Average Daily Temperature Research Articles

Learning to balance wheat G × E × M interactions in response to a changing climate—The case for ultra‐early planting systems

AbstractReported global reductions in cereal grain yields due to increased global average temperature combined with increasing global populations peaking near 2050 create an immediate need to increase cereal grain yield potential and reduce the yield gap between realized on‐farm grain yield and potential yield. The development of an ultra‐early planting system for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the northern Great Plains can increase the resiliency of current growing systems to a changing climate. This was achieved through the development of a unique set of practices designed to successfully shift current wheat production systems to ultra‐early growing systems. Ultra‐early‐planted wheat‐growing systems on the northern Great Plains will provide immediate benefits to the adopting producer in the form of increased grain yield and increased grain yield stability relative to current practices. As global average temperatures warm, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase, the northern Great Plains region is in a unique position to potentially realize grain yield increases rather than temperature‐driven grain yield decreases. Shifting planting earlier and taking advantage of increased growing degree day accumulation and water use efficiencies while avoiding higher temperatures during sensitive physiological periods are tactics implemented in ultra‐early growing systems that will increase in importance and relevance in the next three decades as average daily temperatures increase.

Results of growing Siberian sterlet juvenile in the conditions of the Beloyarsk Fish Hatchery of the Krasnoyarsk region

Studies on the rearing of sterlet from wild and grown producers were carried out in the production conditions of the fish-breeding enterprise TOSP "Beloyarsk Fish-breeding Plant" of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Glavrybvod" (Krasnoyarsk) in 2020 and 2022. With a complete transition to external nutrition, the sterlet larva was placed in pools with a planting density of 6 thousand copies / m2. Water consumption was 20-23 l/min. As the larvae grew, they were planted, and at the time of reaching an average weight of 1 g, the planting density was 2 thousand copies / m2. With an increase in water consumption to 25-30 l/min. The average daily water temperature during the growing period ranged from 12.5-17.0 °C. The content of oxygen dissolved in water was in the range of 9.1-11.0 mg/l. Different approaches to methods of growing larvae have been studied. To compare and evaluate our results, we used instructions and standards developed by the Glavrybvod of Russia and used for island farms. In 2020, up to 10 days, the larva was grown only using artemia nauplia. Then, the starting compound feed was gradually introduced. The feed was diluted in water and distributed at the beginning simultaneously with artemia, then alternating feedings. Coma was broadcast at 30-minute intervals up to 20 days of growing and at the end of the growing period after 1 hour. For 20 days, they have completely switched to compound feeds. As a result of the study, it was revealed that it is more rational to introduce starter feeds in the form of dust from the moment the sterlet larvae start feeding. This technique made it possible to reduce the time of growing juveniles to a standard weight of 1 g for five days, with approximately equal preservation of juveniles.

Over 300 km Dispersion of Wild Boar during Hot Summer, from Central Poland to Ukraine.

The movement of wild boars is a complex process influenced by both internal conditions and external factors. Despite their typically sedentary lifestyle, dispersion constitutes an integral element of the wild boar's behavior. This report documents the longest observed wild boar dispersal, involving a collared two-year-old male near Warsaw, Poland. The aim of this study was to present the characteristics of movement during the "nomadic phase", drawing comparisons with the "sedentary phase". The other aim was to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors on the minimum daily travel distance of the wild boar. We collected data from two-year-old males. The first exhibited long-distance dispersal and the second only demonstrated local movements. We calculated the minimum daily distance of both wild boars based on collar locations and calculated basic statistics of movement. We used a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and log link function to assess the potential impact of weather conditions on the minimum daily distance of wild boars. We tested maximum daily temperature, average daily temperature, and the sum of daily precipitation. The wild boar during a "nomadic phase" covered a total of 922 km with a mean minimum daily movement of 6 km. The dispersion distance was 307 km. The highest value of the minimum daily distance reached 31.8 km/day. The second wild boar (near Warsaw) covered a mean minimum daily distance of 1.4 km; the highest value of the minimum daily distance was 3.9 km. Both wild boars exhibited no dependence of minimum daily distance on weather conditions. However, when intensive and non-intensive dispersion were analyzed separately, it was demonstrated that the maximum daily temperature positively influenced the minimum daily distance. We speculate that the wild boar was forced to search for water sources after dark on hot days, which induced a longer traveling distance in an unfamiliar environment. This study highlights the significant spatial capabilities of wild boar in the transmission of genes or pathogens. We speculate that extended daily distances during the initial "nomadic phase" might suggest a panicked escape from a perceived threat. It is plausible that the wild boar found improved shelter within tall cereal crops in July and August, which resulted in lower daily distances.

АГРОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The results of the study of the dependence of the grain quality of soft spring wheat (Tríticum aestívum L.) on the main agroclimatic resources in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. Field experiments were carried out in different geographical locations of the republic according to the methodology of the State Variety Trial. Laboratory analyses of grain quality were carried out according to the methodology set forth in the State Standards. It has been established that the quality of soft spring wheat grain in the Republic of Bashkortostan largely depends on agroclimatic resources. In recent years, there has been a manifestation of global climate change on the territory of the republic. The amount of gluten in the grain depends to a large extent on the change in the average daily air temperature in June (r = 0.741) and to a slight extent on the average daily temperature in July (r = 0.359). The degree of dependence of gluten content increases significantly with an increase in the sum of air temperatures during the active vegetation of spring wheat (r = 0.812). The dependence of gluten content on the sum of temperatures in June and July is straightforward, and an increase in heat resources during the vegetation period of spring wheat plants by 10 °C contributes to an increase in the gluten content in grain by 0.73 %. Heat resources have a comparatively weak effect on other indicators of wheat grain quality. The correlation coefficient between gluten content and precipitation in July was 0.764. An increase in precipitation in July by 10 mm leads to a decrease in the gluten content in the grain of spring soft wheat by 0.49 %. High moisture availability also leads to the formation of soft spring wheat grain with low vitreousness (r = –0.547) and natural weight (r = –0.521). Moisture resources had a small effect on the gluten deformation index (r = 0.227). Precipitation in June has a weak effect on the quality indicators of spring soft wheat grain. The correlation coefficients between the sum of precipitation in June and the quality indicators were positive and ranged from 0.223 to 0.341

Taking sides? Aspect has limited influence on soil environment or litter decomposition in pan-European study of roadside verges

In addition to well-known effects on species ecophysiology, phenology, and distributions, climate change is widely predicted to impact essential ecosystem services such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. While temperature and soil moisture are thought to influence litter decomposition, elucidating consistent soil process responses to observed or predicted shifts in climate have proven difficult to evidence. Here we investigated how aspect (i.e., north-south orientation), a natural model for variation in soil temperature, influenced soil physico-chemical conditions and decomposition of two standardised litter types (Green tea and Rooibos teabags) in Pole-facing (PF) and Equator-facing (EF) roadside verges spanning a 3000 km and 27° latitudinal gradient across Europe. Despite average daily temperatures being 1.5 - 3.0 °C warmer on EF than PF slopes, there were only minor region-specific differences in initial soil physico-chemical conditions and short-term variation in litter decomposition (i.e., litter mass loss was higher in EF-verges for the first month of deployment only) associated with aspect. We conclude that previously observed differences in soil environments and the decomposition process associated with slope orientation, is largely litter or environment specific, although medium-term soil-decomposition in semi-natural grassland ecosystems may also be insensitive to the magnitude of temperature variation within the range predicted by the IPCC SSP1–2.6 emissions scenario. Nonetheless, consistent average and extreme temperature differences between adjacent PF- and EF-aspects along roadside verges provides a model system to explore exactly how resilient the soil environment and the micro-organisms responsible for decomposition, are to temperature variation.

The Relationship Between the Atmospheric Environment and Road Traffic Fatalities - Shandong Province, China, 2012-2021.

