Cyanoacrylate Adhesives Research Articles

Comparison of sodium naphthenate and air-ionization corona discharge as surface treatments for the ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer (ETFE) to improve adhesion between ETFE and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS) in the presence of a cyanoacrylate adhesive (CAA)

This study compares two ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) surface activation treatments, namely chemical attack with a solution of sodium naphthenate and plasma erosion via air-ionization corona discharge in order to improve the adhesive properties of the ETFE. An experimental design was prepared for both treatments in order to assess the effect of the treatment characteristics on the tensile load needed to break the bond between the ETFE and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS) formed with a cyanoacrylate adhesive (CAA) applied between them. The reason for the selection of this problem is that both polymers are frequently used in the biomedical industry for their properties, and they need to be joined firmly in biomedical devices, and the cyanoacrylate adhesive is the adhesive traditionally used for fluoropolymers, in this case the ETFE, and the same CAA has also shown good adhesion with ABS. However, the strength of the bond for the triplet ETFE-CAA-ABS has not been reported and the improvement of the strength of the bond with surface treatments is not found in scholarly journals for modern medical devices such as stents and snares. Both treatments were compared based on the aforementioned design of experiments. The case where ETFE receives no surface treatment serves as the reference. The results indicated that the three factors evaluated (initial drying of the material, temperature of the chemical bath, and immersion time), and their interactions have no significant effect over the tensile load at failure (tensile strength) of the adhesive bond being evaluated. For the air-ionization corona discharge treatment, two factors were evaluated: discharge exposition time and air pressure. The results obtained from this experimental design indicate that there is no significant difference between the levels of the factors evaluated. These results were unexpected as the ranges used were representative of the maximum ranges permissible in manufacturing operations. As for the comparison of the treatments, it was determined that the treatments have statistically significant differences. It was also determined that there is a significant statistical difference between the processes where a surface treatment is performed and the process where no surface treatment is applied to the ETFE. The chemical treatment results in a higher tensile load at failure (tensile strength) of 276.6 N on average, the air ionization treatment has an average of 248.4 N, and the process with no treatment has the lower ultimate tensile strength average of 53 N. This comparison has demonstrated that the best treatment is the chemical treatment with sodium naphthenate under the conditions tested.

Glass fibre polyester composite with in vivo vascular channel for use in self-healing

The embedment of adhesive-filled hollow glass fibres (HGF) has been reported as a way of combating micro-crack development in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) structures. However, hollow fibres can critically undermine the effectiveness of self-healing systems and have been reported to be a potential impediment to the healing agent flow path. On the other hand, attempting to use non-hollow vascular systems in higher dimensions has largely been restricted to bulk polymers that lack reinforcing fibres. This paper investigates an alternative technique where a simple two-dimensional (2D) network of hollow channels is created within a glass-fibre-reinforced polyester-composite structure. The network is created using a fugitive preforming material at the ply level of interest, similar to a direct ink writing procedure. The temporary structure is extracted as a part of the curing and post-curing processes. The channels formed are used to deliver cyanoacrylate adhesive (CA) to areas that have been damaged under a flexural three-point bending test. Subsequent post-repair mechanical testing, under the same mode, evaluates the success of the repair process. The results show good recovery of the stiffness, a paramount mechanical property, and indicate how the grade of the repairing agent used influences the recovered loading strength of the FRP samples.

Cyanoacrylate Adhesives in Surgical Applications

Cyanoacrylate Adhesives in Surgical Applications

A Randomised Study On Skin Closure in Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy: Modern Tissue Adhesive (Cyanoacrylate) Versus Conventional Intracutaneous Suture.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare the modern tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate (Liquiband) to conventional, intracut. suture and dressing, with regard to wound characteristics, time consumption, patients' self-satisfaction and cost. Material & Methods: 64 donors, subjected to laparoscopic hand-ass. nephrectomy, were randomized to skin closure either with tissue adhesive (n=32) or suture (n=32). The follow-up assessments were carried out on postop. days 2, 4 and at departure; evaluated by the use of a previously set numerical scale for rubor, secretion, gaps, oedema and blisters. Infections and complications/reinterventions were recorded, as well as skin closure time and costs. Results:Table: No Caption available.There were significant results in favour of tissue adhesive regarding wound closure time and the wound characteristics ‘rubor’, ‘blisters’ and ‘oedema’ (t-test **: p<0.05; *: p<0.10; with the *- indicated group demonstrating favourable results). Whereas, the wound parameters ‘secretion’ and ‘gaps’ altogether showed a rather evident tendency in favour of suture, partially at significant levels. A low rate of complications/reop./infections did not give rise to any significant differences.Figure: No Caption available.Top: Liquiband glued Pfannenstiel incision Bottom: Conventionally intracut. sutured incision; Both at postop. day 6. Conclusion: Our study concludes that gluing is significantly faster, less traumatic by avoiding needle penetrations and seems particularly suitable for small, laparoscopic/trocar incisions.

