Definition Of Category Research Articles

The categorical definitions of developmental disorders: Going beyond current models.

This commentary is on the invited review by Werkhoven et al. on pages 944–949 of this issue.

Radical Resection in Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Recurrence-Free Survival Rate and Definition of a Risk Score for Recurrence.

Surgery with radical intent is the only potentially curative option for entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (EP-NETs) but many patients develop recurrence even after many years. The subset of patients at high risk of disease recurrence has not been clearly defined to date. The aim of this retrospective study was to define, in a series of completely resected EP-NETs, the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate and a risk score for disease recurrence. This was a multicenter retrospective analysis of sporadic pancreatic NETs (PanNETs) or small intestine NETs (SiNETs) [G1/G2] that underwent R0/R1 surgery (years 2000-2016) with at least a 24-month follow-up. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and risk factor analysis was performed using the Cox regression model. Overall, 441 patients (224 PanNETs and 217 SiNETs) were included, with a median Ki67 of 2% in tumor tissue and 8.2% stage IV disease. Median RFS was 101 months (5-year rate 67.9%). The derived prognostic score defined by multivariable analysis included prognostic parameters, such as TNM stage, lymph node ratio, margin status, and grading. The score distinguished three risk categories with a significantly different RFS (p<0.01). Approximately 30% of patients with EP-NETs recurred within 5 years after radical surgery. Risk factors for recurrence were disease stage, lymph node ratio, margin status, and grading. The definition of risk categories may help in selecting patients who might benefit from adjuvant treatments and more intensive follow-up programs.

A qualitative study of sexual violence and attribution of responsibility in Georgian youth

Background: Sexual violence is a complex and pressing social issue that needs urgent solutions. Republic of Georgia is one of those countries where despite some advancements in law and practice, patriarchal beliefs and behaviour patterns still prevail in a daily life. So far, there has not been undertaken an in-depth study on how Georgians and particularly youth, define sexual violence and what are the justifications behind these views. The aim of the research is to understand how Georgian students understand sexual violence, who they think are responsible for sexual violence and what are the underlying reasons behind those views. Method: In total, 37 in-depth interviews have been conducted with Georgian students, from September of 2019 to March of 2021. The study participants were recruited from different universities, including the two biggest cities of Georgia - Tbilisi and Batumi. Results: The research revealed that understanding of sexual violence is far more complex than it was expected. Georgian students define sexual violence as a broad category where sexual harassment and sexual coercion have overlapping and at the same time independent meaning. Interpretation and attribution of responsibility in all three categories are dependent on situations and context that contain not only physical violence but also inappropriate touch, insistent gaze, comments about body parts, sexist insults and discrimination, messages of sexual content, psychological pressure and blackmailing. Attribution of responsibility was equally dependent on personal judgements as well as culturally determined stereotypes. Conclusion: Sexual violence is not a new phenomenon in Georgia, but its consideration as a social problem is. The research demonstrated that understanding and judgment on sexual violence, sexual harassment and sexual coercion is nuanced issue and still needs clear categories of definitions.

Quality control of A1-free dairy

The paper reviews analytical methods of quality control and specifications for a new food A1-Free Category consisting of dairy products produced exclusively from milk that is naturally free from the a1 form of beta-casein. Evaluation of an A1-free milk Inter-Laboratory Round Robin trial revealed that positive samples had no statistically significant differences between participants, despite reporting varying concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 5.07%. Following consideration of various analytical methods reported in the literature, we recommend intact a1 beta-casein protein as the most suitable molecular species for quantification, and propose potential category definitions, specifications, and laboratory methods of quality control for retail, business-to-business and global trade practices.

