Degree Of Danger Research Articles

Районирование территории Алтайского края по степени проявления климатических рисков

Climate change is recognized as one of the global challenges to sustainable development of society. The efforts of the international scientific community, political structures, and society are aimed at solving the problems of adapting to these changes. The Russian Federation has developed strategic documents that define the main directions of action to prevent the negative consequences of climate change in various sectors of the economy and adaptation measures to them. Such documents at the regional level include "Climate Safety Passports", which are the information and analytical basis for determining specific measures. This article presents selected results of studies carried out in the Altai Region Territory in 2023. The object of study is the Altai Region Territory, located at the junction of the West Siberian Plain and the mountains of Southern Siberia. The purpose of the study is to develop a zoning scheme for the Altai Region Territory according to the degree of manifestation of climate risks based on an assessment of long-term climate changes in the region. Retrospective analysis methods of changes in the thermal regime and annual precipitation for the period 1961–2020 and forecasting these changes over a 30-year interval (until 2050) have been used to achieve this goal. Regionalization is based on the methodology of physical-geographical zoning. Based on the results of the study, six natural and climatic regions with different levels of regional consequences were identified on the territory of the Altai Region Territory. A very tense situation has developed in the South Aleisky steppe and Upper Ob forest-steppe regions having high concentration of population and objects of economic activity in conditions of high thermodynamic and hydrological risks. An increased degree of danger of thermodynamic risks is typical for the Kulunda steppe region. The remaining areas are characterized by a moderately dangerous level of climate risks, mainly due to the presence of a "mountain component" on their territory. For each source of risk, the sectors of the economy were determined witch are most exposed to these risks. The main directions of adaptation to these risks are found.

Methodology for Combating Extremism in Cyberspace: Experience of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The studies of extremist discourse in cyberspace use set scientific methods to protect traditional spiritual values, such as state sovereignty, human rights and freedoms, historical and cultural heritage. The experience of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the implementation of regional international agreements aimed at combating extremism should be applied in the organization of countering extremist crimes committed using digital technologies.Aim . To characterize approaches to combating extremism in cyberspace within the SCO and to determine the methodology for assessing the degree of public danger of manifestations of extremism.Methods. The study on extremism in SCO apply a comparative legal method when posing the problem of criminalization of extremist practices and use discourse analysis of the extremism in cyberspace problem for assessing the public danger of radical ideology.Results. Three groups of methods are used in the fight against extremism: methods of legal regulation, methods of studying and assessing the public danger of extremist materials and methods of scientific research of extremism. Prohibitive legal regulation in cyberspace is applied to media content that, according to the conclusion of linguistic expertise, contains signs of extremist materials. The doctrinal basis for the legal assessment of the linguistic expertise of extremist materials is the socio-legal research conducted in the SCO member states.Conclusions. The propaganda of extremism in cyberspace qualifies as an abuse of freedom of speech, since extremist ideology leads to terrorism. The SCO consensus on the need to combat extremism is based on a scientific methods system for radical ideology research, among which discourse analysis and narrative dialogue research will play an increasing role with the digital transformation.

Окремі питання санкції кримінально-правової норми

The sanction of an article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine reveals the legal aspect of criminal punishment. It determines the type and amount of punishment for a criminal offense. Depending on the degree and nature of the public danger, the sanction of a criminal law provision sets out what restrictions a person is subjected to, which may relate to specific personal, property, and other human and civil rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of Ukraine. The protection of human rights and freedoms is a priority for the state. The fight against crime is carried out through the imposition of punishment necessary and sufficient to reform the convicted person and prevent the commission of new criminal offenses. In the sanction of the article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, the type and limit of punishment are established to achieve the goals set out in Article 50. Accordingly, the sanction should correspond to the social danger of the act, provide opportunities to individualize the punishment, consider the principles and general principles of sentencing, etc. The content of the sanction determines the achievement of the goals of punishment, including punishment, correction of the convicted person, and prevention of new criminal offenses. The degree of the socially dangerous act committed, the ability to individualize the punishment, considering the principles and general principles of sentencing, and being consistent with sanctions for crimes of a similar type and nature play an essential role in the design of sanctions. An analysis of the controversial issues is necessary to further improve the sanction of criminal law provisions. The issue of a large amplitude between lower and higher limits of punishment, lack of consistency in the central and qualifying elements of a criminal offense, and many main punishments in the sanctions for one criminal offense are discovered. Keywords: sanction of criminal law provision, crime, individualization of punishment, content of sanction, combating crime.

Classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies) under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan

In the criminal law doctrines of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan, as well as in the legal acts and official documents adopted in these states, there are different approaches to the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies). These differences lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of criminal law counteraction of the corresponding type of illegal acts. In this regard, the author analyzes alternative approaches to the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies). It is concluded that based on the structural features of the Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan these types of socially dangerous acts should be classified depending on the characteristics of the object and subject of these unlawful attacks, the nature and degree of public danger of the act, the form of guilt, as well as the methods and means of committing these crimes. The conclusions and recommendations made in this article have a certain theoretical significance and can be used to further study of the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies) under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan.

Влияние кислых сульфатных вод на загрязнение почв террикона в Карабашском рудном районе

Introduction. Technogenic mineral formations are one of the potential sources of pollutants, including heavy metals. On the territory of the Karabash ore district as a result of copper and cobalt ore mining, waste rock heaps are formed and stored. As a result, under the influence of acidic precipitation, oxidation of the surface part of the spoil heap occurs, and the formed products, among which there are heavy metals, are transported by water and aeolian streams to the adjacent landscapes. Methods and materials of research. In the course of work investigated the spoil heap formed by wastes of the mine «Tsentralnaya» in Karabash, Chelyabinsk region. Sampling from the surface of the spoil heap, as well as soil samples with distance from it. The mineralogical composition was determined in the rocks of the heap by X-ray diffraction with Cu-Kα-radiation and crystal mono chromator. Quantitative content of heavy metals was carried out by X-ray spectral method. The reaction of the medium and carbon content of organic matter, as well as the gross content of mobile and water-soluble forms of heavy metals were determined by inversion voltammetry method. According to the results of quantitative analysis of heavy metals in soils, the coefficient of total pollution - Zc was calculated. Research results and discussion. As a result of laboratory analyses, the lithological composition of the main rocks of the spoil heap was determined, which is represented by the main two types: 1) altered quartz-chlorite-sericite schist; 2) highly transformed rocks with no discernible primary mineral composition. The first type contains mainly quartz, feldspars, mica, chlorite and pyrite. The mineralogical composition of the second group is represented by silicates and alumina silicates with gypsum, hydro-arosite and calcium sulphate. Oxidation and limonitization of spoil heap rocks is going on everywhere. In the chemical composition of spoil heaps, predominant are macro-elements Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, their concentration ranges from 0.13 to 20.38 %, also present in high concentrations of S 0.27-12.31 %, As 0.007-0.11 % and Zn 0.026-0.087 %. All other elements are less than 0.01 %. As a result of rock oxidation such heavy metals as Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu migrate from dumps in the form of sulphates, which is promoted by lowering the pH of the environment. It is revealed that soils located in the depression, on the way of hydro-genic flows, are geochemical barriers for heavy metals. The gross content of heavy metals in soils varies within high limits. Maximum concentrations were recorded in 0-10 cm layer in organogenic and grey humus horizons:Zn - 2890 mg/kg; Cd - 32 mg/kg; Pb - 1270 mg/kg; Cu - 3060 mg/kg. In the vicinity of the spoil heap, relatively high content of mobile forms of heavy metals was recorded inside the soil profile, in the surface layers of soils, with distance from the spoil heap. With distance from the heap, the share of mobile forms decreases in 2 - 2.5 times. The content of water-soluble forms of heavy metals increases with depth in the most remote soils from the spoil heap. In the course of