Skin Closure in Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy: Modern Tissue Adhesive versus Conventional Intracutaneous Suture—A Randomized Study

Purpose. To compare the modern tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate (Liquiband) to conventional, intracutaneous suture and dressing, with regard to wound characteristics, time consumption, donors’ self-satisfaction, and cost. Methods. Sixty-four kidney donors, subjected to laparoscopic hand-assisted nephrectomy, were randomly assigned to skin closure either with tissue adhesive (n=32) or suture (n=32). The follow-up assessments were carried out on postoperative days 2, 4 and at departure, evaluated by the use of a previously set numerical scale for rubor, secretion, gaps, oedema, and blisters. Infections and complications/reinterventions were recorded, as well as operative/skin closure time and costs. The donors’ self-satisfaction was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Results. There were significant results in favour of tissue adhesive regarding wound closure time and the wound characteristics “rubor,” “blisters,” and “oedema.” Although, the wound parameters “secretion” and “gaps” altogether showed a rather evident tendency in favour of suture, partially at significant levels. A low rate of complications/reoperations/infections did not give rise to any significant differences. Conclusion. Our study concludes that gluing is significantly faster, less traumatic by avoiding needle penetrations, but associated with an increased rate of secretion and gaps—presumably depending on gluing technique. Glue seems particularly suitable for small, laparoscopic/trocar incisions.

Clinical and histological effects of the temporary occlusion of the rabbit nasolacrimal duct and point using cyanoacrylate adhesives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histological effects of occluding the nasolacrimal ducts and points of rabbits. For this study, 20 adult New Zealand rabbits, both males and females, weighing 3.2±0.4kg were allocated into two groups for n-butyl-cyanoacrylate occlusion (GB, n=10) or 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate occlusion (GO, n=10). The contralateral eyes served as the controls. The persistence of tears was evaluated daily using the Schirmer I test. Discomfort, eye discharge, epiphora, and conjunctival hyperemia were assessed prior to the procedure (T0) and during the 14 subsequent days (T1-T14). On days seven and 14, five animals from each group were euthanized, and their nasolacrimal ducts were collected, processed and analyzed by histology. In the GB group, the Schirmer test values differed from that at T0 at all of the subsequent time points, whereas there was no difference in the values observed from the GO group. Compared with the corresponding controls, the GO and GB groups differed significantly at almost all of the time points. When comparing the treatment groups, differences were found at T6, T7, T9, T10, T11, T12 and T14, with higher Schirmer values in the GB group. Epiphora was observed in the GB group from T1 to T8 and in the GO group from T1 to T6. Within seven days post-occlusion, histology revealed a moderate foreign body reaction, with marked necrosis and sloughing of the canalicular epithelium, in the GO group, which was absent at day 14. In the GB group, a marked inflammatory reaction and a mild foreign body reaction were found at day seven, and the foreign body reaction was prevalent at day 14. This study demonstrated that both adhesives were effective in obstructing the nasolacrimal ducts and points of rabbits and that their application and handling are easy and free of complications. However, both adhesives promoted inflammatory and foreign body reactions that evolved to repair and regeneration at day 14 of evaluation.