CURRENT APPROACHES OF EUCAST COMMITTEE TO DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS TO ANTIBIOTICS

Introduction. Order of the Ministry of Health "On approval of guidelines “Determination of susceptibility of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs", dated 05.04.2007, № 167, was cancelled because the results included in the above document differed significantly from the American standards of sensitivity CLSI 2021, and European standards EUCAST of the same year. This created the preconditions for the revision of the regulatory framework in this area, its updating and bringing in line with international standards. The aim of this work is to identify and systematize modern approaches to determining the susceptibility of the main pathogens of odontogenic infections to antibiotics in accordance with current EUCAST quality control tables. Results. The microbiota of patients in the departments of maxillofacial surgery is usually represented by a limited list of opportunistic pathogens including Staphylococcuss spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Candida spp. However, despite the stable quality of microbiota in odontogenic foci of infection, their sensitivity to antibacterials is subject to significant changes and requires careful review and constant monitoring. First of all, since 2019, the EUCAST Committee has changed the definition of categories of susceptibility of microorganisms to antibiotics, according to which the term "moderately sensitive" has been replaced by the term "sensitive to high exposure", and introduced the concept of screening for susceptibility testing. Conclusion. Thus, modern approaches to determining the susceptibility of major pathogens of odontogenic infections to antibiotics are based on in-depth research and careful analysis of clinical cases. Given the constant change in the spectrum of dominant pathogens and their biological properties, the standards for determining the sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs have undergone significant changes in Ukraine and around the world.

A participatory approach to tracking system transformation in clusters and innovation ecosystems—Evolving practice in Sweden’s Vinnväxt programme

Abstract For decades, cluster initiatives and funding programmes have been used as instruments of industrial and innovation policy—addressing system failures by strengthening linkages among actors, fostering innovation, and developing more effective innovation systems. More recently, a growing segment of these initiatives are also focused on driving system-level transformation and contributing to broader societal benefits. This segment is characterized by larger-scale and longer-term strategic efforts involving a variety of stakeholders across different parts of society, aimed at contributing to addressing societal challenges. These characteristics are shared with the emerging frame of transformative innovation policy, which highlights the importance of embedded practices of learning and reflexivity to enable continuous monitoring of progress and inform and adapt the direction of systemic change processes—requiring new approaches to governance and evaluation. Despite deep experience with implementing cluster programmes and other systemic innovation policy instruments, practitioners still struggle with monitoring and evaluation. Current approaches focus on evidencing strengthened innovation (and economic effects) on the level of firms and research actors, and fail to capture contributions on the level of the broader system. This article presents an evolving approach for tracking system transformation in clusters and collaborative innovation initiatives. Through an interactive, co-development process with initiatives in the Swedish Vinnväxt programme, this research proposes a definition and set of system effect categories for cluster initiatives. It tests a participatory approach for tracking their contribution to system-level change over time, providing an initial case on which to build and apply in other transformative innovation programmes.

Recommendations for Defining and Reporting Adherence Measured by Biometric Monitoring Technologies: Systematic Review.

BackgroundSuboptimal adherence to data collection procedures or a study intervention is often the cause of a failed clinical trial. Data from connected sensors, including wearables, referred to here as biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs), are capable of capturing adherence to both digital therapeutics and digital data collection procedures, thereby providing the opportunity to identify the determinants of adherence and thereafter, methods to maximize adherence.ObjectiveWe aim to describe the methods and definitions by which adherence has been captured and reported using BioMeTs in recent years. Identifying key gaps allowed us to make recommendations regarding minimum reporting requirements and consistency of definitions for BioMeT-based adherence data.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2014 and 2019, which deployed a BioMeT outside the clinical or laboratory setting for which a quantitative, nonsurrogate, sensor-based measurement of adherence was reported. After systematically screening the manuscripts for eligibility, we extracted details regarding study design, participants, the BioMeT or BioMeTs used, and the definition and units of adherence. The primary definitions of adherence were categorized as a continuous variable based on duration (highest resolution), a continuous variable based on the number of measurements completed, or a categorical variable (lowest resolution).ResultsOur PubMed search terms identified 940 manuscripts; 100 (10.6%) met our eligibility criteria and contained descriptions of 110 BioMeTs. During literature screening, we found that 30% (53/177) of the studies that used a BioMeT outside of the clinical or laboratory setting failed to report a sensor-based, nonsurrogate, quantitative measurement of adherence. We identified 37 unique definitions of adherence reported for the 110 BioMeTs and observed that uniformity of adherence definitions was associated with the resolution of the data reported. When adherence was reported as a continuous time-based variable, the same definition of adherence was adopted for 92% (46/50) of the tools. However, when adherence data were simplified to a categorical variable, we observed 25 unique definitions of adherence reported for 37 tools.ConclusionsWe recommend that quantitative, nonsurrogate, sensor-based adherence data be reported for all BioMeTs when feasible; a clear description of the sensor or sensors used to capture adherence data, the algorithm or algorithms that convert sample-level measurements to a metric of adherence, and the analytic validation data demonstrating that BioMeT-generated adherence is an accurate and reliable measurement of actual use be provided when available; and primary adherence data be reported as a continuous variable followed by categorical definitions if needed, and that the categories adopted are supported by clinical validation data and/or consistent with previous reports.

