Cyanoacrylate Adhesives Research Articles

Biocompatibility of adhesive complex coacervates modeled after the sandcastle glue of Phragmatopoma californica for craniofacial reconstruction

Craniofacial reconstruction would benefit from a degradable adhesive capable of holding bone fragments in three-dimensional alignment and gradually being replaced by new bone without loss of alignment or volume changes. Modeled after a natural adhesive secreted by the sandcastle worm, we studied the biocompatibility of adhesive complex coacervates in vitro and in vivo with two different rat calvarial models. We found that the adhesive was non-cytotoxic and supported the attachment, spreading, and migration of a commonly used osteoblastic cell line over the course of several days. In animal studies we found that the adhesive was capable of maintaining three-dimensional bone alignment in freely moving rats over a 12 week indwelling period. Histological evidence indicated that the adhesive was gradually resorbed and replaced by new bone that became lamellar across the defect without loss of alignment, changes in volume, or changes in the adjacent uninjured bone. The presence of inflammatory cells was consistent with what has been reported with other craniofacial fixation methods including metal plates, screws, tacks, calcium phosphate cements and cyanoacrylate adhesives. Collectively, the results suggest that the new bioadhesive formulation is degradable, osteoconductive and appears suitable for use in the reconstruction of craniofacial fractures.

Effect of adhesive type on the bending moment capacity of miter frame corner joints

The bending moment capacity was studied under the diagonal tensile and compression loadings of miter corner joints with dovetail fitting in frames made with medium density fiberboard (MDF). The influence of the type of adhesive in the joints with dovetail fitting on bending moment capacity under diagonal tensile and compression loading were considered, and the joints without adhesive were compared. A total of 80 each miter frame corner joint specimens with dovetail fitting were made. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyurethane (PU), and cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesives were used, and 20 specimens were prepared without adhesive (WA) with dovetail fitting. MDF was used as a frame material, as in normal practice. The specimens were subjected to diagonal tensile and compression loadings in accordance with ASTM-D 143-94. The data were analyzed statistically. The highest bending moment capacity under diagonal tensile loading (46.09 Nm) was obtained in the specimens bonded with CA adhesive and the highest bending moment capacity under diagonal compression loading (72.04 Nm) was obtained in the specimens glued with PVAc adhesive. Other than this, since there is no difference between these and the unbonded joints, the PU adhesive was not effective in increasing the bending moment capacity under diagonal tensile loading, and the PU and CA adhesives were not effective in increasing the bending moment capacity under diagonal compression loadings.

Evolution of hemostatic agents in surgical practice

Objective:Topical hemostatic agents are used in a wide variety of surgical settings, and the evolution of this class of surgical tools is an interesting topic. We reviewed and outlined the historical progress of topical hemostats into present day surgery and urology, and highlight opportunities for future research.Materials and Methods:A MEDLINE search of all available literature concerning several classes of topical hemostatic agents was performed. Fibrins sealants, Gelatin sponge hemostatics, cyanoacrylate adhesives, oxidized regenerated cellulose, and microfibrillar collagen were included. References were chosen from a broad range of surgical literature.Results:Topical hemostatic agents have historically taken advantage of a wide variety of mechanisms for hemostasis. Fibrin sealants have a rich history and large potential for further applications. Gelatin sponge hemostatics have been widely used since their introduction, but have changed little. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a unique mechanism and opportunity for novel applications of existing products. Oxidized cellulose was original in the use of plant-based components. Microfibrillar collagen hemostats have evolved to a wide variety of formats.Conclusions:A review of the evolution of topical hemostatic agents highlights opportunities for potential novel research. Fibrin sealants may have the most opportunity for advancement, and understanding the history of these products is useful. With the drive in urology for minimally invasive surgical techniques, adaptation of topical hemostatic agents to this surgical approach would be valuable and offers an opportunity for novel contributions.

