Decrease In High-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Antidyslipidemic effect of ethanol extract of <i>Irvingia wombolu</i> seeds in high fat diet induced dyslipidemic rat

The antidyslipidemic activity of Irvingia wombolu ethanol seeds extract was studied in high fat diet induced dyslipidemic rats.Forty five (45) Wstar rats were grouped into 5 groups of 9 rats each. The animals were allowed 7 days acclimatization period. Group 1 was the control group and it received normal rat chow and water throughout the study. Groups 2 to 5 were given high fat diet for 14 days after which they were given normal rat chow till the end of the study. At the end of the 14 days, group 2 was not treated while group 3-5 were treated with 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg b.w ethanol extract of Irvingia wombolu seeds respectively for 28 days. The lipid profile of animals was evaluated three times: first after 14 days induction period (phase 1) i.e day 0 of treatment, second was taken 14 days after treatment (phase 2), third was taken 28 days after treatment (phase 3). The study lasted for 49 days and dimethyl sulphoxide was used as a vehicle for the extract. In phase 1, all the groups fed with high fat diet showed an increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) triglyceride, total cholesterol and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. In phase 2 there was a decrease in LDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol level in addition to increase in HDL for animals in all the treatment groups. It was observed that in phase 3 only 250mg/kg group showed a progressive decrease in LDL, triglyceride, total cholesterol and an increase in HDL levels while 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w showed an increase in LDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol level and a decrease in HDL. The result of the present study demonstrated the antidyslipidemic effect of ethanol extract of Irvingia wombolu seeds at lower dose.

A Critical Review on the Impact of Ayurvedic Dietetics (Pathya Apathya) in the Management of Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is defined as abnormal amount of lipids in the blood. It is a metabolic disorder, manifested as increased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride or a decrease in high density lipoprotein. Dyslipidemia is the main disposing factor for the atherosclerosis, and the atherosclerosis is the main pathogenesis factor for cardiovascular disease. In Ayurvedic view, dyslipidemia can be considered similar to aggravated Dusta Meda Dhatu in the body which is caused due to hypofunction of Medo-Dhatwagni leading to Medovaha Srotodusti Vikara. Nidanparivarjana is the main treatment principle of Ayurveda.
 For dyslipidemia, diet which is Laghu, Ruksha, Kaphamedohara and Srotoshodhana property should be followed. While, Guru, Snigdha, Kaphamedokara and Abhishyandhi food should be avoided. According to Bhaisjya Ratnawali, Pathya for Hridroga are Dadima, Shunthi, Yavani, Patol etc while Apathya are Ksheer Vikruti, Dadhi, Guru Bhojan etc. Using healthy diet rich in complex carbohydrates, vegetables, and fruits seasoned with adequate quantity of spices with minimum amount of oils and fats are ideal for management and prevention of dyslipidemia. So this research article, will explain the properties of Pathya and Apathya their mode of action in prevention and management of dyslipidemia with the help of previous research work done on related Pathya Apathya food article.

Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on High-Fat Diet-Induced Injury in the Heart and Aorta of the Adult Wistar Rat

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in Wistar rats fed with high-fat diet. 30 adult Wistar rats weighing between 250g and 280g were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 6 rats per group. Group A rats were placed on rat food and water only. Group B rats received 1000mg/kg body weight / day (BWT/D) of margarine. Group C rats received 300mg/kg BWT/D of V. amygdalina. Group D rats received 1000mg/kg BWT/D of margarine and 150mg/kg BWT/D of V. amygdalina. Group E rats received 1000mg/kg BWT/D of margarine and 300mg/kg BWT/D of V. amygdalina. The dosages were given for 56days via orogastric method. The biochemical outcome showed that Group B revealed decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and marked elevation in the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels when compared with the other groups. Histologcally, Group B showed moderate stenosis, perivascular fibrosis, asymmetrical vascular hypertrophy and mild intimal erosion while Group A, C, D and E revealed normal myocardium and vascular architecture. In conclusion, the aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina have antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties against margarine-induced injury in the heart and aorta of Wistar rats.