Hom weak ω-categories of a weak ω-category

AbstractClassical definitions of weak higher-dimensional categories are given inductively, for example, a bicategory has a set of objects and hom categories, and a tricategory has a set of objects and hom bicategories. However, more recent definitions of weak n-categories for all natural numbers n, or of weak $\omega$ -categories, take more sophisticated approaches, and the nature of the ‘hom is often not immediate from the definitions’. In this paper, we focus on Leinster’s definition of weak $\omega$ -category based on an earlier definition by Batanin and construct, for each weak $\omega$ -category $\mathcal{A}$ , an underlying (weak $\omega$ -category)-enriched graph consisting of the same objects and for each pair of objects x and y, a hom weak $\omega$ -category $\mathcal{A}(x,y)$ . We also show that our construction is functorial with respect to weak $\omega$ -functors introduced by Garner.

The methods of data processing according to the measurement/classification procedure for quality indicators of objects

The measurement/classification procedure of object properties, such as quality indicators, is used for determination of object quality category. According to measurement uncertainty, the fuzzy classification scale is constructed. In accordance with this scale, fuzzy classification results are obtained. The use of fuzzy averaging for multiple measurements of individual quality indicators are proposed. The fuzzy logic operators that can be used in the construction of group quality indicators are considered and recommendations for their application are given. As an example of application of the proposed method, the definition of water quality categories on its biochemical properties is used.

Precision Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Challenges and Considerations for the Path Forward

Precision Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Challenges and Considerations for the Path Forward

Культурологическая мысль в России прирастает провинцией?

The monograph of Umetov M.A. “Ethno-cultural code of health of the Adyghes” is analyzed. It is argued that the categorical definition of “ethno-cultural code of health”, proposed by the author of the monograph, has not only cognitive and epistemological potential, but also creates new prerequisites for the dialogue of cultures and intercultural communication, which is especially important in the conditions of multi-ethnic Russia.

Emotional Constituent of the Category of Tense and the Category of Aspect (Based on the Lyrics of English Songs)

I.A. Shirokikh. Emotional Constituent of the Category of Tense and the Category of Aspect (Based on the Lyrics of English Songs). The article deals with two most important grammatical categories of the English language: the category of Tense and the category of Aspect. The author of the article offers theories about these grammatical categories, provided by foreign linguists. The theoretical aspects are proved with the examples from English songs, performed by the band The 1975. While writing lyrics, the author of the songs uses this or that Tense, Simple or Continuous Aspect, having a definite idea in his mind. It is the emotions he wants to present to the audience that determine the author’s choice. Any deviation from grammar norms / realization of syntagmatic meanings of a grammatical category creates some emotional effect, realization of emotional constituent of a definite grammatical category. Matty Healy, the author of the lyrics, implements this device and the examples given in the article prove that. Thus, the research combines theoretical background of the category of Tense and the category of Aspect, still debated by Russian and foreign linguists, as well as presentation of the two categories realization in the English song lyrics.