Improvement of the thermal stability of cyanoacrylate adhesives

The results of studies of the effect of synthesized modifiers based on cyanosorbic acid on the thermal properties of cyanoacrylate adhesives have been presented.

Modification of cyanoacrylate adhesives with β-vinyl-α-cyanoacrylates

Adhesive properties of β-vinyl-α-cyanoacrylates and their anionic copolymerization with α-cyanoacrylates are studied. The ability of bifunctional β-vinyl-α-cyanoacrylates to enhance the thermal stability of cyanoacrylate adhesives is demonstrated.

STUDY ON REINFORCEMENT OF SPLITTING TIMBER BY DRIVING WEDGE TEST

A method of driving wedge test was proposed in order to qualify the effect of reinforcement on splitting strength of timber. The wedge was quasi-statically driven into timber in its longitudinal direction by structural testing machine, during which the load and displacement were measured until splitting failure. Japanese cedar was employed for the substrate. Eleven sorts of reinforcements, i.e., plywood, rubber plate, steel sheet, punched aluminum plate, PVC sheet, jute, steel wire cloth, glass fiber cloth, carbon fiber cloth, carbon fiber felt, and polyester fiber cloth, were tested. They were attached to the substrate with three types of adhesives, i.e., epoxy resin, poly vinylacetate emulsion, and cyanoacrylate adhesives. The driving wedge test revealed the relationships between the strength of reinforcement and the load of splitting. A high correlation between splitting strength and driving displacement was observed. These results suggest that the simple test method provides consistent data on the splitting behavior of reinforced timber.

Percutaneous transhepatic varices embolization with cyanoacrylate in the treatment of varices

To test the safety and validity of percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE) with tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate. PTVE with cyanoacrylate was performed on 92 patients with gastroesophageal varices, 53 males and 39 females, aged 62.5 (7-84): cyanoacrylate was injected into the varices and the afferent veins. Endoscopy and CT were performed to evaluate the embolization. PTVE was successfully completed in 89 of the 92 patients with a technical success rate of 96.7%, and 3 patients died within 1 month. Among the other 86 patients 3 types of cyanoacrylate embolization were achieved: embolization of coronary vein, vessels around gastric fundus, and variceal lower esophagus veins in 40 patients, embolization of coronary vein, gastric fundus and pericardial varices in 33 patients, and embolization of sole gastric coronary vein stem in 13 patients. Acute variceal bleeding in 18 patients was immediately arrested after the procedure, with an acute bleeding control rate of 100%. Eighty-six patients were followed up for 31.5 (6-52) months. The general variceal recurrence rate was 14.1% (10/71), and the variceal recurrence rate of the coronary vein embolization group was 100% (2/2), significantly higher than those of the groups of esophagus and fundus embolization and gastric fundus and cardia varices embolization [7.5% (3/40) and 17.2% (5/29) respectively, P = 0.006]. The general rebleeding rate was 16.3% (14/86), and the rebleeding rates of the group of coronary vein embolization was 69.2% (9/13), significantly higher than those of the groups of esophagus and fundus embolization and gastric fundus and cardia varices embolization [7.5% (3/40) and 15. 2% (5/33) respectively, P = 0.0092]. No obvious ectopic embolization was found. The mortality was 24.7% (22/89). The cause of rebleeding in coronary vein embolization was mainly recurrent variceal bleeding, whereas that in the group of fundus and esophagus variceal embolization was mainly hypertensive gastropathy. PTVE with cyanoacrylate is safe and effective for the obliteration of gastroesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.