Estimation of Lipid Profile, Hepatic Enzymes, Malondialdehyde, and Uric Acid in Preeclampsia: Implications for Early Intervention

Introduction: Preeclampsia, a serious pregnancy complication, poses significant risks to both maternal and foetal health, potentially leading to morbidity and mortality. This condition is characterised by changes in lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and uric acid levels. Despite significant medical advancements, identifying precise biomarkers for preeclampsia remains complex. Moreover, there is a lack of epidemiological research on preeclampsia within the southern Indian population. Aim: To estimate the levels of serum lipid profiles, hepatic enzyme levels, MDA, and uric acid levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Also, to examine the association between MDA and uric acid levels among women with preeclampsia and those with normal pregnancies. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 162 pregnant patients aged between 18 and 35 years, who attended the Outpatient Department (OPD) or were admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India between February 2021 and October 2021. The participants were divided into three groups: Group A (54 normotensive pregnant women), Group B (54 pregnant women with non severe preeclampsia), and Group C (54 pregnant women with severe preeclampsia). Lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, MDA, and uric acid were evaluated in all subjects, and their relationship with preeclampsia severity was assessed. The data were statistically analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. Results: The study groups (A, B, and C) had comparable age and gestational periods. However, significant variations were observed in lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, MDA, and uric acid levels among them, which associated with the severity of preeclampsia. Increasing severity was associated with higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as a decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, disease progression led to significant elevations in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) , uric acid, and MDA levels. In particular, Group A displayed total cholesterol levels of 138.3±20.32 mg/dL, triglycerides of 109.98±15.22 mg/dL, and a negative association with HDLcholesterol at 30.57±3.65 mg/dL. In contrast, Group C exhibited considerably higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, ALT, uric acid, and MDA compared to Group A. Conclusion: As preeclampsia worsens, cholesterol and triglyceride levels increase, while HDL-cholesterol decreases, indicating a deteriorating metabolic profile. Additionally, ALP, uric acid, and MDA levels rise, indicating increased oxidative stress and liver function impact with the progression of the ailment.

Differences in Mediterranean diet adherence on lipid profile and plasma atherogenic index in dyslipidemia patients

Dyslipidemia is lipid metabolism disorder as indicated by increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) Database in 2018 showed 12.6% Indonesian population aged 55-64 years had high cholesterol and very high LDL and triglycerides. The Mediterranean diet is non-pharmacotherapeutic treatments in the form of nutrition therapy for dyslipidemic patients. This study aimed to determine differences of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on lipid profile and Plasma Atherogenic Index (PAI) in dyslipidemic patients at a private clinic in Bandung. It used an observational analytic method with a prospective cohort of 30 dyslipidemia patients. Sampling was done by systematic random sampling technique. The subjects were divided into 3 categories based on adherence, namely low, medium and high, then lipid profile examination and PAI were assessed at the end of the month. Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL data were analyzed using Anova and Post Hoc Tukey while triglycerides and PAI were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed significant results on total cholesterol (p=0.007), LDL level (p=0.019), HDL level (p=0.006), triglycerides (p=0.005) and PAI (p=0.036). The result was associated due to the influence of food content rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), phytosterols and polyphenols that affect the levels of lipid profiles and PAI.

Assessment and predictors of blood glucose levels in hypertensives attending a secondary health centre: relationship with physical activity and diet quality

