Current Level Of Performance Research Articles

Sustainable care for children with cancer: a Lancet Oncology Commission.

We estimate that there will be 13·7 million new cases of childhood cancer globally between 2020 and 2050. At current levels of health system performance (including access and referral), 6·1 million (44·9%) of these children will be undiagnosed. Between 2020 and 2050, 11·1 million children will die from cancer if no additional investments are made to improve access to health-care services or childhood cancer treatment. Of this total, 9·3 million children (84·1%) will be in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. This burden could be vastly reduced with new funding to scale up cost-effective interventions. Simultaneous comprehensive scale-up of interventions could avert 6·2 million deaths in children with cancer in this period, more than half (56·1%) of the total number of deaths otherwise projected. Taking excess mortality risk into consideration, this reduction in the number of deaths is projected to produce a gain of 318 million life-years. In addition, the global lifetime productivity gains of US$2580 billion in 2020-50 would be four times greater than the cumulative treatment costs of $594 billion, producing a net benefit of $1986 billion on the global investment: a net return of $3 for every $1 invested. In sum, the burden of childhood cancer, which has been grossly underestimated in the past, can be effectively diminished to realise massive health and economic benefits and to avert millions of needless deaths.

Organizational Culture and its Relationship to Organization Performance in Ghana Education Service Head Office – Accra

The culture of an organization reflects its performance. Stakeholders who are direct beneficiaries of the Ghana Education Service have often complained of receiving poor service delivery from the organization. Using the Head Office of the organization in Accra, the researcher investigated whether the organization's culture had any relationship with the performance. With both interviews and questionnaires, core areas of the organization such as: Mission, Ethics andAccountability, External Environment, Strategic Planning and Management, Organizational Structure, Leadership and Management, Human Resource Management, Internal and External Communication, Financial Management, Evaluation and Performance Management and Information Technology were assessed. Five divisions of the organization were used for the study. The findings of the study were that the existing culture does not mirror the preferred culture; it was also established that the organization's culture and performance have a mutually reciprocating relationship. The study showed that the current level of performance could be improved if support systems in the area of finance, staff and technology are enhanced. Furthermore the organization should encourage shared leadership and give credit to others when they do the right things. Staff need to be trained in information technology so they can be current in the use of the technology.
 Keywords: Organizational culture; Organizational performance; Organization development.

Methods Used in Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Breast Cancer Detection Using Mammograms: A Review.

According to the American Cancer Society's forecasts for 2019, there will be about 268,600 new cases in the United States with invasive breast cancer in women, about 62,930 new noninvasive cases, and about 41,760 death cases from breast cancer. As a result, there is a high demand for breast imaging specialists as indicated in a recent report for the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. One way to meet this demand is through developing Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer detection and diagnosis using mammograms. This study aims to review recent advancements and developments in CAD systems for breast cancer detection and diagnosis using mammograms and to give an overview of the methods used in its steps starting from preprocessing and enhancement step and ending in classification step. The current level of performance for the CAD systems is encouraging but not enough to make CAD systems standalone detection and diagnose clinical systems. Unless the performance of CAD systems enhanced dramatically from its current level by enhancing the existing methods, exploiting new promising methods in pattern recognition like data augmentation in deep learning and exploiting the advances in computational power of computers, CAD systems will continue to be a second opinion clinical procedure.

A Global Study on ICT Project Performance

There is a perception of low performance in the information communications technology (ICT) industry with various differing opinions as to the source of the low performance. As technology becomes more integrated within all aspects of society the need for high performance is critical. This research focuses on understanding project performance in the ICT industry. Through literature research an analysis and compilation was performed with 56 publications related to project performance factors, reported performance statistics, and solutions to improve ICT project performance. The research findings establish a definition of performance, identify the current level of performance within the ICT industry, identify existing solutions to the ICT industry and a prioritized listing of 25 factors of project performance.