Problems of managing the university human capital at the educational environment digitalization context

The article discusses modern approaches to the «human capital» category definition, trends in developing human capital and its management system in higher education institutions of the Russian Federation. The paper determines that the problem of the educational environment is a current direction of modern pedagogical research. The authors study issues of qualitative changes at the university educational environment under conditions of dominating a new technological order in socio-economic processes, the digital economy development. The educational environment of Tomsk Agricultural Institute – Novosibirsk State Agrarian University branch is structured based on the analysis of psychological, pedagogical and economic literature, regulatory and legal support of the educational process, as well as the university general management system, the human capital of its teaching staff, and the analysis of the capital itself in particular. The article outlines the problematic field of managing the teaching staff human capital under conditions of the educational environment digitalization of the educational organization under study determining its actual tasks based on observation results of the human capital management process at the university, questionnaires and interviews of its teaching staff, calculation and analysis of estimated indicators of human capital. The most problematic areas of management activity of Tomsk Agricultural Institute under conditions of growing the informatization and digitalization processes are the following: human capital management in the field of educational, methodological and research work of university teachers. The authors conclude on the need to improve the human capital management system of the educational organization under study. They propose to implement the mid-term project «The teaching staff motivation of Tomsk Agricultural Institute – Novosibirsk State Agrarian University branch to work effectively under conditions of digitalization of the educational environment». It will allow raising the mechanism effectiveness of interacting the university administration and employees belonging to the teaching staff at the Institute e-learning field through forming a system of employee tangible and intangible incentives.

Evaluating the proportion of isolated cases among a spectrum of birth defects in a population-based registry.

Because the etiology and outcomes of birth defects may differ by the presence vs. absence of co-occurring anomalies, epidemiologic studies often attempt to classify cases into isolated versus non-isolated groupings. This report describes a computer algorithm for such classification and presents results using data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR). Each of the 1,041 birth defects coded by the TBDR was classified as chromosomal, syndromic, minor, or "needs review" by a group of three clinical geneticists. A SAS program applied those classifications to each birth defect in a case (child/fetus), and then hierarchically combined them to obtain one summary classification for each case, adding isolated and multiple defect categories. The program was applied to 136,121 cases delivered in 2012-2017. Of total cases, 49% were classified by the platform as isolated (having only one major birth defect). This varied widely by birth defect; of those examined, the highest proportion classified as isolated was found in pyloric stenosis (87.6%), whereas several cardiovascular malformations had low proportions, including tricuspid valve atresia/stenosis (2.3%). This is one of the first and largest attempts to identify the proportion of isolated cases across a broad spectrum of birth defects, which can inform future epidemiologic and genomic studies of these phenotypes. Our approach is designed for easy modification for use with any birth defects coding system and category definitions, allowing scalability for different studies or birth defects registries, which often do not have resources for individual clinical review of all case records.

Implications on the Use of the Phylogenetic Species Concept in the Risk Categories Assignment: The Case of the Birds of Mexico

Background and Aims Conservation efforts require a rational basis for taxa prioritization; it is essential to recognize the evolutionary independence of units, typically recognized as species. Because different criteria on species limits lead to different conservation assessment priorities, conceptual problems limit the possibility to accurately assess the conservation status that species are undergoing to protect them effectively. Methods We analyze the implications of using the phylogenetic species concept (PSC) in the risk categories determination, based on the analysis of the Mexican endemic avifauna. We modeled the potential distribution areas with the MaxEnt algorithm for those species that have had or could be susceptible to taxonomic updates based on the PSC. Results Of the 93 studied species, 68 were highly restricted, and 23 have high scores according to the evaluation of the Partners In Flight conservation status, so they can be considered species with high vulnerability or risk of extinction. Additionally, based on the recognition of several allopatric populations as independent phylogenetic species, 45% are susceptible to reconsideration of their risk categories due to a decrease in the extent of areas where they are potentially distributed. Implications for Conservation The use of a taxonomic perspective focused on the phylogenetic relationship of the different populations would directly impact the definition of risk categories, particularly for those endemic or restricted distribution evolutionary units for which there is usually very little information available and which, undoubtedly, are the ones that most need to be studied and, particularly, protected.