Adhesive strength and curing rate of marine mussel protein extracts on porcine small intestinal submucosa

An adhesive protein extracted from marine mussels ( Mytilus edulis) was used to bond strips of connective tissue for the purpose of evaluating the use of curing agents to improve adhesive curing. Specifically, mussel adhesive protein solution (MAPS, 0.5 mM dihydroxyphenylalanine) was applied, with or without the curing agents, to the ends of two overlapping strips of porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS).The bond strength of this lap joint was determined after curing for 1 h at room temperature (25 °C). The strength of joints formed using only MAPS or with only the ethyl, butyl or octyl cyanoacrylate adhesives were determined. Although joints bonded using ethyl cyanoacrylate were strongest, those using MAPS were stronger than those using butyl and octyl cyanoacrylates. The addition of 25 mM solutions of the transition metal ions V 5+, Fe 3+ and Cr 6+, which are all oxidants, increased the bond strength of the MAPS joints. The V 5+ gave the strongest bonds and the Fe 3+ the second strongest. In subsequent tests with V 5+ and Fe 3+ solutions, the bond strength increased with V 5+ concentration, but it did not increase with Fe 3+ concentration. Addition of 250 mM V 5+ gave a very strong bond.

SURGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES: A REVIEW OF TOXICITY

Cyanoacrylate (CA) and its homologues have a variety of medical and commercial applications as biological adhesives and sealants. Homologues of CA are being widely promoted in surgery as a tissue adhesive to replace traditional suturing techniques. Potential benefits of using CA adhesives include better cosmetic results, more rapid wound closure, and perhaps most significantly, the potential for significant reductions in percutaneous injuries from suture needles, which would in turn also reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, certain concerns have been raised regarding the potential toxicity of CA within patients, as well as among health professionals who are occupationally exposed when using CA compounds. Reported toxicity of CA in the workplace may result in dermatological, allergic and respiratory conditions. To help reduce the occupational burden, therefore, medical staff using CA adhesives should avoid direct contact with the compound and use appropriate personal protective measures at all times. Maintaining higher levels of humidity, optimizing room ventilation and using special air conditioning filters in surgical suites and operating theatres may also be useful in minimizing the exposure to volatile CA adhesives.

Tissue adhesives in corneal cataract incisions

The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the peer-reviewed literature on the use of a variety of tissue adhesives used to seal corneal incisions in cataract surgery. We will review recent publications on the complications, safety profile, and efficacy of currently available and investigational tissue adhesives used for corneal incisions. We will also briefly review the relationship between clear corneal incisions and postoperative endophthalmitis. Tissue adhesives have recently been investigated as alternate methods for corneal wound closure. Cyanoacrylate and fibrin glues are used widely because of their safety and effectiveness in sealing corneal incisions. However, both of these adhesives have certain limitations. For instance, cyanoacrylate adhesives have been shown to cause foreign-body sensation, local inflammatory reaction, and conjunctival hyperemia. Fibrin-based adhesives carry the disadvantages of prolonged preparation time, increased cost, and the theoretical risk of viral transmission. Whereas currently available adhesives offer an alternative to sutures, other novel biomaterials are being evaluated for the sealing of corneal and cataract incisions. Hopefully, these studies will result in an optimal material tailored for ophthalmic use to facilitate wound closure and healing with an improved side-effect and biocompatibility profile.

An investigation into the sample preparation procedure and analysis of cyanoacrylate adhesives using capillary electrophoresis

In this study, the trace acid profile of cyanoacrylate adhesives was studied using capillary electrophoresis. Liquid–liquid extraction was employed as the sample preparation step before separation by capillary electrophoresis. The solubility of the adhesives was investigated using various organic solvents, e.g. hexane and dichloromethane, and chloroform was determined to be the optimum solvent as it enabled the full dissolution of the adhesive. A comprehensive stability study was performed over a 3-year period and results indicate that the adhesives were stable for 2 years after which their stability and performance degraded.

Potential of CE for the determination of inorganic and acidic anions in cyanoacrylate adhesives

In this work, a CZE method with indirect UV detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the inorganic and acidic anions, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, formate, phosphate, diethylphosphate, methyl sulfonate, cyanoacetate, and methacrylate present in cyanoacrylate adhesives. Chromate was employed as the probe ion, and the EOF was reversed by incorporating CTAB into BGE. Detection limits of 0.7-4.6 microg/mL were obtained for all the anions studied. The CE method developed is a significant improvement on traditionally used chromatographic methods such as ion chromatography, as it resulted in shorter analysis times with enhanced separation efficiencies. This method was successfully employed for the analysis of inorganic and acidic anions in cyanoacrylate adhesive samples.

