Cylindrical Glass Research Articles

Nyishi Beads Tradition of Yazali: The Changes and Continuity

Multicoloured cylindrical cut glass beads of Tibetan origin with varied sizes are adored by the Nyishis which is regarded much more than article for ornamentation. These beads are engrained into the cultural identity and in the symbolic fabric of the Nyishi society of Yazali. The belief system and oral narration assigned to the antique glass beads of Tibetan origin makes it inseparable from the Nyishi culture. Values embedded on beads are intertwined with its ritualistic significance and socio-economic system which further contributes as a functioning aspect in the Nyishi society. The present study makes an attempt to give holistic understanding of the beads tradition with concluding observations on the changing scenario of the Tibetan origin antique beads tradition in Yazali.

Implementation of Perforated Concentric Ring Walls Considerably Improves Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer of Shaken Bioreactors.

Since their first use in the 1930s, shake flasks have been a widely used bioreactor type for screening and process development due to a number of advantages. However, the limited gas-liquid mass transfer capacities—resulting from practical operation limits regarding shaking frequency and filling volumes—are a major drawback. The common way to increase the gas-liquid mass transfer in shake flasks with the implementation of baffles is generally not recommended as it comes along with several severe disadvantages. Thus, a new design principle for shaken bioreactors that aims for improving the gas-liquid mass transfer without losing the positive characteristics of unbaffled shake flasks is introduced. The flasks consist of cylindrical glass vessels with implemented perforated concentric ring walls. The ring walls improve the gas-liquid mass transfer via the formation of additional liquid films on both of its sides, whereas the perforations allow for mixing between the compartments. Sulfite oxidation experiments revealed over 200% higher maximum oxygen transfer capacities (OTRmax) compared to conventional shake flasks. In batch cultivations of Escherichia coli BL21 in mineral media, unlimited growth until glucose depletion and oxygen transfer rates (OTR) of up to 138 mmol/L/h instead of an oxygen limitation at 57 mmol/L/h as in normal shake flasks under comparable conditions could be achieved. Even overflow metabolism could be prevented due to sufficient oxygen supply without the use of unconventional shaking conditions or oxygen enrichment. Therefore, we believe that the new perforated ring flask principle has a high potential to considerably improve biotechnological screening and process development steps.

Intensification of ozone mass transfer for wastewater treatment using a rotating bar reactor

As one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), ozonation has been widely used in the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater. However, ozonation was limited by the mass transfer process due to the low solubility of ozone in water. In this work, a novel rotating bar reactor (RBR) was developed to enhance ozone-water mass transfer via optimizing its inner structures. The RBR with the internal structure of sieve plates combined with spoiler columns has the best mass transfer performance, which was 249% higher than that of the RBR without these structures. Furthermore, the optimized RBR was adopted to intensify the decolorization of the simulated wastewater of reactive black 5. The ozone dose was used to characterize the introduced ozone mass for treating a liter of wastewater in different reactors. The ozone dose in RBR was 150 mg/L (using O3), which was lower than that in semibatch glass reactor (567 mg/L, using O3/UV/H2O2) and in cylindrical glass cell (506.67 mg/L, using O3/US), reported in the literatures. The results indicated that RBR can achieve the same decolorization rate with less ozone dose, i.e. the RBR is more efficient. The RBR exhibited great potential application in enhancing liquid-film controlling system.

Investigating Late Bronze Age Glass Beads from Stotfold, Bedfordshire, UK

A total of seventeen annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opaque grey-white decoration were found at a site near Stotfold, in Bedfordshire, England. The beads were part of a cremation burial (without an urn), associated with small fragments of gold sheet and bone, and the latter were carbon dated to 1303-1052 calBC with 95% probability. Analysis (quantitative using SEM-EDS and qualitative using XRF) found that the beads are made from low magnesium, high potassium (LMHK) glass, of the type prevalent in Europe between around 1200 and 900 BC. The grey-white trail on the cylindrical bead is opacified in a novel way, as neither tin nor antimony colourants were used. These are only the second confirmed example of LMHK glass beads from England, and the earliest in date. They provide evidence of networks extending between this community and continental Europe in the Later Bronze Age, and the burial of a high-status individual at Stotfold. Experimental recreation is used to investigate the possible methods of making the glass, using plant ashes, copper oxide, and quartz sand. A multi-stage process is proposed, using a low temperature firing before the final high temperature melting and homogenising.