Use of cyanoacrylate adhesives in dermal lesions: a review

Sutures have traditionally been considered the preferred choice for the mechanical closure of tissue injuries. However, suturing implies an additional trauma to the wound. The search for a quick, painless method with good aesthetic results has prompted a number of publications and studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of synthetic tissue adhesives (cyanoacrylate adhesives) and other biological sealants (fibrin glue and others) as an alternative to standard suturing. The therapeutic applications covered by the literature on cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are most varied. This literature review seeks to show the evolution over time of the methods and results obtained by scientific research on the use of biological adhesives for dermal closure, by collecting existing data on aspects relative to cyanoacrylates and their application on dermal lesions from papers published over the past 50 years. Such a review is novel in the existing literature. In recent decades, the use of cyanoacrylate-based adhesives for the closure of dermal lesions in different surgical areas has spread thanks to the positive results reported by the vast majority of the studies. New avenues for tissue adhesive production are being explored currently. The prospects for these adhesives are positively appraised, though potential disadvantages and contraindications must be borne in mind.

LiquiBand® Surgical S topical adhesive versus sutures for the closure of laparoscopic wounds. A randomized controlled trial

Cyanoacrylate adhesives offer the surgeon and patient an alternative to subcuticular suturing. LiquiBand® Surgical S (LBSS) is a new formulation with a blend of monomeric n-butyl and 2-octyl cyanoacrylates. In this study, the effectiveness, safety, and clinical utility of LBSS was compared to Vicryl™ sutures for the closure of laparoscopic incisions. This was a prospective randomized study of LBSS skin adhesive versus Vicryl™ sutures for the topical closure of laparoscopic surgical incisions. Subjects were asked to return at 2 weeks postsurgery to report complications and adverse events. Wounds were evaluated for apposition and cosmesis using a modified Hollander Wound Evaluation Scale (HWES). The Shapiro–Wilk test of normality was done. Independent-samples T test, Mann Whitney U test, and chi-square test were used to compare variables between the two wound closure methods. A total of 114 subjects participated in this trial completing all aspects of the study. Fifty-five subjects received sutures for topical wound closure, with 59 subjects receiving LBSS. Surgeons were found to be satisfied with 100 % of all applications using the LBSS device. One hundred percent of wounds closed with sutures and 98.9 % wounds closed with LBSS achieving an optimal HWES of 0. There was no statistical difference in cosmesis or complications for either method. Closure with LBSS was significantly faster by a mean of 2 min. LiquiBand® Surgical S is as good as sutures for the closure of laparoscopic wounds in terms of cosmesis and complications with the added benefit of being significantly faster.

Cyanoacrylate–POSS nanocomposites: Novel adhesives with improved properties for dental applications

ObjectivesThis study evaluates the effect of incorporation of an acrylate polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanostructure (APOSS) on the physical and mechanical properties and hydrolytic stability of octyl cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesives. Materials and methodsCA was photopolymerized under irradiation of visible light using 1-phenyle-1,2-propandione (PPD), and 2,3-botanedione (BD) as photoinitiators. Following the polymerization shrinkage kinetics of the adhesives, the initiator concentration was optimized. Mechanical properties of the bulk CA–APOSS nanocomposites, including flexural strength and modulus, were investigated. Miroshear bond strength of dental composite bonded to human dentin applying the CA–APOSS adhesives was also determined. The effect of APOSS on the stability of CA adhesive against hydrolysis studied performing solubility, water uptake, and aging tests. ResultsThe results revealed higher efficiency of BD in comparison to PPD. A 3% (mol/mol) of BD was obtained as the optimum photoinitiator concentration. The incorporation of APOSS increased the polymerization shrinkage rate of the CA adhesives. The flexural strength of CA adhesive was significantly improved incorporating less than 20wt.% APOSS while an increasing trend was observed in the flexural modulus with the nanostructures loading. The microshear bond strength to dentin was also enhanced using 10wt.% APOSS as reinforcing/crosslinking nanofillers. A decrease in the solubility and water sorption was the result of incorporation of APOSS in CA adhesives. Degradation due to the hydrolysis in water was diminished in the specimens containing APOSS nanostructures, revealed after aging in water at 37°C. SignificanceCA adhesives are good soft tissue adhesives which their low mechanical properties and lack of hydrolytic stability has made them less interesting in the applications deal with hard tissues. The study shows that the incorporation of POSS nanostructures into CA could reduce the drawbacks.