Revisiting the Hebrew Definite Article: A Reference Hierarchy Model

Abstract The presence of the article ha on Hebrew noun phrases has long been considered the signal for marking definiteness. Scholars have traditionally explained exceptional cases either within the category of definiteness or by genericity. Applying the cross-linguistically conceived ‘reference hierarchy model’ to ha-marked noun phrases in the Book of Judges has revealed that the article ha can also mark specificity, a referential category often associated with indefiniteness in the literature of Biblical Hebrew. In fact, many of Biblical Hebrew’s exceptions fall within this category. These exceptions display a pattern: the ha- marking for specificity is not determined by features within the noun phrase but rather outside of it. They are licensed by a small set of verb types, preposition and sentential moods.

Pharmacovigilance of Antitubercular Therapy in Tuberculosis.

BackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) to tuberculosis (TB) drugs are a significant concern for medical professionals and health authorities. Adverse events due to drug-resistant TB (DRTB) treatment are among the most important reasons for treatment interruption.MethodsThis study was an observational study conducted among patients diagnosed with TB (pulmonary/extrapulmonary) receiving antitubercular therapy (ATT) (first line/second-line drugs) irrespective of their age and gender. The patients who consented to participate, registered under National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), Puducherry, during the study period from March 2020 to December 2020, were included in the study. The demographic details were recorded from the treatment card, and the participants were provided a diary to note down the adverse events. They were asked to report over the phone or during their visits to treatment centers for the first two months. During the follow-up (irrespective of their treatment phase [intensive/continuation]), the patients were assessed for symptoms and signs of common adverse events. Any adverse events reported by the patient were also recorded and analyzed for causality and severity.ResultsDuring the study period, 219 patients were included, of which 92 patients (42%) presented with adverse events. Among the patients with ADRs, 56.5% were males and 43.5% were females. The females were found to be at more risk than males for adverse events with the OR 1.871 (95% CI: 1.066-3.284). GI system was the most common body system involved (39%), followed by musculoskeletal system and skin disorders (24% and 21%), respectively. Most of the adverse events were latent in nature (60.9%), followed by sub-acute onset (28.3%) and acute events (6.5%). Maximum adverse events reported were mild to moderate (71.8%), followed by severe (18.5%). Most of the events were probable in nature (41.3%), and the definite category was 25% as per Naranjo’s probability scale.ConclusionThe current study shows the frequency of adverse events in patients receiving antitubercular drug therapy. The females were found to be at more risk than males for adverse events. It was found that the GI system was most affected as a known reaction to TB therapy followed by the musculoskeletal system. With more effective pharmacovigilance measures implementation, the adverse events being one of the factors for treatment interruption can be overcome.

НЕЙТРАЛИЗАЦИЯ СЕМАНТИКИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ И ЕЕ СВЯЗЬ С ИСТОРИЕЙ ФОРМ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО В РУССКОМ И ЛИТОВСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