The in-plane expansion of fractured thermally pre-stressed glass panes: -An equivalent temperature difference model for engineering glass design

The present paper is concerned with deriving simplified design equations and charts for modelling in-plane expansion of fractured thermally pre-stressed soda-lime-silica glass panes using the method of equivalent temperature differences (ETD) together with a thermal expansion analogy for strains. The starting point is a theoretical method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics merged with approaches from stochastic geometry to predict the 2D-macro-scale fragmentation of glass. The approach is based on two influencing parameters of glass: (i) fragment particle size, δ, and (ii) fracture particle intensity, λ, which are related to the pre-stress induced strain energy density, UD, before fracture. Further Finite Element (FE) analysis of single cylindrical glass particles allow for establishing functional relations of the glass fragment particle dimensions, the pre-stress level and the resulting maximum in-plane deformation. Combining the two parts of two-parameter fracture pattern modelling and FE results on fragment expansion, formulas and engineering design charts for quantifying the in-plane expansion of thermally pre-stressed glass panes due to fracturing via an ETD approach is derived and provided within this paper. Two examples from engineering practice serve as demonstrators on how to use our ETD approach to compute the equivalent temperature difference and resulting internal forces as well as deformations. This approach serves furthermore as a basis to estimate secondary effects (such as fracture-expansion-induced deformations or stresses) on support structures or remaining parts of glass laminates in form of handy ETD load cases within analytical as well as FE analysis.

Tubular photobioreactors illuminated with LEDs to boost microalgal biomass production

This work proposes distinct configurations for tubular photobioreactors (PBRs) illuminated with specific and adequate light wavelength provided by LEDs. The PBRs are characterized by an involute/flat reflective surface around/below a cylindrical borosilicate glass tube that is illuminated by a LEDs panel located above. Reflectors can enlarge the absorber tube's illuminated area, enabling a uniform (spatial and temporal) light distribution across the culture vessel. Additionally, high-energy-efficient LEDs can minimize heat generation and energetic-related costs. Coupling these two factors can result in higher light utilization efficiency and photosynthetic activity. Depending on the reflector design, almost all the light arriving at the collector aperture can be collected and available for microalgal cultivation. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) growth was evaluated as a function of the reflector geometry (flat (F), simple double parabola (SP) and traditional double parabola (DP)) and material (anodized aluminum with (MS) and without (R85) protective coating and stainless steel (SS)). C. vulgaris growth as a function of time was found to be in good agreement with the actinometric results, where the parabolic reflectors (SP and DP) made of higher specular reflectance materials (R85 and MS) were the most efficient systems. Conversely, energy-based specific growth rates slightly increased as the photon flux decreased, signaling an energetic efficiency loss due to the low transmissibility of microalgal suspensions. Additional tests using two absorber tubes (spaced between 12.5 and 75.0 mm) over the R85-F reflector were also carried out, showing that the distance of 50.0 mm led to the best compromise between the specific growth rates and biomass productivities per square meter of solar collector. Under these conditions, higher efficiency on the photonic energy usage was attained compared to the single-tube test.

Stabilization of higher-order vortex solitons by means of nonlocal nonlinearity

We report the experimental observation of the instability suppression of higher-order vortex solitons in cylindrical lead glass with thermal nonlocal nonlinearity. A scalar higher-order vortex soliton with a topological charge $l=10$, which is vulnerable to azimuthal breakup when it is perturbed by an initial noise, is stabilized by a coaxially propagating, mutually incoherent Gaussian beam, forming a Gauss-vortex vector soliton (GVVS). The vortical annular profile and topological charge in the GVVS, and the vortical annular profile in the Gauss-vortex vector breather (GVVB), can be preserved during the propagation. Numerical simulations for unperturbed and perturbed scalar vortex solitons, GVVS, and GVVB demonstrate close agreement with experimental results.

Comparative study on concentric cylindrical glass tube microreactor, UV-LED strip photocatalytic reactor and classical annular reactor on Acid Red 87 removal

Comparative study on concentric cylindrical glass tube microreactor, UV-LED strip photocatalytic reactor and classical annular reactor on Acid Red 87 removal

Liquid crystal microcapillary-based sensors for affordable analytical applications.