This study aims to analyze the potential impact of the meteorological environment and air pollutants on road traffic fatalities. Road traffic fatality data in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2021 were obtained from the Population Death Information Registration Management System. Meteorological and air pollutant data for the same period were collected from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, China. Pearson's correlation and ridge regression were used to analyze the impact of the meteorological environment and air pollutants on road traffic fatalities. From 2012 to 2021, there were 163,863 road traffic fatality cases. The results of the ridge regression analysis showed that the daily average temperature was negatively correlated with total fatalities and passengers and positively correlated with pedestrians, nonmotorized drivers, and motorized drivers. The daily minimum temperature was negatively correlated with total fatalities and positively correlated with motorized drivers. The daily maximum temperature was positively correlated with both pedestrian and nonmotorized drivers. The daily accumulated precipitation was negatively correlated with pedestrians. Sunshine duration was positively correlated with both nonmotorized and motorized drivers. Inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were positively correlated with total fatalities, pedestrians, and nonmotorized drivers. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) was positively correlated with total fatalities but negatively correlated with nonmotorized drivers, passengers, and motorized drivers. Atmospheric factors associated with the occurrence of road traffic fatalities include air temperature, daily accumulated precipitation, sunshine duration, and air pollutants such as PM10, NO2, and SO2.

The role of trees in enhancing outdoor thermal comfort during warm season in a sub-humid climate. Case: Souk Ahras city

Enhancing the quality of life for people in urban areas necessitates focusing on outdoor thermal comfort OTC. This study examines the role and impact of urban vegetation, particularly trees, in improving the meteorological conditions that characterize the urban microclimate in order to enhance OTC, focusing on two public spaces in Souk Ahras city, characterised by in situ measurement campaigns and modelling during hot summer day. In situ campaigns were carried out to measure climatic data (air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed), and to collect data on vegetation (trees) and building geometry, which were used in numerical modelling to calculate the various thermal indices: SVF, Tmrt, PET and OUT_SET using the Rayman microclimatic model. The results show that the trees at each intervention site can reduce the average daily air temperature of 0.376?C to 1.04?C and an enhancement of thermal comfort in terms of average radiant temperature Tmrt of 2.08?C to 5.85?C and equivalent physiological temperature PET of 1.91?C to 3.84?C and standard equivalent temperature OUT_SET of 1.72?C to 2.86?C. in the knowledge that trees also help to reduce the Skye view factor, an essential geometric measure for assessing the thermal environment, which proves that the effect of shading and evapotranspiration provided by trees mainly contribute to enhancing outdoor thermal comfort during the warm season.

Agrometeorological characteristics of spring barley in the Northern Trans-Urals

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of air temperature on the duration of the growing season in Western Siberia (Russia). Material and methods: phenological observation of 6 varieties of spring barley (Abalak, Zolotnik Naran, Tandem, DLA-14 and Pasadena) was carried out for the period from 2016 to 2020. The sensitivity of varieties to temperature conditions is determined. The optimal average daily air temperature during the interphase periods was established: shoots-heading 31-35 days, and heading-ripeness 34-37 days. The optimal sums of effective temperatures above 10 ºC, necessary for the growth, and development of spring barley varieties, have been calculated. The Abalak variety was distinguished by a narrow temperature range in both interphase periods (the first period - 0.7 ºC; the second - 2.3 ºC), which indicates a low plasticity of this variety. The agrometeorological characteristic obtained from the data of field experiments can be used to identify the areas of cultivation of varieties, as well as for a scientifically based assessment of the territory in relation to the variety. The optimal, minimum air temperatures for each variety are calculated. The sensitivity of varieties to temperature changes was studied.