В статье речь идет о связи исторического развития прилагательного в русском и литовском языках с нейтрализацией семантики определенности/неопределенности. Исследование категории определен ности/неопределенности проводится с точки зрения функциональной грамматики и теории референции (детерминации). Материалом исследования явились прилагательные, собранные из текстов Успенского сборника XII–XIII вв. Сопоставление с литовским языком позволяет сделать некоторые уточнения, касающиеся развития членных форм прилагательных в славянских и балтийских языках. The relationship the interplay between the historical development of the adjective in the Russian and Lithuanian languages and the neutralization of the semantics of a definiteness is examined in the article. The paper describes the peculiarities of the use of simple and pronominal forms of adjectives from the functional grammar and the theory of reference (determination) point of view (I.I. Revzin, N.D. Arutunova, A.D. Shmelev, S.A. Krylov, T.M. Nikolaeva). We takes into account the opinion of the linguists V.V. Kolesov, A.M. Kuznetsov, N.S. Trubetskoy. The conclusions of the research are based on the analysis of all contexts with simple and pronominal forms of adjectives contained in word-index to the Uspensky codex of 12th–13th centuries. We are dealing with 1235 adjectives which are used almost 9 thousand times: there are about 4 thousand samples of usage of simple forms and about 5 thousand of pronominal forms. We suppose more than 1500 cases of simple forms of adjectives in the Uspensky codex illustrate their usage for expressing the definiteness in case if it has already been expressed by lexical means (neutralization). Lithuanian material is analyzed according to the grammars of the Lithuanian language and articles on the adjective and the problem of the definiteness/indefiniteness category in the scientific literature in the Lithuanian language (authors Ambrazas V., Valeckienė A., Spraunienė B., Paulauskienė A., Mikulskas R., Holvoet A., Tamulionienė A.). Comparison of Modern Lithuanian and Old Literary Russian language texts allows to make some clarifications regarding the development of member forms of adjectives in the Slavic and Baltic languages. Due to inseparable pronoun-adjective joining, close and complex relations have developed between the meaning of definiteness and the semantics of different groups of adjectives. This is explained by the fact that the lexical meaning of a relative adjective itself, its word-building possibilities single out, identify the object and can present it as well-known. Distinctive semantics of adjectives would often determine sole usage of pronominal or simple forms. 164 Сравнительное языкознание In modern Lithuanian, an interrelation is also noticed between the possibility of making pronominal forms and classes of adjectives. It should be noted that this relationship is opposite in Old Russian and Modern Lithuanian. In the Uspensky codex of the 12–13th centuries, the category of definiteness is constantly expressed using pronominal forms in the cases where it has already been previously expressed by other means, i.e. demonstrative pronouns, proper names or lexical word meanings. It is vice versa in Lithuanian: when definiteness is expresses using lexical devices (e.g. relative and compound adjectives), such forms are not used or used inconsistently (with proper names, demonstrative pronouns and appeals). Comparison with the Lithuanian language suggests that in the Old Russian language such a situation was quite possible in the beginning.

Burnout: exploring the differences between U.S. and international medical graduates

BackgroundInternational medical graduates (IMGs) have less burnout than U. S. medical school graduates (USMGs) during residency training. This study evaluates possible correlates of differences in burnout rates between USMGs and IMGs.MethodsWe surveyed 375 first-year residents at orientation in June/July 2017. We assessed burnout using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and used validated scales to measure stress, quality of life (QoL), mastery, and spirituality. We collected data on gender, place of graduation, language fluency, and specialty. We compared CBI scores between USMGs and IMGs, performed a multivariate linear regression analysis of relationships between covariates and CBI subscales, and logistic regression analysis for our categorical definition of burnout.ResultsTwo hundred twenty-two residents responded for a response rate of 59%. Personal, work or patient- related burnout was common among residents, particularly among USMGs. The most common form of burnout was work-related. Forty nine percent of USMGs have work burnout compared to 26% of IMGs (p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, being an IMG reduced odds of work-related and of total burnout by 50% (OR 0.5 C.I 0.25-0.99). Perceived mastery was associated with reductions in all subscales of burnout (p < 0.05). Stress and low QoL related to personal and work burnout scores (p < 0.01).ConclusionWork-related burnout is more common among USMGs than in IMGs. Although mastery, QoL and stress were correlates of burnout among all residents, these factors did not explain the difference. Future studies should evaluate the role of medical school structure and curriculum on differences in burnout rates between the two groups.

Shared Decision Making for Radioiodine Therapy and the Actual Pattern of Care in Intermediate-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.

Radioiodine therapy (RAI) is usually a standard procedure performed after thyroidectomy in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). While the indication for RAI in high-risk patients has been established in various national and international guidelines, there is an ongoing discussion with regard to intermediate-risk patients. In addition to the inconsistent definition of this risk category, the absence of large multinational prospective randomized controlled trials forms the basis of the debate. In this context, the actual pattern of care and national guidelines in the country where the patient is living plays an important role with respect to regional iodine supply and goiter prevalence, preoperative diagnostics (fine needle aspiration biopsy), and corresponding surgical strategies. Participatory decision-making between physician and informed patient, which is demanded in principle today anyway, is of particular importance in this situation. This article will discuss the approach of shared decision making for radioiodine therapy in intermediate-risk DTC.