The aim: this study aims to assess the prevalence of hyperglycaemia, the association between diet quality, physical exercise and blood glucose levels among hypertensives attending a secondary health centre in Nigeria. There is a paucity of data concerning these issues and the study would contribute positively to future management of the patients.
 Methods: the study was a cross-sectional study of 354 hypertensives that was conducted at the State Hospital, Oyo, Nigeria. The systematic sampling technique was used to recruit patients, and the data were analysed using SPSS software version 23. Linear regression was done to determine the predictors of hyperglycaemia, and logistic regression was done to determine the predictors of diet quality.
 Results: the mean age of the respondents was 52.60(SD±8.26) years. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in this cohort was 19.60 %. The association of glycated haemoglobin (HbAic) with High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) was negative, weak in strength and statistically significant (p-value=0.034). For every 1 unit decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), there was a statistically significant increase in HbAic by about 0.383 units (95 % C.I equals -0.737 to -0.029, p-value=0.034). For every 1 unit increase in total Cholesterol, there was a significant increase in HbAic by about 0.158 units (95 % CI equals 0.007 to 0.308, p-value=0.04). Age group <45 years were about 2 times less likely to have good diet quality than those of 55 years and above (OR=0.502; 95 % CI=0.270 – 0.932, p-value=0.029).
 Conclusions: the study has assisted to characterise this population of hypertensives in terms of serum glucose levels. The prevalence of hyperglycaemia was high among these hypertensives. The predictors of hyperglycaemia were HDL and Cholesterol. Also, the predictor of good diet quality was the age of the respondents

Characterization and assessment of endothelial dysfunction in adolescents with obesity and vitamin D deficiency

Background. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency in children are widespread in economically developed countries. Among children with obesity and components of the metabolic syndrome, vitamin D deficiency is more common than in children with a normal body mass index (BMI). The growth of metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus lead to fatal vascular accidents in young people, and therefore the search for new ways of early diagnosis of these processes is relevant.
 Aim. To study of the relationship of endothelial dysfunction with vitamin D deficiency, obesity and associated metabolic disorders among adolescents in Saint Petersburg.
 Materials and methods. 5 adolescents aged 1416 years (150.76 years) with primary obesity were examined. Anthropometric parameters were studied: waist circumference, weight, height, calculation of BMI, stage of puberty according to Tanner. Laboratory examination included the following parameters: serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, insulin, 25(OH)D. Atherogenicity index (AI), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), vitamin D sufficiency were calculated. Endothelial function was assessed by the value of the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), automatically calculated by the EndoPAT 2000 device (Itamar Medical, Israel).
 Results. All examined patients had abdominal obesity (median BMI 33.5 kg/m2 [30.9; 34.2]) and reduced vitamin D supply (median 25(OH)D 17.2 ng/ml). Hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia due to an increase in low density lipoproteins were diagnosed in 1 (20%) case. Dyslipidemia due to a decrease in high density lipoproteins was detected in 3 (60%) patients. An increase in IA was found in 4 (80%) people. Insulin resistance was present in 60% of the examined, the median value of HOMA-IR was 5.6. The median RHI was 1.74 [1.72; 2.13]. Optimum RHI values were observed in 2 (40%) patients; in most (60%) adolescents, the RHI values corresponded to subnormal values and were close to the lower limit of this zone. A significant inverse correlation of RHI with AI was obtained (R=-0.63, p0.05).
 Conclusion. Taking into account the risk factors previously identified in the examined patients (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, reduced vitamin D supply), endothelial dysfunction in these patients was regarded as a cardiovascular risk factor. A manageable risk factor is a reduced supply of vitamin D, which can be corrected by an additional donation of cholecalciferol.

Hepatoprotective Properties of Sarcocephalus latifolius Extract in Hyperglycemic Rat Model

Currently, there is a need for safe, effective, and less costly antidiabetic medications, and investigating medicinal plants for new antidiabetic medication is gaining increased attention. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease associated with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hepatocellular damage. Sarcocephalus latifolius (family Rubiaceae) has been widely explored in ethnomedicine for the treatment and management of various disorders. The biochemical, hepatoprotective, and histological effects of aqueous-ethanolic leaf extract of S. latifolius in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Thirty (30) juvenile male Wistar rats were placed into six groups, each with five rats: Normal rats made up Group 1, while diabetic rats in Groups 2–4 were given 200, 400, and 800 mg/Kg body weight of aqueous-ethanolic leaf extract, respectively; diabetic rats in Group 5 were given a standard anti-diabetic drug (0.2 mg/kg glibenclamide), and diabetic rats in Group 6 were left untreated. When compared to control rats, Alloxan induction led to a significant elevation in plasma glucose level, liver enzymes, low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG), but a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). The alterations in the following parameters were returned to normal levels when the diabetic rats were administered S. latifolius extract. The results indicate that S. latifolius showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials, and may serve as a remedy for the management of diabetes.
 Keywords: Sarcocephalus latifolius, Diabetes, Albino rats, Alloxan, Liver