EMPREGO DA COLA DE CIANOACRILATO EM FERIDAS CUTÂNEAS DE ASININOS

We evaluated the use of adhesive cyanoacrylate ester in the synthesis of skin wounds of donkeys by analyzing the duration of surgery and healing process. For this, we used five clinically healthy, male donkeys, weighing 103 ± 8.5 kg, in which we performed a 10 cm skin incision in the dorsal-ventral direction, in the thoraco-lateral region, ventral to the scapula and caudal to the withers on both sides. The adjacent tissue was brought together with 2-0 simple catgut and approximation of the skin on one side with nylon (Control Group) and on the opposite side with adhesive (treatment group). We assessed the wounds daily and clinically and by light microscopy after 10, 20 and 30 days. The cyanoacrylate glue proved to be a viable alternative for cutaneous synthesis of donkeys, for reducing the time of surgical procedure in 35.3%, and for allowing a good coaptation of the edges of the wound, without interfering with the healing process. KEYWORDS: cutaneous adhesive; dermorraphy; equine.

Local drug delivery by personalized, intraoperative custom-made implant coating

Local administration of drugs can enhance regeneration, prevent infection, or treat postsurgical pain. If used in conjunction with implants, coating strategies should allow the choice of a drug or combination of drugs, their doses, localization, and release due to intraoperative considerations. Current coating technologies lack the ability for personalized medicine strategies. Here, we describe a new intraoperative strategy for drug delivery that allows a personalized approach as local drug delivery by implant coating. A polyvinylalcohol (PVA) patch provides rapid attachment to implant surfaces by cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesives. The CA polymerization was initiated by water uptake of the patch due to exposure to a humid environment. The coating strength depended on the type of the CA, the time of external pressing load and humidification, the properties of the patch and the implant surface. The CA adhesive penetrated and polymerized within the patch without impeding the bioactivity of the embedded molecules or strongly altering the protein release pattern after attachment to the implant surface. The use of CA in combination with the PVA patch proved to be noncytotoxic in vitro. This technology platform opens the possibility for personalized medicine to locally administer drugs due to intraoperative requirements.

Repair of fistulae in-ano in children using image guided Histoacryl injection after failure of conservative treatment

PurposeOur aim is to determine the feasibility and safety of N Butyl Cyanoacrylate (HISTOACRYL), adhesive material in the treatment of fistula in-ano in infants and children. Patients and Methods30 patients who presented with a perianal fistula (25 males and 5 females) were studied. Their ages ranged from 9 months to 15 years. All patients received medical (conservative) treatment. Six patients improved, 7 patients were subjected to surgical intervention, and the remaining 17 patients were managed by injection of adhesive material through the fistula under fluoroscopic guidance and general anesthesia after failure of medical management. ResultsOf the 17 children who underwent injection therapy to the fistula in-ano after failed medical management, 14 patients were males. The procedure time was 10 to 15min. The mean follow up was 18months. Two patients had a recurrence after one to two months. They were subjected to reinjection, and one of them had a second recurrence. Overall, 16 (94%) of 17 patients have had successful closure of their fistula, and one of them healed from a second injection. ConclusionOur method of tissue adhesive Cyanoacrylate injection is safe, feasible, and can be used repeatedly in treatment of fistula in-ano in infants and children.

The Synthesis of Isocyanated DOPA Derivatives for Bioadhesives Application: Part I

ABSTRACTBioadhesives or surgical adhesives are an attractive and alternative material for suturing or stapling. The fibrin‐based and cyanoacrylate adhesives are mostly used nowadays, but they still have some problems that are difficult to solve. The urethane‐based adhesive has been considered as the most promising material because they are biocompatible and able to react with the amine groups of proteins on the living tissues. Its curing is, however, not satisfactory due to the aliphatic isocyanates used for its biocompatibility. Therefore, in this work, l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) as a third component from mussel's adhesive proteins was introduced to the urethane prepolymer to enhance the adhesive ability through a series of chemical reactions such as esterification, amidation, and handling of protection groups. Demethylation with two different experimental conditions was also evaluated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21338; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21338

Cytotoxicity Testing of Methyl and Ethyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Using Direct Contact Assay on Osteoblast Cell Cultures