Sixth Grade Students’ Performance, Misconception, and Confidence on a Three-Tier Number Sense Test

Numbers and operations is widely considered the most essential domain in elementary school grades. Nevertheless, elementary students in Indonesia have consistently performed unsatisfactorily on this domain in several international mathematics assessments. This study examined 308 Indonesian sixth grade students’ current performance(s), misconception(s), and confidence level(s) on a three-tier test containing 40 number sense-related questions. The results showed that most of the students performed unsatisfactorily (indicating low number sense) with a relatively high level of confidence and exhibited considerable misconceptions. The percentage of the correct responses (i.e. answers and reasons) was approximately 46.48% for the 40 questions. Specifically, only 25 students (8.12%) had good number sense, while 60.71% of the students held either strong or moderate misconceptions. The students’ strong misconceptions were identified. In addition, other remarkable findings are presented and discussed. Furthermore, the implications of the results and the suggestions for future research are described.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF OLYMPIC-STYLE WEIGHTLIFTING EXERCISES AND VERTICAL JUMPS

ABSTRACTPURPOSE Many types of vertical jumps (VJ) are commonly used to assess the development of the level of explosive strength of lower limbs achieved after a training period. This study is focused on comparing various parameters of different types of VJ with 1 RM in Olympic-style weightlifting, squat and deadlift with an Olympic bar.METHODS Twelve elite weightlifters (men=8; women=4; age 26±4 years, height = 173±8 cm; weight 93±23 kg; weight category from 64 kg to +109 kg) were tested for 1 RM in the following exercises: snatch, clean and jerk, deadlift, squat and variations of VJ on dynamometric plates (Kistler Force Plate). The variations of VJ were: squat jump with the arm swing (SJA) and non-arm swing (SJ), countermovement jump with the arm swing (CMJA) and non-arm swing (CMJ). The parameters compared for each type of VJ were: jump height (m), relative force (% of body weight), relative power (W/kg of body weight) and average power (W). For statistical analysis, the parametric Pearsons correlation coefficient with α=0.05 was used. RESULTS The results show a significant correlation between 1 RM in exercises with an Olympic bar (snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift) and the CMJ, CMJA, SJ and SJA only in the average power output (W) parameter (p<0.05). The significant correlation coefficients in the average power output (W) were for the CMJA and the snatch r=0.96 r2= 0.92, clean and jerk r=0.96 r2= 0.92, back squat r=0.97 r2= 0.94 and deadlift r=0.93 r2= 0.86; CMJ with hands on the hips and the snatch r=0.93 r2= 0.86, clean and jerk r= 0.93 r2= 0.86, back squat r= 0.95 r2= 0.90 and deadlift r= 0.94 r2= 0.88; for the SJA and the snatch r=0.8 r2= 0.64, clean and jerk r=0.81 r2= 0.65, back squat r=0.82 r2= 0.67 and deadlift r=0.78 r2= 0.60; for the SJ with hands on the hips and the snatch r= 0.76 r2= 0.57, clean and jerk r= 0.75 r2= 0.56, back squat r= 0.77 r2= 0.59 and deadlift r= 0.71 r2= 0.50. Significant correlation coefficients were not found for 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift and the CMJ or SJ with and without arm swing in any of the following parameters: jump height (m), relative force (% of body weight), relative power output (W/kg of body weight).CONCLUSION The main finding is that the jump height (m) of the CMJ or SJ with or without arm swing did not correlate significantly with 1 RM in the snatch, clean and jerk, back squat and deadlift. Therefore, jump height measurement can be used as a motivation tool but not to predict maximum strength in Olympic bar exercises, or vice versa. We recommend using the average power output (W) parameter in the CMJ with using arms as a predictor of current performance level in exercises with an Olympic bar for men and women.Key words: snatch, clean and jerk, squat, deadlift, countermovement jump, squat jump

Optimal design of a Small Modular Reactor core with dual cooled annular fuel based on the neutronics and natural circulation parameters