The Difference of Lipid Profile Pre and Post Endurance Exercise in Obese Male Adolescents

Obesity among adolescents has short-term and long-term consequences in terms of physical and psychosocial development. In adolescence obesity often causes serious complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, dysglycemia, fatty liver, psychosocial complications. Dyslipidemia in obesity is closely related to the occurrence of atherosclerosis which often leads to coronary heart disease (CHD) and vascular disorders. Dyslipidemia is indicated by an increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), or triglycerides (TG), or a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). Boys have a higher visceral fat ratio than girls. Physical exercise without dietary restrictions has been shown to improve blood lipid profiles and reduce fat mass. Endurance exercise increases fat oxidation during submaximal exercise. Zumba has been shown to reduce fat mass and improve aerobic fitness. To analyze the effect of endurance exercise with Zumba fitness 3x/week for 8 weeks on the lipid profile of obese male adolescents at senior high school Surabaya. This study was conducted from July 2020 to August 2020. The research subjects were 12 teenage boys aged 14-18 years at senior high school Surabaya, with obesity nutritional status p>95 according to CDC 2000. Research subjects were given an endurance exercise intervention with Zumba fitness 3 times a week for 8 weeks, light-moderate intensity 30-60 minutes. The volume of exercise is gradually increased by starting with an increase in duration and then the intensity of the exercise includes whole body movement with a combination of aerobics and dance. This study was conducted without calorie restriction. Pre- and post-exercise assessment of lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL). TG, HDL, and total cholesterol before and after exercise had no significant difference which is TG = 0.106, HDL = 0.259 and total cholesterol = 0.188. Pre- and post-exercise LDL data had a significant difference with a significance value of 0.014 for LDL. In this study, there was a 6.8% decrease in TG; decreased LDL 4.9%; increase in HDL 12.49%; and a 3.6% reduction in total cholesterol. Endurance exercise with zumba fitness 3 times in a week for 8 weeks in obese male adolescents without calorie restriction, can improve LDL lipid profile, but does not improve TG, HDL and total cholesterol.

Dyslipidaemia of Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs is attenuated by Ethanolic Extracts of Anogeissus Leiocarpus Stem Bark

Introduction: The effect of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark on dyslipidaemia induced by diabetes mellitus (DM) was investigated, since enhanced pro-synthetic hypoglycaemic drugs did not effectively control dyslipidemia of DM, apart from causing toxicity and resistance. Materials and Methods: Twelve adult Nigerian indigenous dogs were placed in 4 groups of 3 each, namely non diabetic (ND); diabetic untreated (DU); diabetic treated with insulin (DI) and diabetic treated with extract (DE). Body weights and lipid profiles were measured during a four-week period. Results: Significant percentage body weight decreased in DU (50.21 %) throughout the period of study with continuous increase in body weight in ND (46.96 %). In DI and DE there were initial decreases in body weights (11.08% and 14.54% respectively) which significantly increased (23.53 % and 32.30 % respectively) by the fourth week. Lipid profiles revealed significant (P < 0.002) increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in DU group when compared with the DE group. There was also a significant (P < 0.002) decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the DU when compared to DE, DI and ND groups. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark attenuated the dyslipidaemia produced in alloxaninduced type 1 diabetes mellitus in Nigerian indigenous dogs.