Cyanoacrylate has been used as a commercial tissue adhesive. Recently, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate has been suggested for the fixation of onlay autogenous bone graft. However, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate must be biocompatible with bone tissue. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of cyanoacrylate adhesives using a direct contact assay on human oral osteoblast cells. Osteoblastic cells derived from human alveolar bone of the mandible were cultured with or without cyanoacrylate. The CA1 group contained methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, the CA2 group contained ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate, and the CA3 group did not contain cyanoacrylate (control). This study investigated cell morphology, which included the inhibition zone, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which was measured as optical density. Data from the MTT assay were tested statistically using SigmaStat 3.5. Dead cells found around the CA1- and CA2-treated cells constituted inhibitory zones that varied from 200 to 500 μm. There was no inhibitory zone in the CA3 group. Cell viability evaluated by the MTT assay showed that the CA2 and CA3 optical densities were not significantly different. The CA1 optical densities differed significantly from the CA3 optical densities. Within the limits of this study, the MTT method supported the conclusion that ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate is biocompatible according to a direct contact assay on human osteoblast cell cultures and suggests its usefulness in bone graft fixation.

Detecting the efficacy of cyanoacrylate onto bronchial closure on an animal model

Bronchopleural fistula is a serius complication that may lead to mortality following pulmonary resection. In our study, it was aimed to investigate the efficacy of tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate onto bronchial closure methods. During this experimental study totally 40 sheep lung and trachea were removed together for either manuel closure, stapler or cyanoacrylate. After left pneumonectomy, four groups was formed; in group I, 4/0 Premilene® suture was used with continuous horizontal matrix + over and over sutures. Bronchial stapler was used in group II. In group III, same techniques were used with group I and cyanoacrylate was applied. In group IV, bronchial suturing was achieved using 4/0 Premilene® in a continuous horizontal suture and then cyanoacrylate was applied. Each specimen was intubated with an endotracheal tube which was connected to a sphgmomanometer. The pressure level causing air bubbles was recorded inside the water. The median leakage pressure (300 mmHg) was significantly higher in group III (p0.05). Tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate was successful in preventing the leakage of bronch. We suggest that more expanded studies will provide cyanoacrylate to be used in bronchial closure after the pneumonectomy.

Adesivo cirúrgico de etil-2-cianoacrilato em lobectomia parcial em ratos

To determine the efficacy of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive in repairing the lung parenchyma after partial lobectomy in rats, in terms of hemostasis/aerostasis, scarring, and surgical time. The study involved 30 Wistar rats, randomly divided into five groups (one control group and four study groups). In the study groups, the lung parenchyma was repaired with either cyanoacrylate adhesive or surgical suture following resection of a small or large fragment (25% or 50%, respectively) of the left caudal lung lobe. Surgical time and hemostasis time were shorter in the two groups treated with the adhesive than in the two submitted to suture. There were no significant differences among the groups regarding specific lung compliance. Adherences and inflammatory reactions were more severe in the groups submitted to suture. In this study, the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive helped reduce the surgical time and the intensity of inflammatory reactions, as well as preserving lung compliance. Cyanoacrylate adhesives should be considered an option for lung parenchyma repair, decreasing the risk of complications after partial lobectomy in humans.

Photo‐crosslinkable cyanoacrylate bioadhesive: Shrinkage kinetics, dynamic mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of adhesives containing TMPTMA and POSS nanostructures as crosslinking agents

The study investigates the photo-polymerization shrinkage behavior, dynamic mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of cyanoacrylate bioadhesives containing POSS nanostructures and TMPTMA as crosslinking agents. Adhesives containing 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) and different percentages of POSS nanostructures and TMPTMA as crosslinking agents were prepared. The 1-phenyl-1, 2-propanedione (PPD) was incorporated as photo-initiator into the adhesive in 1.5, 3, and 4 wt %. The shrinkage strain of the specimens was measured using bonded-disk technique. Shrinkage strain, shrinkage strain rate, maximum and time at maximum shrinkage strain rate were measured and compared. Mechanical properties of the adhesives were also studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Biocompatibility of the adhesives was examined by MTT method. The results showed that shrinkage strain increased with increasing the initiator concentration up to 3 wt % in POSS-containing and 1.5 wt % in TMPTMA-containing specimens and plateaued out at higher concentrations. By increasing the crosslinking agent, shrinkage strain, and shrinkage strain rate increased and the time at maximum shrinkage strain rate decreased. The study indicates that the incorporation of crosslinking agents into the cyanoacrylate adhesives resulted in improved mechanical properties. Preliminary MTT studies also revealed better biocompatibility profile for the adhesives containing crosslinking agents comparing to the neat specimens.

