Decrease In High-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Physiological and Histological Study to the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate in Laboratory male Rats and the protective role of vitamin E

The current study was conducted at the Department of Biology, College of Science, Wasit University to investigate physiological and histological effect monosodium glutamate in laboratory male rats, preventive role of vitamin E. This study was carried out in Laboratories of College of Science, Wasit University, AL- Shaheed Dr. Fairooz Hospitals, from November 2017 to April 2018.The study included twenty-four and divided into four groups (six rats per group). the first group severe as a control group orally dosed with distilled water, and treated the second group (100 mg/kg b.w. Monosodium glutamate for 30 days, and the third group were dosed orally 200 mg/kg of b.w. for 30 days, either The fourth group were dosed with a mixture of Monosodium glutamate 200mg/kg and vitamin E 100 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. after the trial period has been sacrificing animals for testing and chemical standards physiological and histological. As are result of by exposure to Monosodium glutamate in blood serum are negatively biochemical whole height of the level of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, Low-density lipoprotein, very- low density lipoprotein, liver enzymes, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine level, urea serum, further more we noticed a decrease in high density lipoprotein. The preventive treatment resulted in vitamin E 100mg/kg b.w. with Monosodium glutamate 200 mg/kg b.w. (p≤ 0.05) in body weight and relative weights of organs (liver and kidney). We noticed a higher moral when treatment with vitamin E with Monosodium glutamate 100 mg/kg in high- density lipoprotein, while serum cholesterol level decrease, triglycerides, Low-density lipoprotein, very- low density lipoprotein. And liver and kidney functions have improved by low Enzyme AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine and urea serum level. Histological examination revealed that the liver and kidneys, of rats exposed 100, 200 mg/kg of Monosodium glutamate has been adversely affected by exposure to Monosodium glutamate. Whereas, the histological of the liver of animals treated with vitamin E with Monosodium glutamate natural pictures showed improvement. These results demonstrate that MSG toxic effects on the liver and kidney tissue. The more toxic than salt rate too. The study recommends to avoid using MSG as food additives and food for animals because of the toxic effects of this salt.

Cardiovascular organ damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of lipids and inflammation

BackgroundThe relationship between dyslipidemia, inflammation and CV organ damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex. Insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines interleukins (ILs) increase plasma triglycerides (TG). ILs also up-regulate expression of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) that, together with TG, decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels. High TG, low HDL, increased ILs and MMPs trigger structural and functional changes in different parts of cardiovascular (CV) system. To understand better the role of lipids and inflammation in CV organ damage, the present study investigated the inter-relationships between lipids, ILs and MMPs, as well as the associations of lipids, ILs and MMPs with various CV measures, both in diabetic and non-diabetic population (nonT2DM).MethodsIn T2DM patients (N = 191) and nonT2DM subjects (N = 94) were assessed carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and inter-adventitial diameter (IADiam), carotid wave speed (ccaWS), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), left ventricular (LV) mass, LV systolic (s′) and early diastolic (e′) longitudinal velocities of mitral annulus, together with glycemic control, lipid profile, IL-6, IL-18 and MMP-12.ResultsT2DM patients, as compared to nonT2DM subjects, had significantly higher plasma levels of IL-6, IL-18, MMP-12 and lower HDL (P < 0.05–0.0001). They had also higher cIMT, IADiam, ccaWS, cfPWV and LV mass, and lower e′ velocity (P < 0.005–0.0001). Both in T2DM patients and nonT2DM subjects, MMP-12 increased with IL-6 (r = 0.43 and 0.39; P < 0.0001) and IL-18 (r = 0.32 and 0.42; P < 0.0001), and HDL decreased with MMP-12 (r = − 0.29 and − 0.42; P < 0.0001). In both populations, MMP-12 was directly associated with IADiam, ccaWS, cfPWV and LV mass (r = 0.42, 0.32, 0.26 and 0.29; P < 0.0001 in T2DM patients, and r = 0.39, 0.28, 0.32 and 0.27; P < 0.01–0.0001 in nonT2DM subjects). In multivariate analysis, MMP-12 remained independently related to IADiam, ccaWS, cfPWV and LV mass in T2DM patients, and to IADiam only in nonT2DM subjects.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study demonstrated a direct association between ILs and MMP-12, as well as an inverse association between MMP-12 and HDL, both in T2DM patients and in nonT2DM subjects. In T2DM patients, who had higher levels of ILs and MMP-12, the latter was independently related to several structural and functional markers of preclinical CV organ damage.

Effect of Turmeric and Ginger on Lipid Profile in Male Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of turmeric and ginger on lipid profile of male rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide H2O2 at a concentration of 1% given with consumed drinking water to male rats. Methods: 200 mg/kg from turmeric and ginger were used, and the animals were treatment for 30 days. Results: the results showed a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), whereas it explained a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) of male rats exposed to oxidative stress when compared with control group. the results showed a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, (LDL), (VLDL), whereas it explained a significant increase in (HDL) of rats treated with turmeric and ginger at dose 200 mg/kg when compared with male rats exposed to oxidative stress.

Protective role of Roflumilast against cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling in rats

Cadmium (Cd), a potent cardiotoxic environmental heavy metal, induces oxidative stress and membrane disturbances in cardiac myocytes. Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) retards the positive inotropic effects of β-adrenoceptor activation by decreasing levels of cAMP via degradation. Hence, PDE inhibitors sensitize the heart to catecholamine and are therefore, used as positive inotropic agents. The present study was designed to probe the potential attenuating effects of the selective PDE4 inhibitor (Roflumilast, ROF), on cardiac biomarkers, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation products, antioxidant status and histology of cardiac tissues against Cd-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly distributed into four different groups: group 1, served as the normal control group. Group 2, served as the toxic control group and were administered Cd (3 mg/kg, i.p.) for next 7 days. Groups 3 and 4, served as treatment groups that received Cd with concomitant oral administration of ROF doses (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg), respectively for 7 days. Serum samples of toxic control group rats resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels with concomitant decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in serum which were found reversed with both of ROF treatment groups. Cd also causes significant increased (P < 0.001) in myocardial malondialdehyde (MDA) contents while cardiac glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were found decreased whereas both doses of ROF, significantly reversed these oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes. Cardiotoxicity induced by Cd also resulted in enhanced expression of non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated form of NF-κB p65 and decreased expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NQO1 which were found reversed with ROF treatments, comparable to normal control group. Histopathological changes were also improved by ROF administration as compared to Cd treated rats alone. In conclusion, Roflumilast exhibited attenuating effect against Cd-induced cardiac toxicity.

Role of Changes in Some Adipokines with Obesity in Relation to Thyroid Function in Early Diagnosed Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism

AbstractBackground: Thyroid hormones can influence energy metabolism. Many patients of obesity have subclinical hy-pothyroidism and vice versa.Aim of Study: To evaluate the relation of changes in the level adipocyte hormones in obesity and in relation to hy-pothyroid state in early diagnosed patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.Material and Methods: This work includes 90 females divided into 3 groups each 30 persons (Group I) normal control, (Group II) obese females and (Group III) obese females with early diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism: BMI were measured and blood samples were collected from all subjects and subjected to determine fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDH), TSH, FT4, FT3, insulin level and Inter-leukin-6 (IL-6). Vaspin, lipocalin 2 and apelin were measured and HOMA IR (homeostatic model assessment) was calculated.Results: In obese patients' body mass index, TSH, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, Interleukin-6, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and apelin, lipocalin 2, vaspin showed a significant increase with a further significant increase in obese with hypothyroidism compared to control group. A significant decrease in high density lipo-protein in obese females with further significant decrease in obese with hypothyroidism, however, the level of FT3 and FT4 are insignificantly reduced in both obese and obese with hypothyroidism compared to control group.Conclusion: It is concluded that obesity released adipok-ines and inflammation may be part of the axis that has a pathogenic role in the development and progression of hy-pothyroidism in obese subjects. This open a new point of view that disruption of thyroid function may be one of sec-ondary effect of obesity and that disruption of adipocyte secretion of vaspin, lipocalin 2 and apelin may be implicated in some of the metabolic changes associated with obesity and aggravated with hypothyroid state.