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are the creative design of nuclear reactors that have received considerable attention in recent years. Since there is insufficient operational experience in SMRs, extensive research on these types of reactors may be needed to improve the current level of these systems performance. Also, one of the approaches which can help the enhancement of a reactor power is changing its fuel geometry. For this purpose, as well as decreasing the maximum fuel temperature in the reactors, the technology of annular fuels with the ability of internal and external cooling shows its importance. The nuclear SMRs with annular fuel which is cooled internally and externally has the potential to increase high power density while maintaining a sufficient safety margin. The benefit of the dual cooled annular fuel design is that heat can be transferred to the coolant at both the outer and inner channels. Hence, in this study, for the first time, dual cooled annular fuel in the Small Modular Reactors is considered and studied thoroughly. In this paper, neutronics and natural circulation parameters are calculated for an SMR with Annular Fuel which is cooled internally and externally, with changes of the internal radius. By analyzing the fuel internal radius changes in a specific range via the neutronics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation codes, the effects of power peaking factor, effective multiplication coefficient and natural circulation parameters are investigated. For the purpose of data fitting, an artificial neural network is trained using the observed data. The input consists of different internal radiuses which yields to output consisting effective multiplication factor, power peaking factor and natural circulation parameters. The Optimal geometry of annular fuel is determined using the neural network by implementing the genetic algorithms based on these neutronics and natural circulation parameters. Finally, using a simulated optimal geometry in the hot channel by neutronics and CFD simulations, thermal–hydraulic and neutronics calculations are accomplished, and these parameters are compared with the conventional SMR which uses solid (conventional) fuel. One of the main results of the evaluation is that optimal internally and externally cooled fuel in the presented SMR has a satisfactory margin for the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) and maximum fuel rod temperature relative to the solid fuel which is used in the conventional SMRs. Indeed, fuel center temperature of conventional SMR is much more than that of presented optimal SMR. Also, presented optimal geometry increases the core effective multiplication coefficient which leads to increase in the excess reactivity. Also, reduces total power peaking factor and improves natural circulation parameters compared to the conventional SMR.

The Value of Metacognitive Skills and Intrinsic Motivation for Current and Future Sport Performance Level in Talented Youth Athletes

Purpose: In order to spend training time efficiently, insight in factors that relate to the development of sport performance is highly relevant for competitive athletes and their trainers/coaches. Purpose is to unravel the value of metacognitive skills (MCS) and intrinsic motivation for current and future sport performance level. Methods: Talented youth athletes (n = 103) active in field hockey, basketball and soccer filled in questionnaires for IM and MCS. Level of sport performance was expressed by an adjusted version of the formula for Eliteness of Swann et al. (2015). Correlations between IM, MCS and current sport performance level were calculated and followed by structural equation modelling and regression analysis. For a subsample (n = 41), level of performance was also determined one year later (“future performance level”). Results: Results show that, in contrast to IM (r = -.10), MCS are positively related to current sport performance level (r = .33, p p p < .05) and 18% in future performance level can be explained by MCS. Conclusion: MCS are positively related to sport performance level in youth athletes, not only in the here and now, but even more over one year. With IM as underlying factor, using MCS and especially reflection, may help youth athletes to improve their sport performance.

Assessing the performance of Polish Regional Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Management using DEA model

The public sector is under growing pressure to increase its efficiency. Expectations from the political authorities, local communities, stakeholders and media towards the public-sector entities are high. Modern management methods must be introduced to meet them. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an important method used in comparative studies of public sector efficiency. Voivodeship Funds for Environmental Protection and Water Management (VFEPWMs) are public entities that financially support actions aimed at environmental protection and water management. Their task is to acquire and redistribute financial resources to support projects related to environmental protection. VFEPWMs face the challenge of increasing the use of available funds and the efficiency of their use. The paper presents the use of DEA method — which is as a modern engineering management tool — to evaluate the VFEPWMs performance. In the DEA performance analysis of VFEPWM, it is assumed that each unit may be characterised by their input resources, effects, environmental variables and transformation processes that transform resources into effects. VFEPWMs have better performance if they transform resources into desirable effects (actions) more efficiently. The results of the conducted analysis allow comparing the performance of particular VFEPWMs, to identify model units and to develop benchmarking graphs. The analysis is performed not only to assess the current level of VFEPWM performance but also to acquire information allowing to remove inefficiency.

Factors of high performance in Portugal

PurposeEver since Portugal joined the European Union, Portuguese organisations have been struggling with both the challenges of new competitors flooding in from other European countries and taking advantage of the opportunities the new enlarged integrated market offered them. This is because Portuguese companies have in general low average rates of productivity growth while they lack techniques to improve not only these rates but also overall organisational performance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the high-performance organisation (HPO) framework, a holistic improvement technique developed on the basis of worldwide data, is valid for the Portuguese context and therefore can support Portuguese organisations in their efforts to achieve better performance.Design/methodology/approachManagers in Portuguese organisations, which were found in the Spain balance sheet analysis system database, were approached to fill in the HPO questionnaire on their company. In total, data was received from 163 organisations. This data was subsequently statistically analysed using a confirmatory factor analysis.FindingsThe study shows that the 35 items of the HPO framework are valid for the participating Portuguese organisations and as such form a reliable HPO framework for these organisations. Thus, the HPO framework can be reliably applied at Portuguese organisations to evaluate their current level of organisational performance and to propose recommendations to improve performance.Originality/valueThis research study fills the gap of the currently rather limited literature on the application of holistic and effective improvement techniques in Portugal, and as such future researchers can use the framework to conduct a more in-depth study of performance gains in the Portuguese context. Portuguese managers now have at their disposal a holistic improvement technique validated for their context, so they can use the HPO framework with confidence to start improving their own organisations.

Valence-dependent brain potentials of processing augmented feedback in learning a complex arm movement sequence.

ERPs in the EEG were scrutinized in learning a complex arm movement sequence with the aim to examine valence effects on processing augmented feedback during practice. Twenty-four healthy subjects practiced one session with 192 feedback trials according to an adaptive bandwidth feedback approach with a high informational level of feedback information (i.e., amplitude and direction of errors). The bandwidth for successful performance (increase of a score for a monetary competition) was manipulated to yield a success rate (positive feedback frequency) of approximately 50% adaptive to the current performance level. This allowed a variation of feedback valence unconfounded by success rate. In line with our hypotheses, the EEG data showed a valence-dependent feedback-related negativity (FRN) and a later fronto-central component at the FCz electrode as well as a P300 component at the Pz electrode. Moreover, the P300 and amplitudes in the FRN time window reduced in the second half of practice but were still dependent on feedback valence. Behavioral adjustments were larger after feedback with negative valence and were predicted by the late fronto-central component. The data support the assumption of feedback valence-dependent modulation of attentional cognitive involvement in motor control and learning.

Design of a Small Modular Nuclear Reactor with dual cooled annular fuel and investigation of the fuel inner radius effect on the power peaking factor and natural circulation parameters

Recently, a kind of fuel called “dual-cooled annular fuel” is used in the nuclear reactors, which allows the coolant to flow from the inside and outside of the fuel rod and finally causes a substantial increase in power density. The dual-cooled annular fuel rod has both inner and outer coolant channels. Also, Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are the innovative design of nuclear reactors making remarkable interest during recent years. Since there is not enough available operating experience on SMRs, it might be possible to initiate extensive investigations on these types of reactors for the purpose of improving the current performance level of these systems, significantly.In this paper, for the first time, the core of a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) is designed based on the use of internally and externally cooled annular fuels. And then, neutronics and natural circulation parameters of this type of reactor are analyzed. For this purpose, at the first, the dual-cooled annular fuel under clean and cold conditions is modeled for the different inner clad diameter with same distance gap to gap of fuel rod and effective multiplication factor has been calculated. Then, these annular fuels under full power conditions are modeled for each inner clad diameter and power peaking factor has been calculated. Finally, natural circulation parameters calculations are performed for a simulated fuel rod in the hot channel using computational fluid dynamics simulation codes. These calculations are compared with a conventional NuScale reactor that does not use this kind of fuel. One of the most prominent of its advantages is the ability to moderate more of the neutrons in the reactor core with this type of fuel, which can increase the core effective multiplication, reduce total power peaking factor and improve natural circulation parameters. Increasing of the effective multiplication coefficient at cold and clean condition leads to increase the excess reactivity of the core which increases the operation cycle without refueling and it is useful from fuel management view-point. Also, it was found that by increasing the inner radius by more than 0.5 (cm), the power peaking factor increases, which is due to the more increasing of the pitch lattice relative to the mean free-path and excessive reduction of the mean power-density in the core and, also, increasing the flux gradient.