Biological activity of the mixture trinexapac ethyl and prohexadione calcium used with adjuvants in the winter wheat crops

Field experiments were conducted in 2019–2020 in the cultivation of winter wheat of the KWS Ozon variety. The growth retardant trinexapac ethyl + prohexadione calcium (TE + Pca) and its mixtures with adjuvants and citric acid were used in the BBCH 32/33 phase of winter wheat. The effectiveness of the growth retardant depended on the dose of the preparation, the type of adjuvant, and weather conditions. Lower average daily air temperatures favored the effectiveness of the full dose of the preparation. Different relationships were noted in variants in which TE + Pca was used at a reduced dose together with adjuvants and citric acid. Among the tested variants, the greatest shortening of the canopy was achieved after the use of a mixture of the retardant and the AS (ammonium salts of polybasic acids) adjuvant compared to the control and plots treated with a lower dose of the preparation. The method of application of the tested agent in most combinations did not have a significant impact on the yield and quality of the obtained grain in both years of the study. In the case of the mixture of TE + Pca retardant with AS adjuvant, inconclusive results were obtained. In 2019, a significant reduction in the weight of one thousand seeds was recorded compared to the control variant.

Justification of irrigation reclamation using data on the probability of heat and moisture in the Central Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia

Ongoing climate change creates risks for many sectors of the economy. They can have a particularly strong impact on agriculture, since the amount of incoming heat and moisture is one of the most important factors in agricultural production. The main goal of this study was to analyzed of the provision of heat and humidity by indicators, temperature more than 10 °C, the sum of factors during the growing season, differences in temperatures and evaporation, humidification coefficients to justify the need for irrigation measures. The calculations were carried out for the growing season, that is, when positive values of average daily air temperatures were recorded. In all calculations, observational data from the V.A. Mikhelson Meteorological Observatory (in Moscow) was used for 30 years (period from 1993 to 2022). The study analyzed the provision of the central part of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia according to such indicators as the sum of temperatures of the growing season greater than 10 °C, the sum of precipitation for the growing season, the difference between the sum of precipitation and evaporation for the growing season, G.T. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, D.I. Shashko coefficient of natural moisture. The analysis of the assessment of the heat supply and moisture supply of the territory and the attitude of agricultural and fruit crops to drought demonstrate the need to moisten the root layer of the soil even in zones of excessive moisture, when during the growing season there are separate periods with insufficient and uneven atmospheric moisture.

Особенности концентраций аэроаллергенов в городах и влияние на них температуры воздуха

Aim: to examine the content of plant pollen and fungal spores in the air of Karakol city (Kyrgyz Republic) during the seasons from 2015 to 2017. Materials and Methods: in the course of the aerobiological study, samples containing bioparticles (plant pollen and fungal spores) were collected from the air. The samples were identified to the genus or family level, or, in some cases, to the species level, and quantified by visual counting in the field of view of a microscope. A Lanzoni volumetric pollen and spore trap was placed on the roof of a building within the city borders (Karakol) at a height of 13 m above ground level, away from park areas and industrial enterprises. A total of 630 atmospheric air samples were collected from April to September in 2015-2017. Results: the taxa Artemisia spp., Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Pinus spp. exhibited the greatest abundance in the aerobiological spectrum of Karakol. Among the fungi, Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were the most prevalent. The majority of fungal spores (60–76%) were observed during the period from June to August. The absolute maximum of pollen in the air coincided with high temperature values in the area. The highest concentrations of Artemisia pollen were observed from mid to late July, which corresponded to an increase in the average daily air temperature over the study seasons. The highest Artemisia pollen content in the air (61–72%) for the study seasons was observed in Karakol at air temperatures ranging from 28.3 to 33.4°C. High temperatures contribute to the release of spores into the atmosphere. It can be observed that allergenic species of fungi are accumulated in urban environments rather than in natural areas. Conclusion: the quantitative and qualitative profile of pollen from the dominant species of allergenic plants and fungal spores in the air environment of Karakol city was determined in order to contribute to the study of the aerobiological situation. It is important to determine the impact of meteorological factors on the concentration of plant pollen and fungal spores. This will allow for the prediction of the behavior of aeroallergens in a changing climate. KEYWORDS: plant pollen, fungal spores, aerobiological monitoring, climate change, air temperature, biological air particles, aeroallergens. FOR CITATION: Osmonbaeva K.B., Churyukina E.V., Dzhambekova G.S., Nazarova E.V. Aeroallergen concentrations in urban areas and the effect of air temperature. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(3):124–131 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-3-2.

