of the credit and financial sector object are considered. It is concluded that among the methods of evaluating information measures of causal influence, the method of IH-analysis is preferable. It is noted that the combination of factor and causal analysis methods provides an additional effect. In conclusion observed that the developed methodical approach and a mathematical model to ensure the quality of the integrated security system of credit-financial sphere allow you to create the best integrated security system, which at the lowest cost for their development and implementation provide the highest possible protection of objects of credit-financial sphere.

National business cultures: methodology and scientific and practical research objectives

Problems of implementation of Ukraine's European integration course and a number of other issues of the modern world economy (disintegration processes and tendencies, which are clearly confirmed by the example of Brexit and inability of international organizations to act effectively in emergencies, shown by COVID-19 pandemic spread and scale ) actualize the importance of developing the interdisciplinary problem of national business cultures. On the basis of generalized contribution of the founders of national business cultures theory (G. Hofstede, C. Hampden-Turner and F. Trompenaars and R. Lewis) and own scientific and practical developments of this problem the author's definition of basic investigation category «national business cultures» is given. The content of the methodology for its investigation, epistemological limitations (requirements of theoretical knowledge) and the relationship of the methodology with the subject of investigation are determined. Blocks (enlarged groups) of methods of national business cultures investigation are separated, specific methods within each block are identified and scientific and practical goals of the investigation according to each method are defined. The following blocks of methods of national business cultures cognition are distinguished: general scientific, social-humanitarian, economic-mathematical, applied and special. The attempt to determine the factors of trends in the evolutionary transformation of national business cultures within the medium and long term perspective are substantiated (such factors do not affect the internal features and properties of the stable quality of national business cultures): the role of Catholicism as the most favorable to entrepreneurship religion in the modern world; the COVID-19 pandemic; displacement of oil and gas as the main sources of energy; modification of entrepreneurial activity influenced by information technologies; the dialectical nature of the universalization and deepening of «self-identification» of national business cultures. The primary prospects for further elaboration of the investigated problem are the practical use of identified methods in order to reveal the content of national business cultures as a phenomenon of theory and practice of entrepreneurship and life of modern society.

ETYMOLOGY CONCEPT OF THE “ECONOMIC INCLUSION” IN THE CONTEXT OF CYCLIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY

Purpose. The aim of the article is defining theoretical approaches and conceptual bases to the concept of inclusiveness in the economy in order to form new methodological approaches to the study of economic processes at the meso and micro levels. Methodology of research. The methods generally accepted in economics were used in the course of the research, in particular: monographic, system and structural (to determine the meaning of the concept of economic inclusion in the context of cyclical economic development). Findings. The analysis and systematization of theoretical approaches to the definition of the category “inclusion” in the economy are carried out. It is established that the process of inclusion in the economy is a tool to increase people`s participation in the creation, distribution, and consumption of economic goods. The necessity of distinguishing between the concepts of “inclusive growth” and “inclusive development” on the basis of the theory of economic cycles is substantiated. It is determined that economic inclusion is a tool for achieving the priorities of sustainable economic development. It is proved that the use of inclusion as an operational tool of the sustainable development paradigm is aimed at ensuring long-term and sustainable results of economic development at the micro and meso levels. Originality. The necessity of deepening the scientific discourse of economic inclusion, which requires localization and application of the principles of descending governance, is substantiated. For the first time, it is proposed to make a clear distinction between the processes of inclusive growth and inclusive development, which, in contrast to existing approaches, expands the theoretical and methodological basis for the study of economic inclusion at different levels of the economy. Practical value. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of integrating inclusive approaches to development strategies and forming practical tools for inclusive development and supporting inclusive growth of micro and meso economic entities by government agencies and representatives of business structures. Key words: inclusiveness, sustainable development, inclusive growth, inclusive development.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ

Technological entrepreneurship is a locomotive for the development of the economy of any government and the world economy as a whole, which has survived the turmoil from the eco-nomic crises and latest events concerning coronavirus. Despite the importance of this type of en-trepreneurship, a single approach towards understanding its content has not yet been developed. In this connection, the research aimed at systematizing the existing knowledge and its develop-ment through the formation of certain interpretations has become relevant. And this has become the goal of this work. The content analysis and systematization of the existing definitions of the technological entrepreneurship category has been conducted. As a result, it has been found that understanding of the essence of this economic phenomenon today is extremely multifaceted: from the trans-formation of fundamental knowledge to the investment into innovation and science. At the same time, all definitions are based, as a rule, on 5 key approaches: process, financial, macroe-conomic, competence and functional approaches. The limitations of the existing definitions have also been highlighted, and an original interpretation, aimed at eliminating those, has been proposed. Another result of the work has become the set of basic necessary competencies of a technology entrepreneur, defined by the authors, among which the key skills are the skills of a manager, lawyer, financier, merchant, patent attorney, and technology transfer specialist. At the end of the study, the factors leading to the opening of technology startups and the classification features of technology entrepreneurship have been identified. The research results are both of theoretical (associated with the growth of knowledge in this area) and practical (allowing entre-preneurs to better understand the process of managing this type of innovation) importance.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ У СФЕРІ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР В УКРАЇНІ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The article examines the definition of the term "foreign economic activity", analyses the definitions of foreign economic activity as well as legislation and theory formed in connection with the emergence, as well as the history of this term. Based on the results of the analysis of the definition of the term "foreign economic activity", its advantages and fragmentation and incompleteness are formulated in separate definitions, the need to highlight its complexity and multi-segment is emphasized, which are the objects, criteria and analytical features of economic management at micro level and legal regulation at macro level in this area. The article revealed the composition of the elements of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity, which includes: types of foreign economic activity, methods of foreign economic regulation, tools to influence foreign economic activity, subjects of foreign economic activity in Ukraine. The non-exclusive importance of legal regulation of foreign economic activity of economic entities in the field of grain growing is substantiated, namely the strategic importance of grain in the process of ensuring economic security of the country, including food, the priority of the grain market, which is enshrined in law. Based on the analysis of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity, a systematic approach to the interpretation of the category "legal regulation of foreign economic activity in the field of grain growing" is proposed. Improvement and specification of the specific category in the field of grain growing will create the necessary conditions for increasing the efficiency of using the existing potential at macro and micro levels. The proposals were made to improve the current legislation by eliminating the identified shortcomings in the definition of the term category in the interpretation of the concept of "foreign economic activity", what will promote the development of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity in the field and achieving the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine in accordance with the National Report of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine (2017), in particular, the legal regulation of investment insurance.

Interpretation of Legal Norms as an Optional Component of the Legal Regulation Mechanism

The article draws a special attention to the definition of such important categories of legal science as «interpretation of legal norms», «mechanism of legal regulation», «stages of legal regulation mechanism». The particular attention is paid to the understanding of the mechanism of legal regulation and its stages. The mandatory and optional stages of the legal regulation mechanism is distinguished. It is emphasized that the mandatory stage provides for the need to regulate certain social relations, which, first of all, are modeled, detected and implemented in certain subjective rights and legal obligations. The optional stage includes the necessity for an official interpretation of the legal norm in the process of its application. The place and role of interpretation of the rules of law in the mechanism of legal regulation have been determined. The article defines that the interpretation of legal norms is a process of clarifying of the content of the rule of law by the relevant subjects in order to ensure an unambiguous understanding of the content, its accurate and balanced application by both authorized and relevant entities in specific legal relations. The research at the general theoretical and methodological level distinguishes the essence and peculiarities of interpretation of legal norms, functional orientation, methods and means of its implementation. It is noted that the interpretation of legal norms ensures an unambiguous understanding of the rule of law, has an informational orientation and forms the legal consciousness of the subjects, the motivation for their behavior, is the basic basis for the development of the legal culture of society, the determinant of legal influence and the basis for improving legal regulation. The article states that the interpretation of legal norms has an important place in the mechanism of legal regulation along with its other components. It is characterized by the fact that it is carried out by analyzing of legal norms through a system of legal assessments, views, ideas, etc. Keywords: legal norm, interpretation of legal norms, functions of interpretation of legal norms, legal regulation,mechanism of legal regulation, stages of legal regulation mechanism

Technical and technological development: essence and trends under globalization conditions

Methods. The following general scientific methods were used in the research process: abstraction, systems and evolutionary approaches – while clarifying the essence of such categories as «technical-technological system» and «technical-technological development»; logical and comparative analysis – while identifying trends in technical and technological development in the context of globalization. Results. The specifics of the systems approach and methodology of evolutionary theory are analyzed. The essence of the «routine» category is studied and the possibility of applying the methodology of evolutionary theory for the analysis of technical and technological development patterns is proved. It is defined that the technical-technological system is a set of interconnected routine processes and actions that occur during the interaction of technics, technology and a human. It is proved that technical and technological development is a change in the characteristics of technics, technology and routine, accompanied by a technological gap. Evolutionary and revolutionary forms of technical and technological development are considered. The dynamics of relative indicators of R&D expenditures in GDP and exports of high-tech products to specific countries of the world are analyzed, trends of technical and technological development in the conditions of globalization are singled out. The need of technological modernization of the domestic economy is emphasized. Novelty. The definition of such categories as «technical-technological system» and «technicaltechnological development» are improved on the basis of systems and evolutionary approaches. Practical value. The results of the study can be used in the public authorities` practice regarding the formation of innovation policy of a country.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ CУБ’ЄКТА ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ

The article considers the views of various authors on the concept of economic security of the organization and formulates a general definition of this economic category. One of the main results of the study is an algorithm for constructing a definition of economic security, which allows you to model and refine the definition based on the original categories, taking into account the economic context. The methodological approach to the formation of economic security of the enterprise has been improved, which, in contrast to the existing ones, allows to take into account both the state and the direction of development of the enterprise under study. The article considers some aspects of strategic planning to increase the level of economic security of the enterprise in conditions of uncertainty of the external and internal environment. Approaches to the development of economic security strategy as part of the overall strategy of the enterprise, which is based on the use of four types of strategies for safe development of the entity. The development and implementation of these strategies is carried out in the functional areas of economic security, which depend on a number of factors, including the scope of the enterprise. Approaches to the development of economic security strategy as part of the overall strategy of the enterprise are considered. In the context of socio-political and economic crisis, the implementation period of any strategy should be reduced to three (or even one) years, which excludes the very understanding of the strategy, reducing it to operational and tactical management. In such a short period of strategy implementation it is impossible to achieve synchronization of management policy in certain aspects of the enterprise (which is one of the most important advantages of strategy development) and determine the effectiveness and feasibility of its application. the safety of business processes is offered on the basis of development of strategy of development of the enterprise, its constituent elements, object and subject are investigated that allows to consider influence of each of elements of system at all its levels.

Artifical Intelligence as Disruption Factor in the Civil Law: Impact of the use of Artifical Intelligence in Liability, Contracting, Competition Law and Consumer Protection with Particular Reference to the German and Indonesian Legal Situation

The Article describes the impact of artificial intelligence in different areas of the civil law, namely tort law, contract law, antitrust law and consumer protection law. It shows that the use of artificial intelligence already leads to legal constellations, which cannot longer easily subsumized under elementary terms of the civil law and therefore cause a real disruption in the civil law. Terms, which are based on a freedom concept of the subjective rights of the actors, such as private autonomy and contractual will not fit anymore to the activity of artificial intelligence systems the more those systems are able to act independant of human actors. Similar applies to terms which are referring to the freedom of decision like the market behaviour in the competition law. The article discusses several solution approaches, such as personification approches, agent-principal approaches and the definition of new categories of market and contractual acting. In the consumer protection the special focus in the future legal development will be on the problem how to achieve adequate, though not overflowing, transparency for consumers, especially regarding the combination of big data and algorithms.

On Some Mathematically Interpreted Linguistic Issues

Two linguistic issues are interpreted in mathematical terms. In the first section different negation behaviour of nouns and verbs is explained using the mathematical theory of sets. In addition, a hypothesis is outlined, assuming the capability of nouns to define sets and thereby enabling a tentative definition of some lexical categories. In the following sections the mathematical notions of operation, operator and operand are explained and their analogy with the traditional syntactic notions like immediate constituent, modifier, argument, governor, dependent etc. is exhibited. The central thesis of the article asserts that most (perhaps all) syntactic composites consist of two unequal components to which the asymmetric roles of operator and operand can be assigned. The possibilities to assign a role to a lexical category (verb, noun, adjective, preposition…) are predetermined and strongly depend on the category. The operator-operand based grammar differs from the established phrase structure grammar based on head-defined phrases. The incompatibilities are highlighted and adapted alternative approaches to sentence parsing are proposed, able to map the operator-operand relations.

Оценка земельных участков сельскохозяйственного назначения с применением риск-ориентированного подхода на основе геоинформационных технологий

The risk-based approach in the control and supervisory activities in the field of land use remains relevant despite significant experience in this area. Since the issues related to the interaction of the branches of supervisory and control bodies from the federal to the municipal level have not yet been resolved. There are no uniform criteria for assigning objects to a particular risk group, considering regional conditions. To analyze the performance of the Rosselkhoznadzor (the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance) in the field of agricultural land assessment for the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, geoinformation technologies were used, which made it possible to give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the risk-based approach system. Four hundred seventy eight land plots were identified, most of them belongs to land plots that are not classified as medium or moderate risk (68.6 %), about 28 % of all plots are considered as moderate risk, and 3.1 % of land plots are classified as medium risk. Using publicly available sources of information, a land plots database was created with the definition of the risk category. A geoinformation model of the density of land plots (heat map) is constructed using the QGIS software. The thematic maps created made it possible to identify the features of land plots with medium and moderate risk categories. The main feature of the risk-based approach is the absence of land plots subject to routine inspection in the forest zone, foothill subalpine and high-altitude subalpine and alpine meadows, Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, where there are two natural biosphere reserves and many protected natural areas of regional significance. A small number of inspected land plots were also identified within the boundries of specially protected ecological and resort region of the Russian Federation, Caucasian Mineral Waters, which is geographically located in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic.