Daily Food Intake Research Articles

Association between Chewing Difficulty and Dietary Ca, Vitamin D, and Mg Intake in Korean Older Adults: 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2020–2021)

Nutrition intake plays a pivotal role in chewing difficulty (CD). This cross-sectional descriptive study aims to explore the associations between CD and the dietary intake of calcium (Ca), vitamin D, and magnesium (Mg) in adults aged 65 and older, utilizing data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2020–2021). The chewing function was assessed using a 5-point scale questionnaire that inquired about discomfort experienced during mastication. “Very uncomfortable” and “uncomfortable,” two of the five response options, were categorized as being indicative of CD. Dietary intake was assessed through 24 h dietary recall interviews, and nutrient calculations were based on the 10th revised edition of the Korean Food Composition Table. Data (N = 2942) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multi-logistic regression analyses in a composite sample plan file. Among the 2942 subjects, groups with insufficient daily nutrient intake had significantly higher odds ratios (ORs) for CD compared to their counterparts. In men, the ORs for Ca (1.56), Mg (1.75), and the combined intake of Mg (1.64) with Ca were elevated. In women, the ORs for Ca (1.74), Mg (1.53), and the combined intake of Mg (1.43) with Ca showed similar trends. After adjusting for age, family income, and family size variables, men’s ORs for Mg (1.55) and the combined intake of Mg (1.55) with Ca remained elevated, while women’s OR for Ca (1.58), Mg (1.42), and the combined intake of Mg (1.34) with Ca remained significant. Dietary vitamin D intake did not significantly impact the OR for CD. After adjusting for natural tooth numbers, self-perceived oral health, and obesity, no significant association was found between CD and these nutrients. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of promoting the recommended daily intake of magnesium alongside dietary calcium to address CD.

Permissibility of an Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Era of Novel Therapies :a Pharmacology Based Review

Introduction Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a mature neoplasm characterized by the proliferation of immunologically dysfunctional B cells. Inhibitors of BCL2 (venetoclax) and Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib) are novel agents that have revolutionized outcomes in CLL patients in the newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory settings. Nevertheless, tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains concerning adverse events. In clinical trials, fasting has demonstrated reductions in chemotherapy-related side effects and improved treatment tolerability . However, with novel agents in CLL this can be challenging with the need for aggressive hydration in fluid-restricting fasting practices and the higher risk for GI bleeding and peptic ulcer disease complications with fasting. This review aims to explore the literature available to answer the permissibility of intermittent fasting (IF) in CLL patients who are being treated with first line novel agents (FLNAs). Methods Literature exploration was performed to identify IF practices and the effects of fasting conditions and fluid-restriction on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of FLNAs. Literature was also scoped for data on TLS and GIB risk associated with FLNAs in CLL patients as well as the effects of fasting and or fluid-restricted states on GIB and TLS risks. Lastly, the identified risks were accumulated to build a pathway for permissibility of IF in this patient population. Results Venetoclax has amplified the historical low risk of TLS in patients with CLL to a significant degree. Approaches to prevent TLS such as aggressive hydration and use of uric acid reducing drugs hinder patients wishing to practice fluid restricting IF ( See Table 1 and Figure 1), especially during ramp-up phase. Moreover, venetoclax should be administered with food and on daily basis. Hence, only fluid liberal IF practices with daily food intake and medication administration may be possible in venetoclax CLL patients. Furthermore, studies have indicated a possible increased baseline risk of GIB in patients who practice IF. Also, FDA reporting system for adverse events (AE) had higher GIB events among ibrutinib patients compared to other FLNAs. Overall, there was scarcity in the clinical data available on the effects of IF on treatment outcomes with FLNA in CLL patients. There was also evident variability in the number of reported AE between the relatively older (ibrutinib and venetoclax) and newer medications (acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib), which may be causing an underestimation of treatment risks. Conclusion Until further data is available, patients on BTK inhibitors should refrain from practicing IF for GI bleeding risk. However, it may be possible for patients on venetoclax to practice fluid liberal IF conditionally and conservatively for TLS risk. This is on the conditions that adequate hydration and daily administration with food are achieved. Fasting's risks and benefits must be discussed with patients . Further prospective clinical trials, including exploration of different forms of IF, are needed to better elucidate the effect of IF on FLNAs treatment -related outcomes in CLL patients .