Hyperlipidemia in association with pro-inflammatory cytokines among chronic spontaneous urticaria: case-control study.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disorder characterized by recurrent transient itchy wheels of 6 weeks duration or longer. The cause cannot be pinpointed in about 40% of patients. To elucidate the possible association between CSU and hyperlipidemia, 40 CSU patients and 40 group matched healthy individuals were assessed for hyperlipidemia. Data on history, urticaria activity score (UAS-7), physical examination and routine laboratory investigations including (serum IL6 and TNF α) were recorded. Statistically significant increase of serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), IL6, TNFα and decrease of high density lipoprotein (HDL) was found in CSU in comparison to control group. Regarding the different disease variables, both TG and cholesterol were positively correlated with duration of illness, urticaria score and TNF α. Serum LDL detected significant had a positive correlation with duration of illness, urticaria score, CRP and TNF α, while serum HDL detected had a significant negative correlation with TNF α. IL6 and TNFα associated systemic inflammation could be a common pathogenic mechanism of CSU and hyperlipidemia. Patients with CSU should be evaluated for hyperlipidemia.

English

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing globally and it is a major source of concern. This study was undertaken to assess the antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic leaf extract of Dryopteris dilatata (ELEDD).Thirty adult Wistar rats with body weight (BW) of 120-150 g were randomly assigned to groups of five rats each (n=5). Groups 1 served as normal control; Groups 2-6 were diabetic groups; group 2 served as negative control; group 3 received 50 mg/kg of metformin; 4-6 received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of ELEDD respectively. The BW and fasting blood glucose level (FBSL) of the rats were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, all the rats were anaesthetized with 25% urethane (sigma- Aldrich) intraperitoneally (I.P) and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. There was an increase in the BW of the metformin treated group and varying doses of ELEDD. It caused 77.00±15.07% decrease in FBSL; 86.94±34.80% and 248.07±20.56% with respect to 400 and 800 mg/kg of ELEDD. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum total cholesterol (STC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) as well as decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C). Lipid profile groups treated with ELEDD significantly (p<0.05) decreased in a dose dependent manner .This study has shown that DD has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Key words: Diabetes, Dryopteris dilatai, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic and phytochemical

Implications of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other biomarkers in the development of cardiovascular diseases.

ObjectiveTo study the putative effects of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) and Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodologyAGEs, AOPPs, e-NOS, lipid profile, circulating stress and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated among fifty cardiovascular patients and fifty controls. Independent student’s t-test was done for statistical analysis.ResultsThe malondialdehyde mean level in CVD patients (5.45 nmol/ml) was significantly higher than control (1.36 nmol/ml) (p value = 0.018). Nitric oxide in CVD patients (55.72 ng/ml) was remarkably increased as compared to normal subjects (19.19 ng/ml). A significant change in the mean serum level of AGEs in CVD patients (2.74 ng/ml) and normal individuals (0.85 ng/ml) was recorded (p value = 0.000). The AOPPs also showed significant increased levels in CVD group (132.07 ng/ml) in comparison with normal subjects (83.05 ng/ml) (p value = 0.011). The mean eNOS serum level in CVD group (15.50 U/L) was higher than control group (11.28 U/L) (p value = 0.004). Cardiovascular disease patients, in comparison with healthy controls, showed increased level of total cholesterol (5.48 mmol/L vs 4.45 mmol/L), triglycerides (2.59 mmol/L vs 1.24 mmol/L), and low density lipoprotein (2.47 mmol/L vs 2.31 mmol/L) along with decrease in high density lipoprotein (1.39 mmol/L vs 1.74 mmol/L). The mean MMP-11 serum levels in CVD group (98.69 ng/ml) was almost double of control group (45.60 ng/ml) (p value = 0.017). The mean serum level of TNF-α and IL1-α were 32.16 pg/ml and 6.64 pg/ml in CVD patient. The significant decreasing trend of SOD (p value = 0.041), CAT (p value = 0.018), GSH (p value = 0.036) and GRx (p value = 0.029) but increasing drift of GPx (0.023) level was observed in CVD patients.ConclusionThis study provides strong evidence that CVD patients presented with elevated oxidative stress, enhanced inflammation and lipid profile in their serum. Therefore, the study strongly approves that AGEs, AOPPs, inflammatory and lipoxidative biomarkers hold predictive potential in causing and aggravating the disease, thus by controlling these factors CVD progression can be inhibited.

Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum Graecum) on lipid profile and sexual hormones in induced hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases which considered as the primary causes of death.As hypolipidemic drugs are expensive and of harmful sideffects so, medicinal plant products have been used as an alternative to current management of hyperlipidemia and obesity to some extent as fenugreek leaves and seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) which were used during Hippocrates and ancient Egyptian times and also, its hypocholesterolemic effect was reported in rats. So, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum Graceum) seed powder on hyperlipidemia,atherogenic indices and sexual hormons in induced hyperlipidemic rats.Forty adult male albino rats were used in which they were divided into four groups as : Group I(control group) received basal diet ,GroupII (fenugreek group) received basal diet mixed with 5 % fenugreek seed powder (95 ration diet + 5 gm fenugreek seed powder),GroupIII(hyperlipidemic group) received basal diet, with induction of hyperlipidemia via intraperitoneal injection of triton at adose of (250 mg/kg),GroupIV received basal diet + 5 % fenugreek seed powder after induction of hyperlipidemia via intraperitoneal injection of triton by the same previous method.After 8 weeks, Blood samples were collected (after overnight fasting) , for biochemical analysis and statistical analysis. Result: Triton caused significant increase in serum level of Totalcholesterol(TC) ,Triglycerides(TG), LowDenisityLipoprotein(LDL-c) , very low density lipoprotein (vLDL) ingroup 3(hyperlipidemic group) , with significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c).Meanwhile,serum level of TC.,TG.,LDL-c.vLDL-c were significantly decreased in hyperlipidemic group after treating with fenugreek seed powder in group 4 (Hypolipidemic effect) with increasing serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) with significant improvement in Atherogenic Index as:Cardiac Risk Factors (CRR), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Atherogenic Indices (AI). Also, sexual hormons were improved with fenugreek administration especially group 2 (fenugreek group) compared to group1 (controlgroup). Conclusion: Fenugreek has hypolipidemic effect when added to diet by 5% with improving atherogenic index and sexual hormons.

Isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin improve quality of life, sexual function, body composition and metabolic parameters in menopausal women: result from a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

IntroductionMenopause results in metabolic changes that contribute to increase risk of cardiovascular diseases: increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL), weight gain are associated with a correspondent increase in incidence of hypertension and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a preparation of isoflavones, calcium vitamin D and inulin in menopausal women.Material and methodsWe performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. A total of 50 patients were randomized to receive either oral preparations of isoflavones (40 mg), calcium (500 mg) vitamin D (300 UI) and inulin (3 g) or placebo (control group). Pre- and post-treatment assessment of quality of life and sexual function were performed through Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI); evaluations of anthropometric indicators, body composition through bioelectrical impedance analyser, lumbar spine and proximal femur T-score and lipid profile were performed.ResultsAfter 12 months, a significant reduction in MENQOL vasomotor, physical and sexual domain scores (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in all FSFI domain scores (p < 0.05) were observed in treatment group. Laboratory tests showed significant increase in serum levels of HDL (p < 0.05). No significant changes of lumbar spine and femur neck T-score (p > 0.05) were found in the same group.ConclusionsAccording to our data analysis, isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin may exert favourable effects on menopausal symptoms and signs.

Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Nigerian walnut (Plukenetia conophora) on induced hyperlipidemic rats

Hyperlipidemia is an asymptomatic condition of abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood and is a predictive risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery and cerebral vascular diseases. Nigerian walnut (Plukenetia conophora Mull. Arg.) [Euphorbiaceae] is an edible seed widely consumed as snack and has been speculated to have a beneficial effect on blood lipid profile but no scientific study has been conducted to verify this claim. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of cooked P. conophora nuts on tyloxapol induced and high cholesterol diet fed hyperlipidemic rats. The tyloxapol induced [1] and high cholesterol fed diet [2] to hyperlipidemic rats exhibited significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and significant decrease in high density lipoproteins. Subsequent administration of the aqueous extract of P. conophora at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg showed a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in serum lipid parameters such as TC, TG and LDL level as compared to the control group given simvastatin 10 mg/kg. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that Nigerian walnut (P. conophora) had comparable lipid lowering effects to that of simvastatin and thus can be used to limit absorption of dietary cholesterol and prevention of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis associated with hyperlipidemia.

DYSLIPIDEMIA AND METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS AFTER THE ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

The research comprised 78 patients: girls – 36 (46 %), boys – 42 (54 %). At the moment of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( а ll о -HSCT) their age was 1–18 years (median – 9 years); the age at the moment of examination was 2.5–21 years (median – 11 years); the monitoring after allo-HSCT was 1–11 years (median – 3.5 years); the monitoring period of less than 5 years was at 50 (64 %), more than 5 years – at 28 (36 %) of patients. Patients, height, weight, waist, blood pressure (BP) were measured. Laboratory examination: determination of glucose, magnesium, thyreothropin, Т 3, Т 4, cortisone, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone levels were measured, the lipidogram was made, at girls over 14 estrogens and progesterone levels were determined, at boys over 14 testosterone levels were determined. At 22 (28 %) patients was evaluated the activity of renine-angiotensine-aldosterone system (determination of renine and aldosterone concentration). Endocrinologic complications after allo-HSCT were observed at 68 (87 %) of patients. The deterioration of the thyroid gland function was diagnosed at 34 (44 %) of the children and teenagers, the secondary adrenal insufficiency was observed at 7 (9 %) of patients, the hypergondotropic hypogonadism was observed at – у 12 (57 %) patients, the arterial hypertension (BP > 130/85 mm Hg) – at 9 (12 %), hyperglycemia (glucose level > 5.6 mmol/l) – at 10 (13 %) of patients. The dislipidemia and double dislipidemia – at 44 (56 %) и 24 (31 %) of patients accordingly, hypertriglyceridemia – at 30 (68 %), hypercholesterinemia – at 22 (50 %), the decrease of high density lipoproteins – at 20 (45 %), the increase of the very low density lipoproteins, level – at 4 (9 %) of patients. Obesity – at 11 (14 %) of patients; among them I degree – at 10 (91 %), II degree – at 1 (9 %). The average age of patients with obesity at the moment of examination – 10.5 years. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed at 3 (4 %) patients. Was revealed the authentic link between the dislipidemia and the chronic reaction of “graft versus host disease” ( р = 0.001), hypomagniemia ( р = 0.003), deterioration of the thyroid gland function ( р = 0.007). The influence of the age at the moment of allo-HSCT (1–10 vs older10 years), sex, diagnosis (oncologic vs non-oncologic), conditioning mode (myeloablative vs conditioning mode with increased intensiveness), monitoring period after allo-HSCT (1–5 vs older 5 years) on the risk of dislipidemia development is not established.

English

Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of several diseases and premature deaths. Cigarette smokers have a higher risk of coronary artery disease than non-smokers. Several possible explanations have been offered for this association of which one is through its dyslipidemic effects. AIMS: 1. To evaluate the variation in lipid profile with respect to number (in packs) of cigarettes smoked per day. 2. To evaluate the variation in lipid profile with respect to duration (in years) of cigarette smoking. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Out of 240 subjects 120 were non- smokers and 120 were smokers. All the subjects were healthy and free from any major illness METHODS AND MATERIAL: Subjects were asked to refrain from non-vegetarian diet for three days. Blood sample was collected after overnight fasting and analysed for lipid profile. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: ANOVA test was used for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The present study shows increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, ratio of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C and decrease in high density lipoproteins, with increase in number of cigarettes (In packs) and increase in number of years of smoking. In the view of double risk for smokers (Smoking and altered lipid Profile) efforts may be made to introduce smoking cessation clinics and

Effect of Atorvastatin (ATOR) on the Cardiac Muscle Fibres in Hyperlipidemic Adult Male Albino Rats (Structural and Biochemical Study)