Stimuli-responsive properties of liquid crystals (LCs), when combined with their optical properties, offer sensitive and rapid sensing applications. Here, we propose and demonstrate a microcapillary-based method to be applied for the online detection of amphiphilic species, which can be further used for tracking biological and chemical species in aqueous media. Specifically, we used compartments (300-1400 μm) of nematic 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) that were positioned into cylindrical glass microcapillaries that promote homeotropic anchoring. The flat surfaces of the cylindrical LC compartments were in contact with an aqueous media. We characterized the equilibrium and nonequilibrium response of LCs upon a change in their anchoring at the aqueous interfaces. Upon anchoring transition, we observed the formation of a positively charged defect at the proximity of the interface that moved to the center of the LC compartment and reached equilibrium, a four-petal configuration. This transition was observed to take an average of 41 ± 19 min., which we related to the motion of the defect due to the imbalance of the elastic forces. During the transition, we observed metastable states which could be removed via thermal treatment. We showed the capillary sensors to be useful considering their ease of additional quantification. We also show that the sensors are reversible that facilitate temporal and cumulative quantification. The findings reported in this study can further be used to develop sensors for specific purposes that require continuous tracking of the chemical and biological species that is critical for the health and safety of the individuals and society.

Collisional-radiative recombination of Ne-=SUP=-++-=/SUP=- and Ne-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=- ions with electrons in the decaying plasma of a low-pressure barrier discharge

The results of an experimental study and simulation of radiation generated by the processes of collisional-radiative recombination of neon ions Ne+ and Ne++ with electrons of the decaying plasma are presented. Plasma was created by a barrier discharge in a cylindrical glass tube with electrodes on its surface. Experimental conditions: neon pressure 0.65 Torr, electron density at the initial stage of the afterglow [e] ~ (1-5)·1011 cm-3. The main attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the collisional-radiative recombination of Ne+ and Ne++ ions based on the numerical solution of coupled differential equations for the densities of charged and long-lived excited particles and the electron temperature, taking into account the main elementary processes in decaying neon plasma. Comparison of the model solutions with the intensities of ionic and atomic spectral lines measured by the multichannel photon counting method indicates the need to refine the dependence of the rate of collisional-radiative recombination on the ion charge. Keywords: dielectric barrier discharge, doubly charged ions, collisional-radiative recombination, decaying plasma, elementary processes.

Ударно-радиационная рекомбинация ионов Ne-=SUP=-++-=/SUP=- и Ne-=SUP=-+-=/SUP=- c электронами в распадающейся плазме барьерного разряда низкого давления

The results of an experimental study and simulation of radiation generated by the processes of collisional-radiative recombination of neon ions Ne+ and Ne++ with electrons of the decaying plasma are presented. Plasma was created by a barrier discharge in a cylindrical glass tube with electrodes on its surface. Experimental conditions: neon pressure 0.65 Torr, electron density at the initial stage of the afterglow [e] ≈ (1 - 5) • 1011 cm-3. The main attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the collisional-radiative recombination of Ne+ and Ne++ ions based on the numerical solution of coupled differential equations for the densities of charged and long-lived excited particles and the electron temperature, taking into account the main elementary processes in decaying neon plasma. Comparison of the model solutions with the intensities of ionic and atomic spectral lines measured by the multichannel photon counting method indicates the need to refine the dependence of the rate of collisional-radiative recombination on the ion charge.

Development of an installation for studying the flow of liquid in microcapillaries

The article is dedicated to the creation of an installation for studying the flow of fluids through microcapillaries. This installation is of scientific interest for the development of digital models of the oil fluid flow through the pore space of the rock. Elaboration of the hydrodynamic modeling parameters will allow more accurate selection of technology for the extraction of hydrocarbon reserves from the bowels. The purpose of the work is to develop an installation and a technology for studying flows in microcapillaries. To achieve this goal, a selection of tomographic images of core samples was collected and three main channel shapes were identified, based on the images, in accordance with which microcapillaries were made from cylindrical glass tubes. Fluids are selected for pumping through the created capillaries. The installation for studying the flow of liquid in microcapillaries was assembled, the testing of the installation made it possible to identify and analyze its limitations and features of exploitation. The improvement of the installation provided more extensive data on the processes occurring in the microcapillary. A technique for conducting experiments and data recording has been worked out, automated data collection from a differential pressure sensor with the possibility of visual control using a personal computer has been implemented. Further modernization of the developed installation may allow conducting research on a bundle of capillaries of various shapes, simulating a network of channels of a real rock. The result of this work is the creation of an experimental installation that makes it possible to study the flow of liquids in microcapillaries of various shapes. Comparison of the results between series of experiments showed a high degree of repeatability, which eliminates the errors of the measurements. The obtained data were analyzed and compared with theoretical calculations.