The feasibility of Technology, Application, Self-Management for Kidney (TASK) intervention in post-kidney transplant recipients using a pre/posttest design

BackgroundWeight gain after a kidney transplant remains a major problem that can lead to adverse effects on morbidity and mortality. The posttransplant phase provides a window of opportunity to improve the engagement of self-management of care for lifestyle modifications for diet and physical activity. The purpose of our study was to (1) test the feasibility of recruitment, retention, and adherence for using the Technology, Application, Self-Management for Kidney (TASK) intervention in post-kidney transplant recipients (≥ 18 years of age) at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks; and (2) estimate the preliminary effects of the TASK intervention in producing change over time for blood pressure (BP), weight, fruits/vegetable intake, fiber intake, sodium intake, self-efficacy to exercise, and perceived stress.MethodsThis study used a 12-week pre/posttest design using to test the feasibility of the TASK intervention. We applied paired t-tests and McNemar’s test to compare the outcomes at weeks 4, 8, and 12.ResultsWe met our recruitment goal (N = 20) and found a 15% attrition rate (n = 3) at Week 12. Adherence rate among the study completers for recording daily food intake was 83–94% over the 12 weeks and for recording daily physical activity was 17–33% over the 12 weeks. We observed improvements over time for BP, weight, fruits/vegetable intake, fiber intake, and sodium intake; these differences were non-significant, although clinically important. We did find a significant difference from baseline to 12 weeks in weight reduction (p = 0.02), self-efficacy to exercise (p = 0.003), and perceived stress (p = 0.04).ConclusionsThe data suggest the TASK intervention was feasible for kidney recipients to use and resulted in weight control, increased self-efficacy to exercise, and decreased perceived stress.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov #:NCT05151445

Assesment of Daily Food Intake of Urban Pre-schoolers

The first five years of life are very critical and play a key role in development of a child. As children grow through the first five to seven years of life, development takes place at a rapid rate. Babies begin to learn about the world around them from a very early ageincluding during the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal period. Child’s initial experiences- the bonds they form with their parents and their first learning experiences- deeply affect their future physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. These areas are physical-motor, communication and language, cognitive, social and emotional. These developments influence a child’s self-confidence, empathy, the ability to develop meaningful and lasting friendships and partnerships, and a sense of importance and value to those around him/her. Children’s social and emotional development also influences all other areas of development. The present study was conducted to assess nutritional status of preschool children (3- 6 years). For this study, a total of one hundred urban preschool children in the age group of 3- 6 years i.e. 35 pre-schoolers in age group 3-4 years and 65 pre-schoolers in age group 4+ -6 years were selected randomly from four preschools of Hisar district. Nutritional status of children was assessed using methods of dietary survey and anthropometric measurements (height, weight). Results of mean daily food intake of all the food stuffs showed that pulses, milk and milk products, roots and tubers, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fruits, sugar and jaggery, and fats and oils were lower than RDI. Consumption of all the food stuffs except pulses, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables and fat & oils were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in boys than girls.

Frequency of consumption of specialty food products by sports university students and violation of the principles of their introduction to the diets

Purpose: estimate actual diet of college basketball players, including frequency of consumption of specialty foods.Materials and methods: 25 male students sports university basketball were examined (average age 20.9 ± 1.8 years). Actual nutrition was studied by the frequency method using the computer program “Analysis of Human Nutritional Status”. Data on the frequency and quantity of consumed specialized food products for the nutrition of athletes (SFP) and biologically active food additives were studied using a questionnaire.Results: the daily energy value of the diet averaged 3205 ± 520 kcal/day, 135 ± 36 g of protein per day, 155 ± 25 g/day of fats and 317 ± 72 g/day of carbohydrates; unoptimal diet structure was revealed — fats predominate from the daily energy value, carbohydrate and protein intake was low. There is a discrepancy between daily food intake (low consumption of fruits, vegetables, bread, fish) and the Order of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 2015 No. 999 “On requirements approval for ensuring the sports reserves training for sports teams of the Russian Federation” requirements. Basic diet revealed a high average daily content of iron (19 ± 6 mg/day), vitamins A (1057 ± 729 µg ret. equiv) and C (153 ± 101 mg/day). Data on the frequency of taking SPPs and dietary supplements are provided. At the same time, content of some nutrients in them exceeded the upper permissible consumption levels.Conclusion: it is advisable to regularly increase the awareness of coaches and athletes about the rational nutrition principles through the introduction of educational programs into sports practice.