Background:Atorvastatin (ATOR) used as a cholesterol-lowering drug. Ator is one of statins widely used, commercially available and increasingly used day by day.Few studies and limited data were existed on atorvastatin induced histological and ultrastructural changes in the cardiac muscle fibres. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of the human equivalent therapeutic doses of Atorvastatin on cardiac muscle fibres in induced hyperlipidemic adult male albino rats. Material and Methods: thirty adult male albino rats were used in this study, the rats used weighing (150±10) gm. Rats were divided into groups,Group one (5 rats), served as the control group (C) .Other twenty five rats were subjected to high fat diet (25% fat and 2% cholesterol) for 3 weeksand thenthey subdivided into three groups.Group two (five rats) was considered as a hyperlipidemic group (H).Group three, treated group one (T1) (ten rats) received atorvastatin(Ator 20mg) (1.5 mg / day / rat)for three weeks , by the end the third week five rats weresacrificed and other five rats were considered as the recovery group one (R1) , they received normal diet only for another three weeks. Group four , treated group two (T2) (ten rats) received Atorvastatin (Ator 20mg) (1.5 mg / day / rat)for other six weeks , by the end of the 6th week five rats weresacrificed and other five rats were considered as the recovery group two (R2) , they received only normal diet for another six weeks. At the end of each step of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and specimens of cardiac muscle fibres prepared by different methods for light and electron microscopic studies. Also blood sampling was obtained forthebiochemical study.Results: the histological data obtained from the different groups showed many changes, in hyperlipidemic group (H) indistinct and distorted striation and separation of cardiac muscle fibres , ,vesicular nuclei , presence of myofibroblasts with congested and dilated blood vessels, loss of some nuclei and condensation of nuclear chromatin with normal mitochondria were detected. Treated group one (T1) showed that cardiac muscle fibres restored their striation with separated and splitted myofibres and pyknotic nuclei, increased myofibrobasts ,lymphocytic infiltration ,congested blood vessels and mitochondrial vacuolation with disorganization of their cristae. In treated group two (T2) patchy loss of striation was observed with splitted cardiac muscle fibres ,pyknotic nuclei of cardiomyocytes, margination of nuclear chromatin ,congested blood vessels, lymphocytic infiltration, swelling of mitochondria with disorganization of their cristae. In recovery group one (R1) cardiac muscle fibres restored their striation. In recovery group two (R2) cardiac muscle fibres restored their normal architecture. The statistically evaluated data showed a significant difference in parentage of collagen and optical density of PAS + ve materials in the different groups when compared to the control group specially in T2.The laboratory evaluated data showedsignificant increase inlevels of cholesterol (C) , triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), Very low density lipoprotein (vLDL), Atherogenic index(AI) and decrease in high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C) between the control and the hyperlipidemic group. Administration of ATOR to the treated groups induce significant decrease inlevels of C, TG, LDL-C , (vLDL), (AI) and increase of HDL-C when compared with the hyperlipidemic group .Also there were significant decreasein levels of C, TG, LDL-C and increase of HDL-Cin recovery groups when compared with the hyperlipidemic group. Conclusion: administration of ATOR for long time led to adverse degenerative effects on structure of the cardiac muscle fibres, although it has a potent lowering effect on lipid profile in hyperlipidemia.

Evaluation of Effect of Ethanol Extract of Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense on Lipid Profile in Ethanol Intoxicated Wistar Rats

Aim: The study was carried out to investigate effects of administration ethanol leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense on lipid profile parameters against ethanol – induced hepatic injury in rats. Method: Forty male albino rats (weighing 150-220 g) were used. The animals were divided into four groups A, B, C and D with C and D subdivided into four subgroups; C1, C2, C3 and C4; D1, D2, D3 and D4 for G. latifolium and Piper guineense respectively, each contained four rats. Group A and B served as positive and negative controls, group B, subgroup C and D were exposed with 70% ethanol for 7 days to induce liver damage and later treated group C and D with ethanol extracts for 21 days while 0.9% normal saline were administered to the controls. The sub-groups were administered 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg-1 b.wt. of ethanol extract of G. latifoliujm and Piper guineense leaf, respectively. After 21 days blood sample were collected and the serum were used to evaluate lipid profile spectrophotometrically. Results: Significant (P < 0.05) increase of serum levels of total cholesterol (CHL), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in ethanol intoxicated rats were observed. There were significant (P < 0.05) decrease of serum levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase in HDL, total cholesterol in ethanol intoxicated rats were restored to normal levels when treated with Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense in a dose dependent fashion. The study demonstrated that Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense possesses significant hepatoprotective effects and may be the source of lead compound in the management of liver diseases. Hence, the hypolipidaemic effects could represent a protective mechanism against the development hyperlipidaemia characteristic of ethanol.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Securigera securidaca seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Background:Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Lowering of serum lipid levels seems to be associated with a decrease in the risk of vascular disease and related complications. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Securigera securidaca seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Materials and Methods:Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: Control, diabetic, and diabetic rats treated with the Securigera extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The animals were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin. Diabetic rats received the Securigera extract daily in drinking water from the day on which diabetes was confirmed for 4 weeks. The levels of serum glucose and lipids were spectrophotometrically measured in all groups at weeks 0 (before diabetes induction), 2, and 4.Results:The results showed that there was a significant increase in serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, accompanied by a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Treatment of diabetic rats with S. securidaca seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg over a 4-week period significantly reduced the levels of serum glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol and increased the level of HDL-cholesterol, compared to diabetic untreated rats.Conclusions:Securigera extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg exhibited hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in streptozotocin-diabetic rats during the 4-week treatment period. This provides a valid scientific basis for using it in the treatment of diabetes in Iranian folk medicine.