The influence of changes in agrometeorological conditions on the interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare l. sensulat and its productivity in the center of the European part of Russia

The studies were conducted in 2006-2022. in the Ryazan branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FNATS VIM. The object of research was released varieties and promising lines of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of changing weather conditions on the development phases and productivity of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the center of the European part of Russia. It was established that in the region there was an increase in the average daily air temperature during the growing season from 16.3 to 20.9°C (4.6°C/17 years, CV = 4.7%). The length of the growing season is closely related to the conditions of the hydrothermal regime of the year (r=+0.507...+0.508). The data obtained revealed a negative effect of the sum of air temperatures on the yield in the sprouting-tillering phase r = - 0.364, but the correlation with the amount of precipitation in this period was r = + 0.331, HTCM r = + 0.300. A closer relationship between the yield and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.308) and the hydrothermal coefficient (r=+0.337) is manifested in the interphase period of tillering and heading. The duration of the interphase period of germination-tillering has an average direct relationship with the HTC (r = +0.361) and a high inverse relationship with the sum of temperatures (r = -0.804), a similar picture is observed in the interphase period of earing-filling (r = +0.320 and r = -0.813 , respectively). The decisive weather factors that determine the size of the harvest and the duration of interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the conditions of the Ryazan region are precipitation and thermal conditions from the second decade of May to the second decade of July.

Study of Using Electrical Heavy Concrete in the Improvement of Urban Areas

In regions with negative average daily temperatures, the development of the construction sector, including transport infrastructure facilities, requires increasing the efficiency of heating systems and deicing systems, while reducing the material consumption of their production. In the study, samples with dimensions of 70x70x70 mm and products with dimensions of 500 × 500 × 50 mm were made from electrically conductive coarse aggregate concrete. Additives of industrial soot suspension - 7% and carbon fiber - 1% were used as modifiers. The additives were introduced individually and in combination. The developed compositions ensure the mechanical compressive strength of concrete on the 28th day of more than 40 MPa. The combined use of modifiers allows the surface of the product to be heated from 21°C to 34°C within 30 minutes. Physicochemical studies of the compositions conducted after 3 cycles of heating and cooling showed optimal homogenization of carbon-containing materials and the absence of chemical interaction between carbon fiber and components of the mineral matrix. The obtained indicators of electrical and mechanical properties prove that it is possible to manufacture products based on the optimal composition that provide repeated heating and are optimal for use in the improvement of urban areas.

Программное обеспечение для расчета режима орошения томатов открытого грунта

Purpose: automation of calculations of the irrigation regime for open ground tomatoes based on the developed software. Materials and methods. The basis is a methodology of calculating and adjusting the irrigation regime of tomatoes, including determination of the total evaporation and soil moisture, the timing and quantity of irrigation using the calculation method with a mathematical model based on the relationship between bioclimatic coefficients and the sum of average daily temperatures or evaporation on the field on an accrual total from the beginning of the crop growing season to the ripening period, as well as the results of the Crimea zoning according to moisture conditions. Results and discussion. To automate the calculations, an algorithm for calculating soil moisture in relation to evaporation, which was implemented in Microsoft Excel software was developed. Bioclimatic coefficients of water consumption were determined taking into account the sum of temperatures above 12 °C and evaporation on an accrual total from sprouting or sowing seedlings. The obtained calculated dependencies for determining the bioclimatic coefficients of water consumption of open ground tomatoes cultivated in different moisture supply zones of the Crimea, make it possible to calculate and adjust the irrigation regime for years with different precipitation levels with high approximation reliability. Using the software, the design regime for irrigation of open ground tomatoes including watering and irrigation rates, frequency of irrigation, which were determined on the moisture coefficient of the territory and the year of 50, 75 or 95 % precipitation was calculated. Conclusions. Effective cultivation of agricultural crops, and especially vegetables, largely depends on the irrigation regimes used. Increasing the accuracy of calculations of the main elements of the irrigation regime through the use of modern software will allow optimizing the water resources use to achieve the planned productivity.