Inadequate intake of energy and nutrients: A comparative cross-sectional study between sport and nonsport science university students of southern Ethiopia.

This study aimed to investigate and compare the energy and selected nutrient intakes of sport science and nonsport science university students of Southern Ethiopia. Multiple-day dietary data were collected from 166 university students (76 sport science and 90 nonsport sciences). Average daily energy and nutrient intake, and inadequate intakes were calculated using NutriSurvey (NS). There were significant differences (p < .05) in the median intakes of energy, total carbohydrate, and vitamin B1 between female students from the sport science and nonsport science groups, but only the median intake of iron was significantly different (p < .05) between the male sport and nonsport science student groups. The prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin B1 was significantly (p < .05) higher in the male and female from the nonsport science groups compared to the male and female student groups in the sport science, respectively, whereas the prevalence of inadequate iron intake by the male sport science students' group was significantly (p < .05) higher compared to their counterparts. Similarly, the prevalence of inadequate energy among the females from the sport science group was significantly (p < .05) higher compared to the female students from the nonsport science department group. The prevalence of inadequate intake of dietary energy and the majority of the nutrients (protein, fat, vitamin A, B1, B2, and magnesium) were high (>50%) in selected university students. The energy and majority of nutrient intakes by the students in the selected universities of southern Ethiopia were suboptimal. Therefore, activities that will improve the dietary intake of university students should include weekly meal plan revision considering their average recommended nutrient intake (RNI).

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Evaluation of the Crude Methanolic Extract of Justicia schimperiana Leaf in Wistar Albino Rats.

This study evaluates the acute and sub-acute toxicity of 80% methanolic extracts of the leaves of Justicia schimperiana in Wistar albino rat models. Dried powdered leaves of Justicia schimperiana were macerated in 80% methanol. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 423 for acute and 407 for sub-acute toxicity testing. A single dose of 5000 mg/kg extract was orally administered to three female rats for the acute toxicity study. The plant extract was administered orally for 28 days in daily dosages of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for the sub-acute study. Animals in a control group were given distilled water. A total of 40 rats (5 rats/group/sex) were used for the sub-acute toxicity testing. Daily food intake and weekly body weight measurements were done. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the 28-day treatment period for hematological, biochemical, and histopathological tests. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed for the analysis. The single-dose oral administration of the plant resulted in no deaths or serious morbidity. The median lethal dose was >5000 mg/kg. The 28-day oral treatment of the plant extract had no significant effect on general behavior, food intake, organ weight, biochemical parameters, or the majority of the hematological markers, with the exception of the decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit in the 1000 mg/kg extract-treated groups compared to the controls. Both sexes experienced significant weight increases at all dosage levels. With the exception of minor alterations in a few of the organs, no significant histological change was identified. It is concluded that the single-dose and repeated-dose 28-day oral administration of the methanolic leaf extract of Justicia schimperiana is relatively safe.

Clinical management of feline chronic kidney disease in Portugal: a questionnaire-based study.

The aim of the study was to characterise the clinical management of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) by veterinary practitioners in Portugal. A questionnaire-based study was designed to be completed by all veterinarians who had diagnosed and treated at least one case of feline CKD in the previous year. A total of 409 veterinary practitioners responded to the questionnaire, with approximately half of them diagnosing 2-5 cases of feline CKD per month (n = 219, 53.5%). Although a high proportion of these reported using the guidelines published by the International Renal Interest Society (n = 379, 92.7%), only 19.1% (n = 78) systematically performed systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in all of their patients. A renal diet was advised by almost all respondents (n = 406, 99.3%), but 36.9% (n = 150) of them considered that it represented less than 75% of the daily food intake for most of their patients. This dietary intervention was often prescribed regardless of stage (n = 298, 73.4%) and without a proper gradual diet transition. Appetite stimulants were frequently prescribed (n = 366, 89.5%), as well as a calcium channel blocker (n = 171, 41.8%) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (n = 245, 59.9%) to control systemic hypertension and proteinuria, respectively. Prescription of a phosphate binder was also common (n = 311, 76.0%). Regarding monitoring, 70.9% (n = 290) recommended that stable patients be reassessed every 2-3 months or more frequently, but only 35.7% (n = 146) were able to comply with this periodicity due to owners' constraints. The findings showed that although most survey respondents are aware of international guidelines for the clinical management of cats with CKD, the SBP measurement still needs to be more systematic to allow proper substaging and detection of systemic hypertension. The monitoring frequency was lower than recommended. Furthermore, the introduction of a renal therapeutic diet should be refined to improve its acceptance rate.

Assessment of selenium in poultry food, chicken, eggs and their potential human health risks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This study investigated selenium (Se) levels in poultry feed, chicken (meat and bones), and eggs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (Pakistan) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Selenium levels in all poultry feed, meat, bone, and egg samples were below the permissible limit of 500 µg kg−1 set by the European Food Safety Authority. Selenium level was highest in bones (362 µg kg−1), followed by eggs (150 µg kg−1), feed (96 µg kg−1), and meat (59 µg kg−1). Selenium level differed significantly (P < 0.05) in all quantified samples collected from the study area, except between eggs among the selected districts. In feed, Se levels (116 µg kg−1) were highest in Charsadda samples, while in meat (112 µg kg−1) and bone (413 µg kg−1) in Batkhela samples, and egg (170 µg kg−1) samples of Peshawar. Chicken liver, neck bone, and egg yolk stored the highest Se levels compared to other organs. Daily food intake and health risk indices indicated that chicken meat and eggs were free from Se toxicity. These findings elucidate that Se levels in poultry chicken and eggs in the study sites are safe and pose no human health risk.

Comparison of Dietary Intakes and Fermented Food Consumption in Patients with and without Periodontal Disease

Lack of certain nutrients and foods in the diet may negatively affect oral health. Therefore, nutrition may play an important role in maintaining oral health. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the nutrient intakes, consumption of food groups and some fermented foods of individuals with periodontal disease and health. Thirty-one patients with periodontitis, 31 with gingivitis who applied to the periodontology clinic and 31 individuals of similar age and gender without periodontal disease were included in this study. Plaque, gingival indices, bleeding on probing, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were evaluated. To determine individuals' daily energy, nutrient intakes, and consumption of food groups, 24-hour food consumption records were kept for three consecutive days by the nutritionist. Data on individuals' frequency and amount of consumption of some fermented products were recorded, considering the foods available in our culture and the market. Totally, 34 men and 59 women participated in the study. Mean energy intake was similar among groups. Energy from total dietary fat (%, P=0.042), saturated fatty acid (P=0.002), and short and medium chain fatty acids (P=0.003), consumption of dairy products (except cheese) (P=0.009), cheeses (P=0.025), coffee (P=0.036), whole-grain bread (P=0.010) and kefir (P=0.013) were different among individuals with periodontal disease and periodontal health. In conclusion, nutrition may have an impact on periodontal health and disease.

Local Validation of NutricheQ, a Study in Jordan

Background: Toddlers are consuming more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foodstuffs in discordance with international dietary guidelines. Limited data are available on the dietary habits of children in Jordan. Objectives: This study aimed primarily at assessing the local validity of the NutricheQ tool in reflecting the nutritional risk status of 12- to 36-month-old toddlers in Jordan. Methods: This national, multicentre, observational validation study analyzed the data of healthy 12- to 36-month-old toddlers who were identified and prospectively enrolled during a routine clinic visit. After providing written informed consent, the parents or legal guardians of toddlers were asked to (a) complete a food intake diary form (FIDF) over three days (two weekdays and one weekend day); and (b) to answer the NutricheQ questionnaire completed by the physician during a single outpatient visit, as part of the case report form (CRF). Results: Out of 213 Jordanian toddlers, 31 (14.6%) were at low nutritional risk; 145 (68.1%) (95% confidential interval (CI): 61.5 - 74.0) were at moderate nutritional risk, and 37 (17.4%) (95% CI: 12.8 - 23.1) were at an increased nutritional risk. The average nutritional intake of the toddlers did not meet the daily intake of the main nutrients recommended across all food categories, with a default daily intake of vitamin A, vitamin D, fiber, and iodine and an excess daily intake of protein and iron. NutricheQ-predicted risk categories significantly correlated with meat intake and the number of weekly servings of fruits and cooked vegetables. Conclusions: NutricheQ is a valid tool to predict nutritional risk among toddlers in Jordan.

Identification of foods in the breakfast and determination of nutritional facts using deep convolution neural networks

Food recognition plays a crucial role in various fields, including healthcare, nutrition, and the food industry. It involves identifying different types of foods or dishes from images, videos, or other data sources. In healthcare, food recognition aids individuals in monitoring their daily food intake and managing their diet. It also assists dietitians and nutritionists in creating personalized meal plans based on patients' nutritional requirements and preferences. This article focuses on the development of software that can recognize food products and predict their nutritional facts. The software extracts essential nutritional facts such as fat, carbohydrates, protein, and energy from the food products and compiles them into a comprehensive list. For each of the 20 food products, 36 food images were obtained, resulting in a total of 720 food images. To validate the accuracy of the trained models, six different images of each food product were set aside for external validation purposes. The rest of the images were then trained using deep learning algorithms, namely, GoogleNet, ResNet-50, and Inception-v3, in the MATLAB software. The training and validation processes yielded over 98% correct predictions for each of the deep learning algorithms. Although there were no significant differences in accuracy among the algorithms, GoogleNet stood out when considering both prediction accuracy and prediction time. The validated deep learning algorithms were employed in developing the software for food recognition and nutritional value determination. The results indicate that the developed software can reliably identify foods and provide their corresponding nutritional facts. This software holds significant potential for application in the nutrition and dietetic field and can be particularly useful in healthcare settings for monitoring the dietary intake of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, or obesity. The system can track the types and quantities of foods consumed, offering personalized feedback to patients and healthcare providers.

Fishing for subsistence constitutes a livelihood safety net for populations dependent on aquatic foods around the world

Fishing for subsistence constitutes a livelihood safety net for poverty, malnutrition and gender inequality for populations dependent upon aquatic foods around the world. Here we provide global estimates showing that almost the same amount of small-scale fishers engage in subsistence fishing at some point during the year as in commercial employment and use subsistence estimates to measure small-scale fisheries’ livelihood safety net function. In 2016, we estimate that 52.8 million people were engaged in subsistence fishing at some point during the year, while another 60.2 million people were commercially employed (90% of global fisheries employment). From 14 country case studies, it was possible to estimate that the subsistence catch provided an average apparent intake of six nutrients critical for positive health outcomes, equivalent to 26% of the recommended daily nutrient intake for 112.5 million people, higher than the national average contribution of beef or poultry.

Effects of Nutrition Package Claims, Nutrition Facts Panels, And Motivation to Process Nutrition Information on Consumer Product Evaluations Using the WPM Method

It includes a number of significant nutrients that have an impact on health. Look for meals that are higher in the nutrients you want to consume more of and lower in the nutrients you want to consume less of. The label can be used to support your own dietary objectives. Limit your consumption of added sweets, salt, and extra fat. The nutritive information, serving size, and nutrients for a portion of a food product are listed on the Health Facts label. This aids customers in choosing the right amount to eat, maybe the ideal time to eat this item, r the greatest way to balance their daily food intake. What Nutrients Must Appear on Nutritional and Additional Information Labels? Protein, key vitamins, and minerals, as well as whole fat, heavy fat, Trans fat, blood, salt, total sugars, dietary fibre, total sugars, adding sugars, and nutrients must all be listed on the Food Facts label. The Nutrition Information label on the packaging is based on current dietary advice for Americans and scientific research. You may pick items for a clean diet by using the label. All ice creams, both domestically produced and imported, are obliged to have a label. Alternative: “Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Daucus carota and Raphanus sativus”. Evaluation Option: Protein, Carbohydrate, Fats, Fibers, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium. “from the result it is seen that Sodium and is got the first rank whereas is the Calcium got is having the lowest rank”. “The value of the dataset for Nutritional Facts in Weighted product method shows that it results in Sodium and top ranking”.