A preliminary study of the degradation of cyanoacrylate adhesives in the presence and absence of fossil material

ABSTRACT Fossils are frequently conserved with cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesives, which have never been scientifically assessed for their long-term stability and suitability for this application. The degradation of three types of CA adhesives were studied: an ethyl CA, an ethyl CA with added poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and a butyl CA, in the presence and absence of five different fossils obtained from various sites. The fossils were characterized by pH, moisture content, porosity, and ash content, as well as by their mineral and elemental composition. Hydrolytic degradation of polymerized CA adhesives was monitored by quantitative determination of formaldehyde, one of the degradation products. Both in the presence and absence of a fossil, butyl CA degraded more slowly than ethyl CA, making it attractive for fossil applications. It was also found that acidic fossil inhibits the degradation of CA adhesives, while neutral or alkaline fossils increase the CA degradation. The CA degradation appears to be correlated to some degree with a fossil's physical and chemical properties, but this requires further study. Further study is also necessary to determine how the observed CA degradation affects the actual fossil/CA bond strength.

Structural health monitoring of a composite bridge using Bragg grating sensors. Part 1: Evaluation of adhesives and protection systems for the optical sensors

The present paper is part of a series of two concerning the structural health monitoring of a road bridge using optical fibre Bragg grating sensors. This bridge named the West Mill Bridge is entirely made of glass and carbon fibre composite materials. The use of Bragg grating sensors was made possible by the development of a bonding methodology and appropriate protection systems for the sensors. The optical sensors were successfully implemented on site and they all survived the construction and installation of the bridge. This first paper focuses on the evaluation of the adhesives and protection system of the sensors. Pullout tests on optical fibres bonded on bridge coupons by the selected adhesives were carried out to evaluate the influence of dry and wet conditions on the fibre bonding. Cyanoacrylate and epoxy adhesives were used in this study. The durability of the sensor protection system that was developed and implemented on the composite bridge was investigated by immersing protected optical sensors in water. The strain development on the sample surfaces during immersion was continuously monitored whereas the integrity of the sensor bonding line was evaluated by performing three-point bending tests at specific time intervals. The first study highlighted that failure mechanism and load of the fibres bonded on bridge coupons were not influenced by the environmental conditions, and that stress concentrations developed during curing of the epoxy adhesive were the reason for lower failure loads and altered failure mechanism. The second study demonstrated that the protection system isolated effectively the sensors from the water, and also that swelling of the bridge samples due to water absorption by the composite material was recorded.

Evaluation of some adhesive materials for repairing gypsum models

The aim of this study was to evaluate some adhesive materials that are used in dentistry for repairing of gypsum cast. The specimens were prepared with dimensions 121×16×10 mm length, width and thickness, respectively. The total number of specimens was 96 (48 specimens for dental plaster, while the other 48 specimens were for dental stone). The length of each specimen was measured and recorded on its surface, then the specimens were fractured into two pieces and reattached together with one of the three adhesive materials, reattachment was done either immediately (time= 0) or after 4 minutes of adhesive application. These specimens were divided into six groups for each gypsum product, which involved: Group 1: Control, unrepaired specimens; group 2: Polycarboxylate cement, time= 0; group 3: Polyacrylic acid solution, time= 0; group 4: Polyacrylic acid solution, time= 4 minutes; group 5: Cyanoacrylate adhesive, time= 0; group 6: Cyanoacrylate adhesive, time= 4 minutes. The length of each specimen was measured again and differences in length for each repaired specimen was measured. Then all specimens were subjected to the flexure of transverse strength test. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results indicated that using of cyanoacrylate adhesive, time= 0 and polyacrylic acid solution, time = 4 minutes had significantly higher transverse strength providing maximum adhesion for each gypsum product. The results of this study also showed that there were dimensional changes with polycarboxylate cement adhesive and such changes not observed with cyanoacrylate and polyacrylic acid solution adhesives.

Technology of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives for Industrial Assembly

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Microneural anastomosis using cyanoacrylate adhesives

We have developed a reliable method of microneural anastomosis using cyanoacrylate adhesives. This method involves overlapping the epineuriums of the two nerve ends and then applying two or three microdrops of cyanoacrylate adhesive on the surface of the epineurium just where the epineuriums overlap. The sciatic nerves of Sprague–Dawley rats were transected and repaired either with 10-0 nylon sutures or by using the described method. Histological evaluation showed no significant difference in the outcome of nerve regeneration between the two groups. It was concluded that the cyanoacrylate repair deserves to be considered as an alternative to the conventional suture technique in microneural anastomosis.

The Use of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives in the Management of Congenital Vascular Malformations

This article outlines the use of liquid acrylic adhesives in the management of congenital vascular malformations. Specifically, the chemical features of cyanoacrylates, including the physical and chemical properties, exovascular use of cyanoacrylates, and the techniques for use of these agents, are discussed.

Tensile bond strength of different adhesive systems between bone and composite compared: an in vitro study

Introduction: The aim was to compare tensile bond strength of three dentine adhesive systems (Excite ®, Clearfil™ New Bond, Etch & Prime ®3.0) and two cyanoacrylate adhesives (Cyano Veneer ®, Histoacryl ®) to animal bone in vitro. Material and Methods: Specimens from five porcine mandibles (diameter 9 mm) with a total thickness of 4 mm (±0.5 mm) and a cortical layer of 1.5 mm (±0.2 mm) were prepared using trephine burs under constant water cooling and under standardized conditions. They were assigned to five experimental groups. Tensile bond strength of five different adhesive agents (Clearfil™ New Bond, Etch & Prime ®3.0, Excite ®, Histoacryl ® and Cyano Veneer ®) was measured 15 min after application and after light curing of a composite material (Tetric ® Ceram, colour A2) added thereupon using a universal testing machine. Qualitative control was performed by scanning electron microscopy, while examining loaded and unloaded specimens. Results: The measured tensile bond strength was as follows: Clearfil™ New Bond 8.00 MPa (±1.36 MPa), Etch & Prime ®3.0 4.05 MPa (±1.52 MPa), Excite ® 2.96 MPa (±1.34 MPa), Histoacryl ® 5.22 MPa (±2.00 MPa), Cyano Veneer ® 4.56 MPa (±0.76 MPa). Clearfil™ New Bond showed significantly higher bond strength than the other four adhesives. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of unloaded specimens showed mixed modes of fracture. As regards the loaded specimens, no tag formation as known for dentine was found. Conclusion: Within the limitations of an in vitro investigation it can be concluded that dentine adhesive systems might be useful for bone bonding. Tensile bond strength of the dentine adhesive systems tested on bone is comparable to that evaluated for dentine in earlier investigations.

Toxicity of cyanoacrylate adhesives and their occupational impacts for dental staff.

Cyanoacrylate (CA) and its homologues have a variety of medical, dental and commercial applications as adhesives. The increasing use of CA in dentistry, particularly as an adhesive and sealing glue, has raised concerns regarding its potential toxicity in humans. Reported toxicity of CA is uncommon in the dental workplace, but may manifest as conditions such as urticaria, contact dermatitis and other dermatoses. Dental staff using CA adhesives should avoid direct contact with CA and use appropriate personal protective measures. Maintaining higher levels of humidity, optimizing room ventilation and using special air conditioning filters in the working environment may be useful in minimising the toxicity of volatile CA adhesives.