MRPC with eco-friendly gas

The Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) are used as a timing detector in several particle physics and cosmic ray experiments. The gas mixture of MRPC at current experiments is a mixture containing C2F4H2 and in some cases SF6. C2F4H2 and SF6 have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1430 and 23900 respectively, therefore they are classified as greenhouse gases. The studies to reduce the amount of emission of the greenhouse gas in high energy experiments are underway; the present contribution has been performed as part of this effort. The results have been obtained from the beam test of a small MRPC which has 6 gaps of 220 μm and a sensitive area of 20 × 20 cm2. It has been operated with the ecological HFO-1234ze gas (C3F4H2), and with the C2F4H2/SF6 mixture. We have found that the ecological gas can substitute for the C2F4H2-based gas mixture without significantly compromising the current level of performance.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF FUTURE MOTOR TRANSPORT PROFILE PROFESSIONALS

The research is aimed at determining the main factors of academic success of future specialists in road transport, who require knowledge in one industry, and also qualification for diploma or other relevant document: junior specialist. Statistical analysis of the main factors, in particular: factors determining the educational activity of students; factors contributing to the students’ educational activity and factors influencing the students’ learning activities are conducted. The definition of academic performance was carried out on the basis of several criteria: the level of pre-university training; level of current performance; motivation to get a profession and the distance from the village to the educational institution.Correlation analysis and the least squares method are used to analyze the relationship of data between factors. The correlation field of each factor is graphically shown. Questioning, ranking of such factors of motivation: orientation to the possession of a profession; desire to deliver the session on time; desire not to lose a scholarship; a sense of responsibility to parents and other reasons are given.The results of the study are aimed at identifying the most influential students in academic achievement. Therefore, it is determined that the most influential factor is the student's current performance. As well as mastering the profession is a major motivational aspect.Further research is aimed at addressing the ways of successful learning in an educational setting. The research is also aimed at examining the labor market requirements for the training of competitive road transport professionals.

Analysis of Information Technology Governance Using the COBIT 5 Framework (Case Study: E-Legal Drafting Legal Section of the Regional Secretariat of Salatiga City)

Information Technology (IT) governance is used to manage and optimize IT resources in supporting organizational goals. The Legal Section of the Regional Secretariat of Salatiga City as part of a government organization has built E-Legal Drafting information system to develop the functions of making regional legal products as well as the realization of e-government development in the legal field. The COBIT framework supports IT governance by providing work support to regulate IT alignment with the organization's business objectives. The results of this study are expected to show an overview of the implementation of IT governance in E-Legal Drafting information system from APO domain within the COBIT 5 framework, show the current system information level of capability and performance that is obtained from the measurement of capability levels, and also providing evaluation and recomendation based on the results of the gap analysis to help obtain the quality of information systems expected by the Legal Section of the Regional Secretariat of Salatiga City.

Chemical Structure Control of Metal-Reduced Organic Framework-Supported Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G) has a huge potential in many electrochemical systems such as fuel cells due to the high raw material cost of platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts. However, there is a significant gap between the current level of electrochemical performance of N-G catalysts and that of PGM catalysts. Here we report an advanced metal-reduced organic framework-supported N-G catalyst (N-G/MOF-x) prepared by functionalizing ZIF-8 and N-G using nanoscale high energy wet ball milling method. The chemical structure control of the N-G/MOF was studied by characterizing the variation of elemental composition and chemical bonding composition of synthesized samples throughout targeted grinding speeds. The results proved that the chemical interaction between ZIF-8 and N-G caused the reduction of nitrogen, oxygen and zinc atoms, and also the variation of chemical bonding composition in N-G/MOF-x. The reduction rate of zinc was gradually increased with the increasing grinding speed, and reached to 82% of zinc loss at 650 RPM. The characterization of carbon and nitrogen bonding composition confirmed that the loss of nitrogen, oxygen and zinc atoms was caused by the decomposition of the C-N-Zn heteroatom contents in ZIF-8 and the O-containing functional groups in N-G, and influenced by the grinding speed. The decomposition ZIF-8 not only influenced the pore structure, but also modified the chemical structure and the surface distribution of N functional groups-constituted active sites in N-G/MOF-x. The N-G/MOF catalyst has comparable electrochemical performance to 10 wt% Pt/C catalyst. The successful accomplishment of the N-G/MOF catalysts will provide the substantial way to the cost-effective and fuel-efficient energy conversion system.