Toxic Effects of Treatment with Cyclophosphamide on Serum Biochemical Markers of Hepatic Function in Albino Rats

Despite being an effective modality of treatment against cancer, chemotherapy is a major factor responsible for the morbidity and mortality caused by cancer. Cyclophosphamide, a widely used chemotherapeutic drug belonging to the Nitrogen Mustard family of alkylating agents, has been documented for many side- effects on the healthy tissues and metabolism of individuals undergoing treatment. In the present study, an effort has been made to investigate the effects of cyclophosphamide administration on hepatic metabolism of albino rats. Male albino rats were divided into two groups (n= 6 in each). Group 1 (Vehicle control) rats were treated with distilled water and group II rats were intraperitoneally administered with single dose of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 200 mg/kg b wt on day 1 of the experiment. Blood was collected from rats of each group on day 7 via cardiac puncture. Serum was separated and analysed for level of liver function markers and lipid profile parameters. Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide resulted in a significant increase in serum level of bilirubin and liver enzymes-- Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (P<0.001), while decreased the level of total protein (P<0.01), albumin (P<0.05) and globulin, when compared to vehicle control group rats. A significant increment in serum level of Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-c), Triglycerides (TG) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL- c) along with a significant decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-c) was observed following cyclophosphamide administration in group II rats, when compared to control group (P<0.001)Cyclophosphamide caused severe biochemical alterations resulting in hepatic toxicity, increased lipid peroxidation and redox imbalances in albino rats. Therefore, a routine monitoring of liver function might be advisable for the individuals undergoing chemotherapy as well as before recommending the chemotherapy session.

Histomorphometric and biochemical activities of bioactive component of Cyperus esculentus tubers extract on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome and cholesterol homeostasis in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disorder, causes irregular menstrual cycles, dyslipidemia, excessive body weight, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, and infertility. This study focused on the impact of Cyperus esculentus (CES) on letrozole-induced PCOS in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty (20) normal rats and twenty (20) PCOS rats (150–200 g, 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups of ten ( n = 10) rats each. Group A served as normal control group received 2 mL of normal saline, group B treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of CES , group C PCOS control group received 2 mL of normal saline, and group D PCOS rats post-treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of CES daily through gastric gavage for 30 days. Estrus cyclicity, body and ovaries weights, biochemical and histological parameters were measured. Observed irregular estrus cyclicity and multiple cysts in PCOS rats, increase glycemia, ovarian weight, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malondialdehyde, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estradiol, progesterone, catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase levels, compared with control. The intervention of CES ameliorated and restored the estrus cyclicity reproductive hormone, biochemical, and structural alterations. Moreover, CES significantly decreased cystic follicles, LH, and testosterone levels, but increased estradiol concentration. This plant may be beneficial in the management and treatment of PCOS-related reproductive and metabolic disorders.

English

BACKGROUND The world is still experiencing corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. So far, we experienced a total of more than 23 crore cases and 47 lakh deaths from COVID 19 disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome – corona virus – 2 (SARSCoV-2) was believed to affect lipid metabolism, with many authors reporting an increase in triglycerides and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This study gave the clinical features of COVID-19 patients with various HDL-C levels and an interrelation between HDL-C levels and the risk for adverse outcome in the form of deaths. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study on 100 COVID-19 adult patients diagnosed by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test admitted to the medicine department, from January 2020 to December 2020, who were also tested for lipid parameters. The detailed history and lab parameters of the patients were collected and the severe outcome of the same was measured in terms of deaths. RESULTS The mean age of study participants was 57.92 ± 12.41 years. Majority of the participants were from the age group of 41 to 60 years with 50 patients (50 %). There were 73 males (73 %) and 27 females (27 %) in our study. We observed that a total of 36 patients had co-morbidities (36 %), such as diabetes seen in 22 cases (22 %), hypertension in 18 cases (18 %), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in 8 cases (8 %). A significant association was seen between the presence of co-morbidities and deaths in our study (P = 0.043). A significant association was seen between the patients who required intensive care and deaths (P < 0.001). We found a significant difference between the triglycerides and HDL parameters of lipid profiles in patients who died as compared to those who survived. (P < 0.05) The mean triglyceride level in patients who died was 223.14 ± 56.59, significantly higher than those who survived 134.43 ± 96.16. (P = 0.003) CONCLUSIONS The lipid profile evaluation in our study was found to be effective in detecting the correlation of severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients. We conclude that the severity of COVID-19 cases is associated with low HDL and high triglyceride levels. KEY WORDS COVID-19, Lipid Profile, HDL, Triglycerides, Patient Outcome.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF ORLISTAT AS AN ANTI-OBESITY DRUG IN HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED OBESITY IN MALE RATS