Dislipidemia en el escolar con antecedente de macrosomía o alto peso al nacer

The process of atherosclerosis begins at early ages and is closely related to plasma lipid levels, specifically, an increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). ObjectiveTo determine if high birth weight, or macrosomia, is of predictive value for dyslipidemia in school children. MethodsA descriptive study with a case control design was conducted on two groups of children; one group of 140 children with a history of macrosomia, and another group of 100 children with normal weight at birth, born between January 1992 and December 1995. The aim was the early identification of atherosclerotic risk factors in school children with high weight at birth. Anthropometric variables and lipid profile were studied (cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides). ResultsThere were significant differences between the mean weights of the two groups. There were no significant statistical differences between the two groups in the cholesterol levels (93.57% normal and 6.43% abnormal in the study group, and 90.00% normal and 10.00% abnormal in the control group), or in the values of HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol was abnormal in more children in the control group, and abnormal values of triglycerides were observed in 14.00% of cases in the study group 0.00% in the control group. ConclusionHigh birth weight is not a predictive factor for hypercholesterolemia or HDL and LDL-cholesterol esters, but is positive for triglycerides in our study.

Antihyperlipidemic potential of Albizia amara (Roxb) Boiv. bark against Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic condition in rats.

Background:The plant Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. bark was used in traditional medical practices of India to treat cardiovascular diseases. Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease.Objective:The objective of this study was to screen the potential of A. amara against the condition of hyperlipidemia in rats.Materials and Methods:The antihyperlipidemic activity of A. amara ethanolic extract (AAEE) was studied on Triton X-100 induced model of hyperlipidemia in rats. Hyperlipidemia in experimental rats was evidenced by an enhancement in the levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL (VLDL) and decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL).Results:AAEE showed significant antihyperlipidemic effect by lowering the serum levels of biochemical parameters such as a significant reduction in the level of serum cholesterol, TG (104.1 ± 3.39), LDL (48.2 ± 2.19), VLDL (20.81 ± 0.67) and increase in HDL (47.25 ± 2.05) level with an increase in a dose of AAEE (41.39 ± 1.24) < (47.25 ± 2.05), which was similar to the standard drug atorvastatin. The results of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase also revealed that the plant extract was found to be safe on liver. Histopathological evaluation also revealed the positive effect of the plant extract. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents such as saponins, glycosides and tannins. The preliminary chemical constituents stood as a strong evidence for the study.Conclusion:Summing up the evidences of the pragmatic study, we can conclude that the extract of A. amara (Roxb.) Boiv. Bark aids in declining the condition of hyperlipidemia in rats.

English

Smoking forms a major killer of the era which brings ill effects in the form of cardiovascular accidents, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, peripheral vascular diseases and cancers of lungs, kidney, bladder & GIT. It changes lipid profile which increases risk of coronary heart disease. AIMS: To compare lipid profile in smokers &non smokers. SETTINGS & DESIGN: Healthy male subjects of 20 -59yrs were chosen.120 were smokers & 120were non-smokers. All of them were from same socioeconomic status. METHODS&MATERIALS: Subjects were asked to refrain from non vegetarian diet for 3days.Blood sample was collected after overnight fasting and analysed for lipid profile. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The Students't' test was used for analysis. P value >0.05 -not significant, <0.05-significant and <0.01- highly significant. RESULTS: From this study we found that smokers have an increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides and a decrease in high density lipoproteins. CONCLUSION: From the present study it is observed that smoking alters lipid profile towards atherogenic side. This increases chance for coronary artery heart disease.

Antihyperlipideamic effect of Solanum trilobatum L. leaves extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

The present study was undertaken as antihyperlipidaemic effect of an aqueous leaves extract of Solanum trilobatum L. on streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Repeated administration of the leaves extract of S.trilobatum (100mg and 200mg/kg b.w) for 21 days resulted in significant reduction in serum and tissue triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids in STZ diabetic rats. In addition to that, significant (P<0.05) decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were observed in STZ diabetic rats, which were normalized after 21 days of leaves extract treatment. The leaves extract at a dose of 200mg/kg.body wt. showed much significant antihyperlipidaemic effect than at the dose of 100mg/kg-body wt. The study was compared with a standard drug, tolbutamide (100mg/kg b.w).