Seasonal and Regional Differences in Eating Times in a Representative Sample of the Brazilian Population.

Human food intake and its timing are a complex behavior that can be influenced by a variety of factors, some of which may vary from season to season or from region to region. In this study, our aim was to investigate the seasonal variation in food intake times, with a particular focus on how these may vary across different regions of a country. We conducted an analysis of data from 20,622 adults from the National Household Budget Survey (POF-IBGE), encompassing complete food diaries collected from individuals residing in Brazil, and thereby ensuring representation across different latitudes. Each participant's daily food intake was reported for two non-consecutive days at different times in the same week using food diaries. An ANOVA revealed a later food intake time in the evening in high-latitude regions compared to low-latitude regions. The Sidak post-hoc test showed a significant interaction effect between region and season, demonstrating a pattern of early First Intake Time and Eating Midpoint in the Northeast region during spring/summer. Additionally, we observed an independent effect of the region, as early food intake times were found in low-latitude regions. These findings offer a basis for discussing food intake times among individuals living in different regions located on distinct latitudes.

Exposure Assessment of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish and Honey Produced in Armenia: A Pilot Investigation.

In Armenia, the presence of nitrofuran residues in food products is unacceptable for both domestic sales and export. However, food may contain nitrofuran metabolites (NMs) due to the illegal use of these drugs in the agrofarming practice. This study aimed to identify NMs as the marker residues for nitrofurans in fish and honey produced in Armenia and assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these foods. The commodities studied were natural honey and three species of farmed fish produced by various regions nationwide. Concentrations of the marker metabolites (3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), and semicarbazide (SEM)) were determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and verified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Consumer groups were identified based on their average daily intake of foods. Health risk was assessed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE). Reference values for health risk assessment were obtained from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Results showed that 33.3% of fish samples and 44.4% of honey samples contained NMs, the mean concentrations ranging from 0.05 μg/kg to 0.52 μg/kg. All MOE values obtained were over 10,000, indicating that the detected concentrations of NMs in fish and honey produced in Armenia pose no health risk to consumers. However, these results highlight the illicit use of highly toxic substances and the need for improved control of farming practices.

DelicacyNet for nutritional evaluation of recipes.

In this paper, we are interested in how computers can be used to better serve us humans, such as helping humans control their nutrient intake, with higher level shortcuts. Specifically, the neural network model was used to help humans identify and analyze the content and proportion of nutrients in daily food intake, so as to help humans autonomously choose and reasonably match diets. In this study, we formed the program we wanted to obtain by establishing four modules, in which the imagination module sampled the environment, then relied on the encoder to extract the implicit features of the image, and finally relied on the decoder to obtain the required feature vector from the implicit features, and converted it into the battalion formation table information through the semantic output module. Finally, the model achieved extremely high accuracy on recipe1M+ and food2K datasets.

Contribution of school meals to the recommended nutrient and energy intake of children enrolled in the National Homegrown School Feeding Program in Zaria, Nigeria