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Assessing the effects of orlistat as an anti-obesity drug in high fat diet induced obesity in male rats

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL−c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL−c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Dietary Sources of Plasma Trans-Fatty Acids Among Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009–2010

Abstract Objectives Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increase risk of heart disease morbidity and mortality. There are two major sources from foods: industrially produced or artificial TFAs and ruminant or natural TFAs. Dietary TFA intake is estimated to cause half a million deaths annually worldwide and WHO has called for elimination of industrially produced TFAs from the global food supply by 2023. Little is known about these dietary sources for plasma TFAs. The objective of this study was to examine associations between foods consumed and plasma TFA levels using linked data of 24-hour dietary recall and plasma TFA measures among adults aged ≥20 years who participated in the NHANES 2009–2010 in the United States. Methods Over 4400 food products in the dietary interview data were categorized into 32 food and beverage groups/subgroups. Four major plasma TFAs (palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify associations of plasma TFAs with all 32 food and beverage groups/subgroups, controlling potential confounding effects of 11 demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, lifestyle, and health-related risk factors. Results Consumption of foods in the following food groups/ subgroups were positively associated with elevated plasma TFA levels: cream substitute (P < 0.0001); cakes, cookies, and pies (P < 0.001); milk and milk desserts (P < 0.05); beef and lamb (P < 0.05); and butter (P < 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that these five food groups/ subgroups could be the main dietary sources of plasma TFAs among adults in the United States in 2009–2010. Funding Sources N/A.

EGCG exerts its protective effect by mitigating the release of lysosomal enzymes in aged rat liver on exposure to high cholesterol diet.

The aim is to test the hypothesis whether the cholesterol loaded lysosomes are capable of mediating lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) during aging and to study the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in preserving the lysosomal membrane stability. Aged rats were fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) and treated with EGCG orally. Serum and tissue lipid status, cholesterol levels in lysosomal fraction, activities of lysosomal enzymes in lysosomal, and cytosolic fractions were measured. Transmission electron microscopic studies (TEM), oil red "O" (ORO) staining, and immunohistochemical analysis of oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) were carried out. Significant increase in serum, tissue lipid profile, and lysosomal cholesterol levels were observed in aged HCD-fed rats with a concomitant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. We also observed a significant increase in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes of aged HCD-fed rats by TEM, ORO, and immunohistochemical staining. Upon treatment with EGCG to aged HCD-fed animals, we found augmented levels of HDL with a concomitant decrease in lysosomal cholesterol levels and other lipoproteins. TEM studies and immunohistochemistry of OxLDL also showed a marked reduction in lipid deposition of hepatocytes. Thus, EGCG has preserved the lysosomal membrane stability in HCD stressed aged rats. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The research article is focused mainly on the effect of EGCG and its capability on mitigating the release of lysosomal enzymes in aged animals fed with HCD. The study signifies the cellular function of the organelle lysosome following administration of aged rats with HCD, which would make the readers to understand the action of EGCG and the interrelationship of both cholesterol and activity of lysosomes when cholesterol is loaded.