Trust and firm performance: A bi-directional study

This paper investigates the relationship between firm performance and trust in the firm. We use a trust measure based on the count of trust words in the Management Discussion and Analysis section of 10-K filings. Our regression results indicate that the current level of trust is associated with improved future performance, while current level of performance is positively related to future improvement in trust. We discuss these results and their managerial, investment and research implications.

SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEVELOPING INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND CHALLENGES IN THIS PROCESS

Individualized education programs (IEP) are special education programs which is prepared for achieving targetted goals for individuals with special needs based on their developmental characteristics, educational performances and needs and includes support educational services for them. It is really important to prepare IEP’s based on the current performance level and needs of the individuals with special needs. Accordingly, it is considered that attitudes of special education teachers towards IEP development process and challenges that they experience in this process are important in terms of the effectiveness of IEP’s within the scope of this research. Therefore, aim of the present study is to determine the attitudes of teachers working at special education centers in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and challenges that teachers experience during this process. A total number of 65 teachers working at special education centers in TRNC participated in this study. “Attitudes towards the IEP Development Process Scale” and “Challenges faced during IEP Development Process Scale” were used to collect the data of the study. Results have been discussed with the relevant findings from literature and conclusions and recommendations have been provided for further research and special education legislation and practices implemented in TRNC.&#x0D; Keywords: individualized education programs (IEP), IEP development process, attitudes, challenges, special education teachers

Analysis of government-supported health-care supply chain enablers: a case study

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and classify (i.e. driving and dependence power) the government-supported health-care supply chain enablers (GHSCEs) in rural areas of India for enhancing availability and minimizing wastage of generic medicines.Design/methodology/approachA methodology is proposed using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) – fuzzy matriced impacts croises multiplication appliqueeaun classement (Fuzzy MICMAC) analysis to analyze the GHSCEs on the basis of inputs collected from various stakeholders about their driving and dependence power.FindingsThe performance measurement system, employee recognition and reward, technology adoption, training cell and inbuilt analytical tool for IT system were found to be the appropriate GHSCEs where efforts and resources should be put for enhancing availability and minimizing wastage.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed approach provides a platform for the both researchers and academicians to understand the GHSCEs and their relationships. It also provides the direction to the government for optimally allocating the efforts and resources to enhance the current performance level of generic drug distribution.Originality/valueAlthough many issues related to health-care supply chain have been widely researched and reported, no literature has been found for analysis of GHSCEs to choose the appropriate set of GHSCEs for supply chain performance improvement in general and developing country like India in specific.

Acute flaccid paralysis in North East Delta, Egypt: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected surveillance data

BackgroundEffective acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is crucial in countries approaching the final phase of polio eradication. Thus this study was conducted to highlight the epidemiological pattern of AFP as a surveillance tool for polio in Egypt. MethodsA record-based descriptive study was conducted to include all AFP cases (599) reported in the last 9 years starting from January 2009 to December 2017 in Dakahlia, North East of Delta, Egypt. ResultsThe overall non-polio AFP rate in less than 15 years old children was 2.99/100,000 during the study period. The majority of cases (98%) were notified within 7 days from onset of the disease, and investigated within 48 h of reporting. The commonest diagnoses were encephalitis (21.3%), myositis (20.2%), neuropathies (19.2%) and Guillain–Barre syndrome (17.8%) with no recorded cases diagnosed as poliomyelitis. The mean annual vaccination coverage rate was 96.1 ± 1.6. ConclusionsAFP surveillance system in Dakahlia, Egypt was effective in meeting the WHO surveillance performance indicators ensuring polio-free status and absence of wild polio virus transmission over the last 9 years in this locality. High routine immunization coverage, maintenance and improvement of current levels of surveillance performance are required for optimum surveillance.