Investigation of hydrogen cyanide generation from the cyanoacrylate fuming process used for latent fingermark detection

Cyanoacrylate fuming is one of the most common techniques employed for the detection of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces such as plastic and glass. The technique is generally applied by exposing items of interest to the vapours generated by heating a suitable quantity of commercial cyanoacrylate adhesive. In this study, the potential for highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to be generated from the overheating of cyanoacrylate was investigated. Two commercial cyanoacrylate adhesives and two quantitative methods for the determination of HCN were employed: (i) the sodium picrate method; and (ii) the picrate-resorcinol method. (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was used to confirm the presence of cyanide. In addition, the thermal decomposition of cyanoacrylate was studied using simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). It was determined that detectable and quantifiable amounts of HCN were generated from the thermal decomposition of cyanoacrylate monomer and polymer at temperatures as low as 200 °C. Using an optimised picrate-resorcinol method, it was shown that around 10 μg of HCN could be generated from the heating of 1g of cyanoacrylate monomer at 200 °C. For one of the adhesives tested, this increased to above 100 μg of HCN when 1g of cyanoacrylate monomer was heated at 280 °C. Recommendations are provided that, if followed, should ensure that the cyanoacrylate fuming process can be safely applied with minimal risk to the operator.

Graft Uptake Rates with Isoamyl‐2‐Cyanoacrylate in Myringoplasty Procedures

To assess graft uptake rates with the use of cyanoacrylate adhesives in myringoplasty procedures. Case series with chart review. Setting. Tertiary care center. Five hundred forty-two patients selected with safe central perforations were divided into 4 groups based on perforation size and each divided into 2 subgroups depending on the presence or absence of preexisting pathology on the remnant tympanic membrane. Myringoplasty without ossicular reconstruction was done postaurally or by transcanal approach, with inlay graft placed and adhesive applied. Ear pack was removed on the seventh postoperative day. Graft uptake rates, graft uptake time (neotympanum intact and mobile), and postoperative sequelae were noted. Graft uptake was about 99% at 3 months postsurgery. Residual perforation was seen in 2 patients in group 2 and 1 in group 4 and thinned-out tympanum in 1 patient in group 4. Mean uptake time was 21 days. Neotympanum mobility was sluggish in 9 cases postoperatively in group 4 and in 2 cases in group 3. Patients with successful (neotympanum intact and mobile) graft uptake showed significant improvement. Postoperative inflammatory signs in the external auditory canal were seen in 3 cases. Cyanoacrylate use in myringoplasty obtains graft uptake rates of 99% compared with most studies, which report 80% to 90%. This also allows removal of the pack by the seventh day, allowing close follow-up of the graft and less patient discomfort. Importantly, it has not interfered with the formation of the neotympanum or compromised hearing improvement.

A Comparison of 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Adhesives versus Conventional Suture Materials for Eyelid Wound Closure in Rabbits

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and histopathological tolerance of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate versus conventional suture materials for eyelid wound closure in rabbits.MethodsWe performed an experimental study on 16 eyes of eight New Zealand albino rabbits. Eyelid incisions of 15 mm were done 4mm from the upper eyelid margin in both eyes. The eyes of the rabbits were divided into two groups: eyelid incisions of the right eye were closed by a 2-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesive (group A) and eyelid incisions of the left eye were closed by 7-0 nylon sutures (group B). At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery, the rabbits were macroscopically examined and then sacrificed. The specimens of their eyelid tissues were stained by a hematoxylin and eosin stain and Masson-trichrome stain, and were observed under microscope.ResultsBoth eyelid surgical closure methods were found to be equally efficacious in fixing the eyelids of groups A and B, and their clinical efficacy was similar. Histopathological findings of the hematoxylin and eosin stain of group A showed less inflammatory infiltration than group B at 2 weeks. There were no significant histopathological differences between the two groups at 1, 4, and 8 weeks. The degree of fibrosis of the Masson-trichrome stain was similar between the two groups at 8 weeks.ConclusionsThe 2-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesive proved to be an effective eyelid closure method and was very well tolerated by the skin surface. 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate could be used as an alternative tissue adhesive for eyelid wound closure along with conventional suture materials.