Ameliorative role of neem (Azadiracta indica) leaves ethanolic extract on testicular injury of neonatally diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin

ABSTRACT One of diabetes mellitus complications is the disturbance in the structure and functions of male reproductive organs. The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative role of Azadiracta indica leaves extract against adverse effects of diabetes on the structure and function of the testicular tissue of rats neonatally induced by streptozotocin. Twenty-four male Albino rats at 6 weeks old were used in the present study and divided into four groups (n=6). Group 1: control group, group 2: neem leaves extract supplemented group. Group 3: diabetic group that received a single I.P dose of Streptozotocin and group 4: diabetic group supplemented with neem leaves extract. The obtained results revealed significant decreased levels of testicular antioxidants, serum testesterone and significant increased levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein but a remarkable decrease in high density lipoprotein in diabetic rats. Also, the testicular tissues of diabetic rats displayed several histological and ultrastructural changes especially in the spermatogenic and interstitial cells as well as overexpression of COX-2 protein if compared with control. Post-supplementation of neem leaves extract to STZ- induced diabetic rats, revealedremarkable amelioration in most of disrupted estimated parameters.

043 Relationship Between Endogenous Testosterone and Lipid Parameters: Insight from REDUCE Study Group Database

Puberty and exogenous androgens have been known to induce an increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triclycerides, but decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). This has led to the hypothesis that testosterone has a negative effect on lipid parameters and cardiovascular health. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between lipid parameters and endogenous testosterone levels in a cohort of men from the REDUCE Study Group database. The REDUCE Study Group database was queried and 800 men with baseline testosterone and lipid data (total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides). The relationship between baseline testosterone levels and lipid parameters were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Higher total cholesterol and triglycerides are associated with lower total testosterone while higher HDL-C and LDL-C are associated with higher total testosterone. On multivariate analysis, for each increase in 1 mmol/L (about 39 ng/dL) of total cholesterol there is a decrease of 0.18 nmol/L in total testosterone (about 5 ng/dL). For each increase of 1 mmol/L (about 39 ng/dL) in HDL there is an increase of 1.10 in total testosterone (about 32 ng/dL).

Physiological and Histological Study to the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate in Laboratory male Rats and the protective role of vitamin E

The current study was conducted at the Department of Biology, College of Science, Wasit University to investigate physiological and histological effect monosodium glutamate in laboratory male rats, preventive role of vitamin E. This study was carried out in Laboratories of College of Science, Wasit University, AL- Shaheed Dr. Fairooz Hospitals, from November 2017 to April 2018.The study included twenty-four and divided into four groups (six rats per group). the first group severe as a control group orally dosed with distilled water, and treated the second group (100 mg/kg b.w. Monosodium glutamate for 30 days, and the third group were dosed orally 200 mg/kg of b.w. for 30 days, either The fourth group were dosed with a mixture of Monosodium glutamate 200mg/kg and vitamin E 100 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. after the trial period has been sacrificing animals for testing and chemical standards physiological and histological. As are result of by exposure to Monosodium glutamate in blood serum are negatively biochemical whole height of the level of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, Low-density lipoprotein, very- low density lipoprotein, liver enzymes, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine level, urea serum, further more we noticed a decrease in high density lipoprotein. The preventive treatment resulted in vitamin E 100mg/kg b.w. with Monosodium glutamate 200 mg/kg b.w. (p≤ 0.05) in body weight and relative weights of organs (liver and kidney). We noticed a higher moral when treatment with vitamin E with Monosodium glutamate 100 mg/kg in high- density lipoprotein, while serum cholesterol level decrease, triglycerides, Low-density lipoprotein, very- low density lipoprotein. And liver and kidney functions have improved by low Enzyme AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine and urea serum level. Histological examination revealed that the liver and kidneys, of rats exposed 100, 200 mg/kg of Monosodium glutamate has been adversely affected by exposure to Monosodium glutamate. Whereas, the histological of the liver of animals treated with vitamin E with Monosodium glutamate natural pictures showed improvement. These results demonstrate that MSG toxic effects on the liver and kidney tissue. The more toxic than salt rate too. The study recommends to avoid using MSG as food additives and food for animals because of the toxic effects of this salt.