Raphanus sativus L. and its determination of planting dates based on seed germination in different ecological environments of Uzbekistan

In this article, the main research conducted on the Raphanus sativus plant, in particular, which countries and scientific organizations of the world are the leaders for learning about this plant, based on the results obtained, the information on the publication of articles in various journals in the Scopus database is analyzed. According to the analysis, China and the United States are the leaders in conducting research with the Raphanus sativus L. and the University of Western Australia conducts the most research among scientific organizations. There are more than 520 articles based on Raphanus sativus L. plant research in various journals in Scopus, and among them, Agricultural and Biological Sciences journal is the leader in the number of articles, among the researchers, Li. Y has the highest result in publishing many articles is shown to record. Also, temperature dependence of daikon seed germination was studied in field and laboratory conditions, and according to the results of the study, 20-30 0C is the most favorable temperature for germination, daikon plant can be grown in 4 ecological zones of Uzbekistan. It has been shown that the average daily temperature for seed germination should not be higher than 30 0C when planted as a second crop in the summer season.

Yield of different onion varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition and growth regulators in the conditions of the Southern Forest-steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The purpose of research was to determine the peculiarities of the action of Epin-extra, NPK+Epin-extra, Heteroauxin, NPK+Heteroauxin on the yield and chemical composition of onions in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The novelty of the research comprises because for the first time in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan the experiments with the participation of a new variety of Bashkirian selection - Iglinsky 2. Onion yield of the studied varieties Strigunovsky local, Red Baron and Iglinsky 2 in variants with different nutrition backgrounds was higher than in the control by 0.64-9.34 tonnes/ha. The amount of dry matter in varieties Strigunovsky local and Red Baron was higher than normal in all nutrition backgrounds. The maximum yield of onion was formed in Iglinsky 2 variety on the background of Heteroauxin application - 60.5 tonnes/ha or 116.57% in comparison with the control. The presence of weak negative correlation between yield and average daily temperature regime (r = -0.276) was established. A positive correlation between yield, precipitation sum (r = 0.481) and Heteroauxin (r = 0.470) was found. We can use the research results in cultivation of onion in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation, is of interest for foreign researchers-breeders.

Abortion and Lethal Septicaemia in Sows Caused by a Non‐ST194 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Outbreaks of zoonotic Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) have caused severe epidemics in the pig sector since the 1970s in Southeastern Asia, China, and more recently North America. Cases of high mortality caused by peracute septicaemia were all attributed to strains of a highly virulent clonal lineage belonging to the sequence type (ST) 194. In Europe, only two outbreaks have been reported with similar features, caused by other sequence types. In August 2023, a febrile disease followed by abortion and subsequent death was observed among sows kept in a small‐scale organic pig farm in West Hungary. Symptoms, pathological lesions, and microbiological findings were suggestive of septicaemia from bacterial origin caused by SEZ. According to the results of the routine laboratory testing, no other relevant infectious agents were involved. Whole‐genome sequence analysis assigned the examined strains to ST138, unrelated to any of the European isolates. It also revealed a few common SEZ virulence genes, compared to the highly virulent ST194 strains. A sudden weather change and subsequent extremely high average daily temperature before the outbreak could be identified as the only predisposing factor. The immediate antibiotic treatment and applied biosecurity measures might have helped to restrict and terminate the outbreak. To our knowledge, this is the first report on abortion and lethal septicaemia in sows from Central and Eastern Europe. The results call attention to the potential of non‐ST194 SEZ strains to cause outbreaks in pig farms.