calculations of the total coefficient of soil pollution, it follows that the soils have excessively dangerous and hazardous level of pollution. Conclusion. Thus, in the course of studies of the spoil heap of the mine «Tsentralnaya» of the Karabash ore district, the direct influence of the dumping mass on the contamination of soils of the surrounding areas by migration of heavy metals from the surface of the spoil heap by hydro-genic runoff was established. As a result, rock heterogeneities, less soluble, partially restrain the oxidation rate, forming reducing conditions. The elemental composition of the rocks showed a high content of heavy metals, making this waste rock a source of heavy metals to the surrounding environment. Resume. The instability and heterogeneity of the ongoing geochemical processes in the waste rock mass of the slag heap has been revealed, which leads to leaching of the rock mass slowly over time. Spreading of products of destruction of mineral mass of the spoil heap can be traced in soils up to 800 metres away. As a result of hydro-genic flows from the spoil heap, the soils, have a dangerous and extremely dangerous degree of contamination. As suggestions for practical application and direction of future research, the importance of this work can be noted, which can serve as a foundation for the study of such technogenic mineral formations with a view to their secondary utilization, as well as for determining the most appropriate methods of remediation of contaminated soils.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINALISATION AND DECRIMINALISATION OF ACTS IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The subject of the study is the public relations of criminalisation and decriminalisation of acts in the sphere of business-economic relations. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is the method of induction and deduction, the dialectical-materialist method, the method of analysis and synthesis, the historical method, which allowed an objective understanding of the content and essence of the studied issues. The purpose of the article is to analyse the theoretical aspects of criminalisation and decriminalisation of acts in the sphere of business-economic relations in Ukraine in order to propose effective ways to improve the mechanism of these procedures in relation to business entities. The results of the study have shown that criminalisation and decriminalisation of economic activity in the economy of Ukraine as a vector of criminal policy and the direction of economic development of the state presupposes the formation of an effective model of interaction of economic entities among themselves and with the state, which minimises the commission of socially dangerous acts, meets the modern needs of society and is regulated by the norms of law. Conclusion. The importance of a systematic approach to decisions on criminalisation and decriminalisation of economic crimes was noted. It is argued that it is necessary to create a model of lawful behaviour in the economic sphere (the task of regulatory legislation) and to categorise deviations from this behaviour according to the degree of danger to the public, with the most dangerous acts being criminal offences. It is noted that the use of this approach will allow achieving the maximum corrective effect: the development of the Ukrainian economy and its eventual decriminalisation. It is emphasised that the role of criminal law in the regulation of socio-economic relations is far from leading. At the same time, the removal or installation of certain barriers for entrepreneurs cannot be considered as the ultimate goal of criminalisation or decriminalisation of acts in the field of business in criminal law. It is stated that criminal law should pursue the achievement of its preventive objectives, including in the fight against the black economy. The decriminalisation of offences against the economic order should be accompanied by changes in regulatory legislation in the direction of simplifying its requirements for business entities. Situations are unacceptable if, on the one hand, the rules and procedures for carrying out economic activities are complicated by regulatory legislation and, on the other hand, criminal liability for violating strict rules is eliminated. This leads to a very negative result: restrictions are circumvented because there is no responsibility for violating them.

Социально-правовая обусловленность уголовной ответственности за публичное распространение заведомо ложной общественно значимой информации

Criminalization in Russia of acts of public dissemination of knowingly false socially significant information, including about circumstances that pose a threat to the life and safety of citizens, is caused not only by the “infodemia” declared by the World Health Organization, but also by other factors considered in this article. The relevance of the theoretical understanding of the socio-legal conditionality of criminal law norms (Articles 207.1 and 207.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is due to the determination of the validity and expe-diency of their adoption. In this regard, the article examines the degree and nature of the public danger of the acts in question; the factors of their criminalization; the socially significant consequences of committing crimes; the validity of placing criminal law norms in the chapter, the object of which is public safety; the conflict of art. 207.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the norms on freedom of speech. Dialectical, sys-temic, comparative legal methods were used in the work. Based on the analysis of the reasons for the criminal-ization of the acts in question, scientific works of famous Russian and foreign experts in the field of countering the dissemination of knowingly false information, the author made conclusions about the social and legal con-ditionality of the adoption of Articles 207.1 and 207.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Общественная опасность криминальных посягательств в сфере деятельности по возврату просроченной задолженности

The thesis about the increased public danger of acts related to the illegal return of overdue debt obligations is substantiated and proved in the work. The author identifies qualitative and quantitative criteria, which include the circumstances on which the assessment of the degree of public danger of criminal attacks in the area of economic activity under study depends. The results of the study are based on our own study of empirical materials obtained during the study of judicial practice (103 published sentences in criminal cases for crimes involving illegal activities for the recovery of overdue debts).

IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF DIAGNOSTICS OF HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS VOLTAGE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF TRANSFORMER OILS

The relevance of the work is due to the need to improve methods for diagnosing high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers with paper-oil electrical insulation, which makes it possible to solve the problems of monitoring the technical condition, finding the place and determining the causes of failure (malfunction), and predicting the technical condition of this equipment on the basis of appropriate diagnostic software. The aim of the work is to ensure the reliability of operation of high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers with paper-oil electrical insulation by improving the method of their diagnosis based on the results of analyses of samples of mineral transformer oils by gas chromatography. In accordance with the research objective, the following tasks were solved: 1. Determine the content of such dissolved diagnostic components in samples of mineral transformer oils from high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers of NKF-110, NKF-220, NKF-330 types as gases H2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CO, CO2, O2, N2; additive "Ionol"; furan compounds (2-furyl alcohol; 2-furfural; 2-acetylfuran; 5-methyl-2-furfural) and the sum of their concentrations. 2. The basic procedures for diagnosing high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers based on the results of analyses of mineral transformer oil samples with the determination of the content of dissolved diagnostic components in them were improved. For the diagnosis of high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers based on the results of gas chromatographic analyses of samples of mineral transformer oils from this equipment, it is recommended to use the following methods: "Limit level of concentrations", "Tabular method", "Graphic images of defects", "ETRA", "Duval triangle", "Visual inspection after disassembly of high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers". To determine the degree of danger of the development of the identified probable defects, the method of determining the "Relative growth rate of dissolved gas concentrations" can be used. The prospect of practical application of the results of the work is to ensure the reliability of operation of high-voltage oil-filled voltage transformers by improving the method of their diagnosis based on the results of analyses of samples of mineral transformer oils with simultaneous determination of the content of dissolved gases, the additive "Ionol", furan compounds by gas chromatography.

TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW PROBIOTIC FOR PIGS BASED ON BACILLUS BACTERIA ON LABORATORY AND TARGET SPECIES OF ANIMALS

The development of new domestic probiotics targeted at immunomodulatory effects is both timely and holds scientific and practical value. To carry out preclinical studies of the 'Combio' probiotic, which is a mixture of probiotic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Enterococcus faecium and other substances developed by the team of authors of SSRILDVSE, under the conditions of several toxicological experiments on laboratory (white rats, rabbits) and target animals toxico-biochemical parameters were identified. The findings of the trial of the acute toxicity of the 'Combio' probiotic showed that the LD50 value could not be calculated, since the death of laboratory animals was not registered within 14 days after administration; the maximum administered dose of the preparation (by absolute weight) was 30,000.0 mg/kg of body weight, which allows it to be assigned to toxicity class VI – relatively harmless substances (LD50>15,000.0 mg/kg of body weight), and according to the degree of danger to IV class – low-risk substances (LD50>5000.0 mg/kg body weight). When applied to the skin (acute dermal toxicity) and the mucous membrane of the eye of rabbits in doses from 750.0 to 3000.0 mg/kg of body weight, the 'Combio' probiotic did not have an irritating effect, and according to the degree of danger, it can be classified as IV class – low- hazardous substances (LD50>2500.0 mg/kg of body weight). According to the results of extended oral feeding of the probiotic in doses of 1500.0; 7500.0 and 15000.0 mg/kg of feed it showed no evidence of hematological, hepatic, or nephrotoxic effects on the laboratory animals under subacute toxicological conditions. On the contrary, it showed the ability to induce metabolic responses in the bodies of white rats (according to dynamics of hematopoiesis and liver protein-synthesizing functions, especially at therapeutic doses). The dynamics of changes in metabolic indicators during extended 60-day oral feeding of probiotics to target animals and poultry in the dose range showed no evidence of hematological, immunological, or hepatoxic effects and correlated with the hematological indicators, which indicated the restoration of nonspecific resistance and the protein profile in the bodies of experimental animals and a sign of increased metabolic respond and immune responsiveness in pigs organisms. The findings regarding the effect of the new 'Combio' probiotic based on the bacteria Bacillus spp. in several experiments on laboratory and target (pigs) animals give grounds to assert that it is ecologically safe and promising for the result – improving the survival rate of target animals and poultry, increasing their body weight gain, optimizing feed conversion, and enhancing the overall quality of production.

Criminalization of willful failure to submit a declaration: pro at contra

Purpose. Obtaining a scientifically based answer to the question of the justification of the criminalization of such an act as the deliberate failure to submit a declaration, and formulating on this basis relevant proposals for improving the criminal legislation. In order to achieve the declared goal, an appropriate methodology was chosen, in particular, philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods were used. Based on the results of writing the article, it was concluded that the criminalization of intentional failure to submit a declaration should be recognized as unfounded. In particular, it is concluded that a person’s disregard of the corresponding notification of the NAKC is a completely independent act, which in no way should affect the degree of public danger assessed by us for another, primary offense, which is the untimely submission of a declaration. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that it was proved that Art. 366-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine should be excluded due to the fact that the degree of public danger of intentional non-submission of the declaration provided for by it is insufficient to recognize this act as criminally illegal. Practical significance. Formulated conclusions can be used in: 1) rule-making activities - in the further improvement of the legislation dedicated to the regulation of responsibility for the intentional failure to submit a declaration; 2) in law enforcement activities - when delimiting the offenses provided for in Art. 366-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and Part 1 of Art. 172-6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses; 3) in scientific activity - when conducting further scientific investigations of the relevant issues; 4) in educational activities - when teaching the disciplines of the criminal law cycle.

The Public Danger of the Rehabilitation of Nazism

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the crime provided for in Article 354.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation still raises questions from the point of view of the expediency of criminalization. The dynamics of the number of convicts over the past two years shows a sharp increase compared to previous years, which indicates the activation of persons promoting Nazism, as well as the intensification of the work of law enforcement agencies. Knowing what the social danger of the rehabilitation of Nazism is will help both the legislator (in terms of criminalizing new, related crimes) and the law enforcement officer (in terms of clarifying the correctness of the application of this norm).The purpose of the article is to reveal the issues of the social danger of the rehabilitation of Nazism, to identify the importance of criminalization of this act for the preservation of peace, stability and justice not only in the modern Russian state, but also in the world community.Objectives: to study the prerequisites for criminalizing the rehabilitation of Nazism, to analyze and comprehend the mechanism of harming public relations by the rehabilitation of Nazism.Methodology. The basis of this research is a set of various methods of cognition, including both the dialectical method and methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal legal and comparative legal.The results of the study are both theoretical and applied. The author considered the issues of the nature and degree of social danger of the rehabilitation of Nazism, which can be used by the legislator when improving the norm (in terms of penalization and depenalization).Conclusions. The discussion of the issues considered will draw the attention of the legislator to the development of solutions for further improvement of the regulation of the crime provided for in Article 354.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Acute toxicity of zinc carbonate nanocrystals on white mice model

Zinc-based nanoparticles (NPs) are successfully used to meet the mineral needs of animals and poultry, capable of increasing the growth rate and the efficiency of their use of feed. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide are widely used, which are superior to conventional sources of zinc in terms of pharmacological activity and bioavailability, have a positive effect on productivity and antioxidant protection, and increase reproductive potential. However, a detailed investigation of their toxicological parameters showed the risks of their introduction into the body, as a result of which a large number of zinc oxide NPs were synthesized by the methods of “green chemistry”, the main drawback of which is a complex methodology and a high level of costs. We investigated the acute toxicity of a colloidal solution of zinc carbonate nanocrystals in a model of white mice. The experiment was conducted on 42 female non-linear white mice, 3–4 months old, with a live weight of 21–23 g, kept under optimal vivarium conditions. According to the principle of analogues, 6 experimental groups were formed: mice were injected with a colloidal solution of zinc carbonate nanoparticles in doses (by absolute weight of the drug) of 15,000.0; 20000.0; 25000.0; 30000; 35000.0 and 40000.0 mg/kg of body weight based on the absolute weight of the drug, which according to the active substance (zinc carbonate nanoparticles) was (37.5; 50.0; 62.5; 75.0; 87.5 and 100, 0 mg/kg of body weight), orally using an esophageal-gastric tube. Mice of the control group were injected with distilled water in a volume of 0.2 cm3 according to the same protocol. The clinical condition of the experimental animals was observed for 14 days, noting the appearance and development of clinical signs of poisoning, the time of death or recovery to the physiological norm. After the death (diagnostic slaughter) of the animals, a pathological autopsy was performed. Clinical observations showed that a single intragastric administration of the drug to mice of experimental groups 1-6 did not cause acute poisoning. The deaths of mice in all experimental groups were not observed during the 14-day observation period, as a result of which the LD50 indicator could not be calculated. At the same time, the maximum possible injected dose of the colloidal solution of zinc carbonate nanoparticles (by absolute weight) was 40,000.0 mg/kg of body weight (100.0 mg/kg by active substance), which allows the drug to be assigned to the VI class of toxicity – substances are relatively harmless (LD50 > 15000.0 mg/kg of body weight), and according to the degree of danger up to IV class – low-hazardous substances (LD50 > 5000.0 mg/kg of body weight).

Synopsis on the local commissions empowered to examine the illegal acts with a low degree of social danger – case study

This study reflects a functional analysis of the activity of the administrative commissions within the local public authorities, which have the competence to find and examine the antisocial, illicit acts with a low degree of social danger. The content reveals the legislation on the subject of research, aspects of praxiology, the impact of local admi-nistrative commissions in ensuring the social order and discipline, as well as the rule of law.Moreover, there were examined the issues of competence that arise in the activity of local administrative commis-sions, in relation to the powers of other authorities that are competent to solve contravention cases. At the same time, we analyzed the praxiological utility and the role of the local administrative commissions in the process of finding, examining and solving the contravention cases.

Monitoring of the current operating condition and forecasting of the residual life of high-voltage insulators

The features of the developed complex remote method for diagnosing the current operating condition and predicting the residual life of high-voltage insulators under operating conditions are considered. The basis is the registration and subsequent computer analysis of a set of experimentally established diagnostic parameters of partial discharges. To find and localize the location, type and degree of danger of defects, a two-channel contactless method of registering partial discharges using electromagnetic and acoustic sensors as part of narrow-focused antennas is used. Special attention is paid in the article to the influence of the most dangerous defects arising due to induced electric fields created by previous partial discharges.

Algorithm for Recognition of Small Air Targets by Trajectory Features in Passive Bistatic Radar

Introduction. In the past few years, the rapid development and widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for solving a variety of tasks has created new threats. The problem of ensuring the safety of protected objects, especially in the area of critically important objects or in places with difficult ornithological conditions (airports, wind power facilities), is of particular importance. In this regard, the issue of detecting small air targets and recognizing their type and degree of danger is acquiring greater importance. This paper presents an algorithm for recognizing air targets based onartificial intelligence technology. The results of a comparative analysis of decision-making methods for recognizing small UAVs and birds based on their trajectory features are presented. The results obtained can be used in the development of systems for recognizing classes of small airborne targets in existing and future radar stations. Aim. Development of an algorithm for recognizing small air targets by trajectory features based on machine learning. Implementation and evaluation of the quality of decision-making methods in a given recognition problem. Materials and methods. Experimental data on the trajectories of UAVs and birds obtained in a passive bistatic radar system are used. The trajectory parameters of the targets and their statistical characteristics are calculated; a set of features for recognition is formed. Using the MATLAB software package, a program for implementing the recognition algorithm and analyzing the quality of decision-making methods was developed. Results. An algorithm for recognizing air targets based on artificial intelligence technology is presented. A comparative analysis of the six most common recognition methods based on machine learning (Naïve Bayes, decision trees, k-nearest neighbors, neural network recognition algorithm, support vector machine, random forests) was carried out, which showed that, under the conditions of this problem, the most effective are k-nearest neighbor method and support vector machine. Conclusion. The presented methods can be used to directly determine the class of targets from a set of marks of their trajectories. Further research will be aimed at developing and implementing a real-time recognition algorithm.

Spatial vulnerability assessment of rural settlements in hilly areas using BP neural network algorithm

Geological disasters occur frequently in hilly areas of Sichuan province, and the development of rural settlement production and life may be affected by geological disasters.This study aims to assess the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in hilly areas of Sichuan Province through Back-propagation neural network, find the main factors that really affect the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements, analyze the distribution characteristics of spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in hilly areas of Sichuan Province, and find methods to reduce the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements. Through research, it can be found that the three main factors affecting the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in hilly areas of Sichuan are climate factors, soil erosion degree, and geological hazard hidden danger degree. The quantitative climate factor data is the ratio of annual precipitation to population in rural settlements,the higher the annual precipitation, the higher the spatial vulnerability. The second largest influencing factor is the degree of soil erosion,the more severe the soil erosion, the higher the spatial vulnerability in the districts and counties. The third major influencing factor is the degree of geological hazards, and the higher the degree of geological hazards, the higher the spatial vulnerability. Other natural environment and rural settlement spatial factors also have a certain impact on the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements, while socio-economic factors have almost no impact on the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements.Finally, the relationship between the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements and its location are obtained from the relevant data of all sample districts and counties, and combined with the geological environment and climate of the hilly areas of Sichuan, the spatial distribution characteristics of the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in the hilly areas of Sichuan are summarized: The closer the districts and counties are to the geological fracture zone between Longmen Mountain and Longquan Mountain, the higher the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements.The spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in the west of hilly areas is higher than that in the east, and there is little difference between north and south. Then, based on the above achievements, this study proposes strategies and suggestions to reduce the spatial vulnerability of rural settlements in hilly areas of Sichuan, providing reference materials and data support for local planning departments in rural planning work.

Spatio-temporal variation and dynamic risk assessment of drought and flood disaster (DFD) in China