Photocatalytic degradation of Perchloroethylene by a lab-scale continuous-flow annular photoreactor packed with glass beads carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

In this study, the amount of photocatalytic degradation of perchloroethylene in the gas phase was investigated by a fixed bed continuous-flow tubular photoreactor. The photoreactor consists of a cylindrical glass tube, was filled with glass beads coated with nanoparticles of TiO2, TiO2 doped carbon (TiO2-C). These nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method and deposited on glass beads using the sol-gel dip technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were used for the characterization of synthesized materials. The effect of different parameters such as relative humidity, residence time, PCE concentration on the photocatalytic degradation process was investigated by ultraviolet irradiation to achieve the highest possible degradation efficiency. The PCE degradation and byproduct species were monitored and identified with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer device (GC-MS). Under the optimum experimental conditions, the photocatalytic activities of TiO2, TiO2-C were investigated and compared together. The results showed that photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for degradation of PCE was extremely increased when doped with carbon. For TiO2-C catalyst, under UV irradiation (3000 ppm initial PCE concentration, 30% humidity and 1 min residence time) approximately 96% of the initial PCE was degraded.

Water Absorption Enhancement of Sodium Poly Acrylate and Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) Based Hydrogel Mixtures

Introduction: Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymers which are cross-linked to form three-dimensional structures, which can absorb, swell and retain huge amounts of water or aqueous fluids. Objective: This paper reports the preparation and characterisation of Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) (PAMPS) hydrogel with different crosslinking intensities. Methodology: 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) monomer was purchased from Alfa Aesar Company as reagent grade. It was used as received (>98% purity) without any further purification. PAMPS hydrogel was prepared by free radical crosslinking solution polymerization of AMPS in water at room temperature under a nitrogen blanket in cylindrical glass tubes. The characteristics of the obtained PAMPS hydrogel were compared with those of commercial sodium polyacrylates hydrogel. Results: It was found that decreasing the crosslinker weight improved the absorbance capacity but to a limit. The suggested reasons were discussed. The mixture showed higher absorbance rate than PAMPS, and bigger absorbance capacity than sodium polyacrylates. Conclusion: This paper investigates the effect of crosslinker ratio on the swelling capacity of PAMPS. It was found that as the crosslinking ratio decreases, the porosity of the hydrogel increases, thus improving the swelling capacity.

Numerical simulations and experimental investigations to study the melting behavior of beeswax in a cylindrical container at different angular positions

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are widely used in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems (LHTES). This work aims to study the melting behavior of low-temperature phase change materials in cylindrical containers placed at different angular positions. Simulations were performed using ANSYS FLUENT by applying the enthalpy porosity model to analyze melting of beeswax in a cylindrical glass tube subject to an isothermal wall condition. The tube was placed at angular positions of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° to the horizontal in order to study the effect of angular position on melting behavior. The simulation results were then validated by performing experiments and capturing images at regular intervals of time to track the solid-liquid interface. Image processing using MATLAB was performed on the captured images to study the variation of melt fraction as a function of time. It is observed that the experimental results were in good agreement with the simulations. From these studies, it was observed that the total melting time increases with the angle of tilt from 0° to 90° Initially, the melting progressed similar to the analytical solutions of one-dimensional phase-change heat transfer. As the melting continued, the experimental and numerical results deviated from the analytical solutions and the rate of melting increased due to convection effects. The results obtained in this study can be used to predict the melting behavior of PCMs in a solar flat plate collector kept at different angular inclinations. This result can be kept in mind while designing a thermal energy storage system to set an appropriate angle to match the cycle time of the system.

Novel 3D-printed Electrodes for Implantable Biopotential Monitoring.