BackgroundA poor nutritional status in children results in reduced physical and mental health and poor academic performance. The National Homegrown School Feeding Program (NHSFP) was introduced in Nigeria in 2016 to ameliorate short-term hunger and improve the nutritional status of school-aged children (SAC). At least 33% of the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for the enrolled students should be met by the school meals. However, to our knowledge, the contribution of school meals served through the NHSFP to the RNI of SAC in Zaria, Nigeria, remains to be explored. MethodsWe conducted a school-based cross-sectional study among 276 eligible SAC recruited from public primary schools in the Zaria Local Government Area. Portion sizes of the meals served through the NHSFP were determined using an electronic scale, meal samples were collected for nutrient analysis, and the average daily nutrient intake of the participants from the meals was calculated. The average daily intake of nutrients and energy of the participants was compared with the age- and sex-specific RNI to estimate the percentage contribution of the meals. ResultsThe portion sizes recorded were 199.3 ± 20.6 g, 263.9 ± 11.5 g, 242.1 ± 16.8 g, 311 ± 17.3 g, and 160.3 ± 1.9 mL, respectively, for moi-moi, jollof rice and beans, bean porridge, jollof rice and boiled egg, and yoghurt. In addition, the meals contained moisture (30.13–66.11%), ash (0.73–7.08%), crude fat (9–32.61%), crude protein (7.25–24.5%), crude fiber (0–2.45%), and total carbohydrate (2.19–29.74%) with an energy content ranging from 183.6 to 330.57 kcal. Similarly, the meals contained calcium (82.58—711 mg), potassium (133–797 mg), sodium (340–1720 mg), iron (0.078–8.60 mg), zinc (1.84–13.4 mg), vitamin A (2.38–100.56 RAE), and vitamin C (0.04–1.57 mg) per 100 g of the school meals. The meals contributed 18.2–19.1%, 102.8–183.7%, 13.04–13.6%, and 26.1%–35.8% of the RNI for carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, and energy, respectively. Furthermore, they contributed 137–175%, 314.3–502.2%, 87.6–142.1%, 21.5–25.1%, 279.2–348.5%, 3.3–5.9%, 24.7–48.8%, and 3.3–5.9% of the RNI for iron, zinc, calcium, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, respectively. ConclusionThe meals served through the NHSFP contributed at least 33% of the RNI for energy, protein, iron, calcium, sodium, vitamin A, and zinc. However, they could not meet the 33% of the RNI for carbohydrates, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Increasing the portion sizes and the diversity of the meals can address the suboptimal contribution of the meals to the RNI for carbohydrates, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C.

Children Daily Eating Behavior and Sugar Consumption Pattern: A Phenomenological Study

The pattern of food consumption is a picture of the type of food consumed, the amount of food consumed, and the lifestyle of the community. The pattern of eating is formed in the same way as a person's eating habits. The habit of consuming sugar among children can also be associated with the existence of several health problems such as diabetes mellitus. This study aims to explore and find consumption patterns of daily food and fluid intake in the age group of children that contain sugar in the community around Parongpong, West Bandung. and themes that will conclude the phenomenon of consumption and dependence on sugar in community groups. This research is a qualitative phenomenological study, where the aim is to reduce the individual experience of a phenomenon into a description that finds the universal essence of the phenomenon. 7 key informants were voluntarily involved in this study. The verbatim data were analyzed for their ethical and emic meanings using the Colaizzi method. The results of the analysis of the data obtained during the interviews were able to bring up 6 sub-themes. The six sub-themes raised 3 major themes, namely consumption patterns of daily sugar intake for the youth age group, understanding the need for change and approaches to reducing sugar intake, and types of approaches in changing sugar consumption patterns for adolescents.

Organotins in fish, shrimp, and cephalopods from the Pearl River Estuary, China: Dietary exposure risk to Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and human

Food has regularly been proven to be a key source of exposure to environmental pollutants, drawing attention to the dietary exposure risks of contaminants to mammals with significant daily food intake. Here, the levels of six organotin compounds (OTs) in 18 fish (n = 310), three cephalopods (n = 50), and one shrimp (n = 34) from the Lingdingyang (LDY) and west four region (WFR) of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and their dietary exposure risks to Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and humans were first investigated. Total OT levels ranged from 3.84 to 901. 48 ng/g wet weight (ww) in 22 prey species from the LDY, and from 14.37 to 1364.64 ng/g ww in 19 species from the WFR. The LDY marine species generally accumulated higher butyltin levels but lower phentyltin levels than those in the WFR. All species have a phenyltin degradation index <1 and over 60 % of the sampled species have a butyltin degradation index <1, suggesting the PRE marine species might be exposed to the fresh discharge of OTs. A total of nine marine species exceeded the threshold levels of OT intake for adverse health effects on human juveniles by consumption, all 22 marine species posed high dietary risks to the PRE humpback dolphins. Moreover, probabilistic risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the probabilities of RQ values associated with WFR OT exposure higher than 1 were 18.87 % for human adults, 40.55 % for human juveniles, 100 % for both humpback dolphin adults and humpback dolphin juveniles. Our results highlighted the potentially high dietary exposure risks of OTs to marine mammals and residents in the PRE.