It is important to understand the variations of Drought-Flood-Disaster (DFD) from the past to future for disaster management decision-making under the backdrop of global warming. This study explored the spatio-temporal variations of DFD risks in China from the past (2000–2020) to future (2020–2100) based on the natural and socio-economic datasets. The main findings include: (1) The spatial pattern of disaster vulnerability decreased from 2000 to 2100. The overall vulnerability distribution showed a spatial pattern of high east and low west, and its eastern distribution presented high north and low south. (2) The drought hazard danger degree showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing with obvious spatial heterogeneity. The flood hazard danger degree had a decreasing spatial distribution from southeast to northwest, with an overall gradually increasing trend. (3) The DFD risks showed a spatial pattern of high east and low west, and were more closely related to disaster vulnerability. Overall, the flood and drought risks had good consistency at the highest level (VI), mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Northeast Plain, eastern Sichuan, and southern Guangdong. This level means that the most severe damage to life and property will occur in these regions. (4) The DFD showed the direction of “north(east)-south(west)”, and the main axis of the ellipse moved north eventually. The DFD hot spots were mainly distributed in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The DFD cold spots were mainly distributed in the southwest, Qinghai-Tibet region, and Gansu province.

Classification of road sections according to the degree of danger to the formation of a wear track

Introduction. The intensification of the motorization of the Russian population has led to a significant increase in the number of passenger cars, which in many regions are supplied with studded tires for the winter period. This circumstance led to the large-scale appearance of a certain type of ruts caused by the wear of asphalt concrete pavement from the action of studded tires and abrasive materials used to combat winter slipperiness. The track formed on the surface of road surfaces has a complex character and includes three types of tracks: structural, shear track and wear track. The contribution of each type of track to the total depth of the complex track is different and depends on the characteristics of transport loads, the properties of the coating material, and weather and climatic factors.Materials and methods. The wear track is formed in winter from the impact of studded tires, and its depth is affected by many factors: the mode and intensity of movement of cars with studded tires, the type of spikes, their number on the tire, the size of the protrusion of the working insert of the spike, the properties of asphalt concrete pavement, weather and climatic factors, as well as winter road maintenance measures. On curves of a small radius, braking or acceleration sections, as well as sections with a normal mode of movement of cars, the horizontal loads from the studded tire are different. This is due to the occurrence of various types of friction, as well as the dependence of the coefficient of adhesion of the coated tire on the speed of movement, which is variable in the braking and acceleration sections. As a result, in certain areas, the contribution of wear to the depth of the complex track is greater than in areas with a different driving mode. In the article, a study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of road sections with different traffic modes to the formation of wear ruts. A method has been developed for calculating various components of the complex trackage caused by compaction and wear of the asphalt concrete coating, as well as deformations of the underlying layers of the pavement and the roadbed.Result. Based on the data of experiments carried out on the roads of Omsk, a classification of sections according to the degree of danger to the formation of a wear track is proposed, dividing sections of urban roads into heavily worn, worn and weakly worn. Based on the analysis of data from road diagnostics performed over the past five years, the approximate service life of the coatings until the formation of a 30 mm deep track has been determined.Discussion and conclusion. The authors’ ideas about the influence of friction and the speed of movement on the process of track formation caused by wear are presented. The correspondence of the experimental data obtained by the authors of the article with the data of colleagues who performed similar studies in Russia and abroad is shown. Clarifications introduced by the authors into the generally accepted ideas about asphalt wear are explained.

Inducement, Recruitment, Involvement as a Means of Constructing a Crime

The paper examines the terms “inducement”, “recruitment”, “involvement”, and determines their relationship. Taking into account the fact that the legislator considers in various ways the content of a criminal offense in the form of inducement, ambiguous interpretation and difficulties arise in the application of those norms that do not define this term. In addition, there is a confusion between the concepts of “inducement” and “assistance”. Because “inducement” is similar to the activity of an instigator, and “assistance” is similar to the activity of an accomplice, these concepts cannot be considered as similar, including from the point of view of social danger. An analysis of the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation showed that the legislator recognizes assistance as a higher degree of public danger. The construction of special bodies of crime in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, where instigators, accomplices, and organizers become perpetrators of crimes, is determined primarily by the desire of the legislator to deviate from the traditional rules of the institution of complicity. It seems that when regulating special types of abetting, the choice of the wording “inducement, recruitment or other involvement”, “inducement or other involvement” or only “inducement” should be based on the different volume and content of the actions that constitute one or another form of involvement.