A major bottleneck in the manufacturing process of a medical implant capable of biopotential measurements is the design and assembly of a conductive electrode interface. This paper presents the use of a novel 3D-printing process to integrate conductive metal surfaces on a low-temperature co-fired ceramic base to be deployed as electrodes for electrocardiography (ECG) implants for small animals. In order to fit the ECG sensing system within the size of an injectable microchip implant, the electronics along with a pin-type lithium-ion battery are inserted into a cylindrical glass tube with both ends sealed by these 3D printed composite electrode discs using biomedical epoxy. In the scope of this paper, we present a proof-of-concept in vivo experiment for recording ECG from an avian animal model under local anesthesia to verify the electrode performance. Simultaneous recording with a commercial device validated the measurements, demonstrating promising accuracy in heart rate and breathing rate monitoring. This novel technology could open avenues for the mass manufacturing of miniaturized ECG implants.Clinical relevance- A novel manufacturing process and an implantable system are presented for continuous physiological monitoring of animals to be used by veterinarians, animal scientists, and biomedical researchers with potential future applications in human health monitoring.

Simplified photogalvanic cell design with promise for the enhanced solar electricity generation and storage

AbstractPhotogalvanicists have conventionally used complicated, multichambered, sophisticated, and very costly cell designs for solar electricity and storage. We authors have simplified cell design with encouraging electrical output as well. We authors have used a simple, cheap, and one‐chambered cell design based on cylindrical glass tubes instead of the costly, conventional, and complex H‐shaped glass tube‐based cell fabrication design. The study has been done under similar electrolytic and illuminating conditions for different cell designs based on various blackened H‐shaped glass tubes of the different diffusion lengths, nonblackened simple glass boiling tube, blackened simple glass boiling tube, and simple noncoated glass beakers. Nonblackened glass tube‐based cell design has shown very good electrical output, that is, power 439 μW, current 2100 μA, potential 1045 mV, efficiency 6.1%, and storage capacity 130 minutes. Under similar chemical and illuminating conditions, the electrical output of cells fabricated of the simple glass tube is as good as that of the conventional cells made from the complex H‐shaped glass tube. Furthermore, the cell design based on a simple cylindrical glass tube is three‐edged more advantageous (in terms of the cost, electrical output, and ease of fabrication) over all other cell designs reported so far.

Plasmon Resonances in a Cluster Formed by a Convex–Concave Silver Nanocylinder with Two Cylindrical Glass Inserts

Plasmon Resonances in a Cluster Formed by a Convex–Concave Silver Nanocylinder with Two Cylindrical Glass Inserts

Fluence enhancement of a 4 MeV-C4+ ion beam transmitted through a cylindrical glass channel after charging

We have developed a glass channel to guide ions heavier than protons and alpha particles with kinetic energies of several MeVs. The fluence of a 4 MeV-C4+ ion beam transmitted through the cylindrical glass channel (CGC) was measured by counting the number of etch pits using a CR39 solid-state nuclear track detector. After charge of the CGC using the incident ions with 31 nC, the fluence of the transmitted ions increased by 23%–26% at an angle of 0° with respect to the ion beam axis, compared to that before the charging process. In this case, the kinetic energy of the ions transmitted through the CGC maintained the incident kinetic energy of 4.0 MeV in absence of preceding charge up.

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge for sustainable biofuels and value-added biochar production

The study deals with the pyrolysis of sewage sludge to produce eco-friendly and sustainable fuels along with value-added biochar products. The experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed cylindrical glass reactor in the temperature range of 250–700 °C and achieved the product yield of 22.4 wt% bio-oil, 18.9 wt % pyrolysis gases, and 58.7 wt% biochar at 500 °C optimum temperature. The chemical composition of bio-oil was investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy and fourier transformation infrared techniques. The ASTM standard procedures were used to assess the fuel qualities of bio-oil, and they were found to be satisfactory. Bio-oil has a greater H/C ratio (3.49) and a lower O/C ratio (1.10), indicating that it is suitable for engine use. The gas chromatographic analysis of pyrolysis gases confirmed the presence of 41.16 wt % combustible gases, making it suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. X-ray fluorescence analysis of biochar showed that it had a good amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium along with some micro-and macro-nutrient which proves its potential to utilize as organic manure in the agriculture sector. In addition, the data obtained from the TGA analysis during the pyrolysis of sewage sludge was applied to calculate kinetic parameters via the Coats-Redfern method.