Temperature Dependence of the Breeding Parametres of the Collared Flycatcher (Passeriformes, Muscicapidae) in the National Park Homilshanski Lisy (NE Ukraine)

The breeding phenology of Collared Flycatchers was studied over an 11-year period (2006‒2011 and 2013‒2017) in oak-maple-lime stands located in the Northern-East of Ukraine (in the National Park Homilshanski Lisy). In most years, egg laying began in the first and second ten-day periods of May. The earliest recorded first-egg date (368 broods) was 23 April, while the latest was 5 May. These dates varied from year to year. The relationship between the first-egg date and the date of daily average temperature transition through + 10 °C suggests that birds bred earlier due to warmer local temperatures. The clutch size was negatively correlated with the date of the average air temperature transition through + 5 °C. The earliest hatching date was 15 May, and the latest was 25 May. Fledging typically began in the first half of June. The breeding season’s length ranged from 30 to 42 days, and the breeding cycle was positively correlated with the transition of the average daily temperature through +5 °C. To determine which factors explained the first egg date and clutch size, Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were conducted. GLMs suggest a correlation between the first-egg date and the sum of effective temperatures (∑T150), arrival date temperature, migration route temperature, and average temperature of the third decade of April. Clutch size is determined by the sum of effective temperature accumulation (∑130) and migration route temperature. Reproductive success is negatively correlated with the average of 30 daily temperatures until the median date.

Биотехнические показатели товарного выращивания красноклешневого рака в прудовой аквакультуре в условиях юга России

Work was carried out on commercial cultivation of the australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in the pond aquaculture of the Astrakhan region in the summer-autumn period of 2021 and 2022. During the exper-iment, young crayfish were studied, formed in 5 groups in accordance with the initial average weight of 0.17, 0.18, 1.8, 5.1 and 7.8 g and cultivated in ponds with an area of 0.1 hectares each. The duration of cultivation was 62-99 days, depending on the groups under consideration. During the work, the main size and mass characteristics of cancers in each group were determined, linear growth, weight gain, bio-mass, survival, overall cancer productivity, and the yield of marketable products were calculated. Also, the hydrochemical parameters of the environment and the feed base of the ponds were monitored, the values of which characterized the condition of the ponds as satisfactory for the cultivation of crayfish. The average daily water temperature during the work period was in the range of 24.0-25.0 ºC on average. It is determined that the optimal period of cultivation of ARCC under natural temperatures should be at least 3 months. The average weight of young crayfish planted in ponds for cultivation can be 0.2-8.0 g, depending on the tasks set: obtaining a larger number of crayfish within an average weight of 40 g, obtaining a smaller number, but larger individuals (60-80 g). It is most effective to plant juveniles of an average weight of at least 2 g in ponds. Cultivation of early ARCC juveniles in ponds in the South of Russia to produce commercial cancers is less effective, but it is possible due to the highest yield of commercial products per hectare of area among the groups of cancers under consideration. The hydrochemical regime of reservoirs must meet the biological requirements of the species. The condition of ponds, and in particular, the rapid development of aquatic vegetation in the water column during cultivation can significantly reduce the natural cancer productivity of reservoirs.

RESULTS OF MODELLING OF SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT WITH USING MODSNOW MODEL IN ESIL RIVER MANAGEMENT BASIN

The article presents the results of modeling of snow water equivalent using the V03 module of the MODSNOW model, based on the empirical modeling method, for the territory of the Esil water management basin for 1980…2021 periods. The multi-year period was divided into two equal parts: 1980...1999 for model calibration, 2000...2021 for model validation. For this purpose, 20 meteorological stations located in the section of the water management basin, which have continuous input daily data of average daily air temperature, precipitation, snow cover height and ten-day data of snow water equivalent, were selected. The results of model calibration and validation for reproducibility were evaluated by Nash-Sutcliffe, RSR, and PBIAS criteria. Good reproducibility of modeled snow water equivalent at the meteorological stations Blagoveshenka, Balkashino, Sergeevka, Stepnogorsk, Yavlenka, Bulayevo was revealed; for these stations the results corresponded to the «good» reproducibility rating. It is concluded that the model for these stations can be used for short, medium- and long-term forecasting of snow water equivalent.