Current Brazilian Legislation Research Articles

Código-fonte, Linux e Supercomputadores: a relação entre Direito e Tecnologia

O presente artigo visa analisar, por meio do estudo de caso do núcleo Linux, o marco legislativo brasileiro que regula os programas de computador. O problema de pesquisa investiga se existe uma relação necessária entre a proteção jurídica do programa de computador e o fechamento da tecnologia contida em seu código-fonte. A partir da teoria do viver plenamente a lei e das regras de inferência, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa empírica e uma análise qualitativa. O principal resultado é de que o fechamento do código-fonte deriva de um sistema proprietário e legalista de concepção do software, o que contradiz a moralidade da aspiração dos direitos de propriedade intelectual.

Entre o afeto e a sanção: uma crítica à abordagem punitiva da alienação parental

Resumo Este artigo pretende, a par de desenvolver um pensamento crítico em relação ao conceito e à abordagem da alienação parental no Brasil, demonstrar que o Acompanhamento Terapêutico (“AT”), atendimento psicológico clínico que atua no campo social do indivíduo, pode auxiliar na solução de questões complexas que envolvem as famílias em situação de elevada litigiosidade. Este trabalho reúne os saberes do Direito e da Psicanálise numa abordagem interdisciplinar que visa melhor atender às demandas da família e do Judiciário. Trata-se, em um primeiro momento, de estudo crítico, à luz do diálogo entre o Direito e a Psicanálise, da legislação brasileira atual e da maneira como vem sendo aplicada. Em um segundo momento, o trabalho assume um caráter normativo, propositivo, ao sugerir, independentemente de reforma legislativa, uma mudança profunda de postura do Judiciário diante da alienação parental. Este artigo propõe que o acompanhamento psicológico seja proporcionado a toda a família por meio do AT, e que o Acompanhante Terapêutico facilite a efetivação das visitas. A melhor interpretação da Lei de Alienação Parental rejeita a abordagem repressiva do fenômeno e recomenda uma abordagem relacional, tal como preconiza a Psicanálise.

PP156 Risk Assessment Of Equipment Used In Intensive Care Units

Introduction:Knowledge and proper use of hospital equipment are essential for preventing adverse events associated with their use. The risks controls for medical devices and equipment are of major importance in ensuring patient safety and the quality of care delivered by healthcare professionals. Monitoring equipment (ME), infusion pumps (IP), and mechanical ventilators (MV) are frequently used in intensive care units, but they are subject to technical, human, and process failures that may pose harm to and even cause the death of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risks related to the use of ME, IP, and MV in the adult intensive care unit (AICU) of a public hospital in Brazil, and to investigate the causes of technical complaints and the adverse events associated with them. We hope the outcomes may serve as a basis for the facility to create mechanisms to diminish the risk and increase the safety and quality of care delivered to critical patientsMethods:A 12-month prospective, observational descriptive study was conducted using an active and passive search of processes related to: hospital medical equipment use; available human and material resources; training programs and continuing professional education; equipment disinfection, sterilization, and assembly processes; and the hospital risk management measures regarding the reports and actions for technical, human, and process failures and the adverse events and incidents related to them. All the data collected were checked against current Brazilian legislation and the equipment technical manuals. The root cause of every failure and adverse event was investigated.Results:The active search identified seventy-five reports on technical complaints in the study period: sixty-five were related to IP, six to ME, and four to MV. The reasons for the complaints included: deficiencies in the quantity, qualification, training, and capacity of professionals handling the devices; inadequate disinfection of MV accessories; absence of or difficulty in accessing the equipment technical manuals; and a lack of preventive and corrective maintenance programs. One single adverse event caused by an IP medication error was attributed to a programing error.Conclusions:Failures and deficiencies in the knowledge and management of hospital equipment can potentially increase risks to patients and healthcare professionals. Increasing compliance with Brazil's current legislation related to the technical and operational norms of hospital equipment might create safer practices and improve care quality for critical patients.

A INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR DO DEFICIENTE NA PERCEPÇÃO DO COORDENADOR PEDAGÓGICO

Although there is broad support in the current Brazilian legislation and many curricular documents published in the last three decades, we still face the challenge of the inclusive education in our classrooms. This is a qualitative research in which we investigate the perception of three school pedagogical coordinators about the inclusion of disabled children in regular classes of Elementary and High School of the schools that self-declared favorable to the Inclusive Education. The results suggest perceptions of Inclusive Education with specific goal to comply with current legislation, which aims exclusively at the socialization of the disabled as a target of charity, without great teaching learning goals that allow equal access to school knowledge and continuity of study in the educational system.

Hygienic and Sanitary Conditions of Eggs Commercialized in Town Fairs and Markets

High nutritional content coupled with low cost and ease of purchase justifies the frequent use of chicken eggs. Even with technological innovations in the production, storage, and distribution of eggs, food poisoning continues to occur. Therefore, in the present study, we 1) evaluated the microbiological profile and the hygienic and sanitary quality of eggs commercialized in town fairs and markets and 2) verified whether there is any correlation between microbiological results and commercialization conditions. Thirty-six samples were collected from six municipalities in the region of Recôncavo from Bahia, Brazil. The hygienic and sanitary conditions were analyzed by quantifying the total coliforms, E. coli, mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, and yeasts, and by the presence of Salmonella sp. The observational analysis showed that 91% and 68% of the samples in town fairs and markets, respectively, did not comply with the requirements of the current Brazilian legislation. There was no significant difference in the microbiological profile among samples from the fairs and markets. Several samples presented relevant significant values, indicating inadequate hygienic conditions and fecal contamination. Salmonella sp. was found in one sample. There was co-relationship between microorganism count and the variables “external dirt”, “external stains”, and “closeness to other products”, with high concentrations of total coliforms and E. coli in the non-conforming samples. Although no limits exist for mold and yeast counts, the presence of fungi makes the product unfit for consumption. Thus, the commercialization of eggs would benefit from more attention and supervision by the relevant authorities.

Volume increment modeling and subsidies for the management of the tree Mora paraensis (Ducke) Ducke based on the study of growth rings

First study that demonstrated the formation of annual growth rings in Amazonian Estuary trees. Growth patterns of Mora paraensis and specific management criteria, such as felling cycle, are presented. The aim of the present study was to contribute to increased sustainability in the timber management of Mora paraensis, through the estimation of minimum logging diameter (MLD) and felling cycle, using volume increment models based on tree-ring analysis and allometric relationships. We collected stem discs from 17 trees of five diameter classes. The diameters and heights of the trees were also measured. We estimated tree ages by ring-counting and the radial increment rates by measuring the ring widths with a digital analysis system. We built growth models based on relationships between age, diameter and tree height to estimate volume increment along the tree’s whole life cycle. The maximum current diameter increment in M. paraensis occurs at an age of around 26 years, reaching 4.91 mm year-1. The MLD was 46.4 ± 0.6 cm (standard error), which trees achieve at an age of about 115 years. The felling cycle, estimated by the mean passage time through 10 cm diameter classes until achieving the MLD, was 24.7 ± 1.3 years. These results corroborated the norms of the current Brazilian legislation that regulates forest management of high intensity in the Amazon basin. In future, more specific growth models are needed for other commercial tree species in the Amazonian Estuary to define the optimal harvest rate to maintain sustainable timber resource management practices. Through such practices, the conservation of these ecosystems and their multiple services and functions, as well as the welfare of the forest-dependent human populations can be secured.

SENTIDOS DE EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL MOBILIZADOS EM DISCURSOS DE PROFESSORES DE ESCOLAS ENVOLVIDOS NA FORMAÇÃO DE LICENCIANDOS EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS

Apesar de destacada em documentos legislativos, as escolas habitualmente abordam a Educação Ambiental (EA) de forma fragmentada e pouco consolidada. A formação inicial e continuada dos professores tem influência sobre esse panorama. Nosso objetivo foi interpretar os sentidos sobre EA, sobre a formação docente para a EA e sobre as ações em EA nas escolas mobilizados em discursos dos professores de instituições do Ensino Básico onde estagiavam licenciandos de Ciências Biológicas. Aplicamos questionários semiestruturados e nos embasamos no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa. Como resultados, observamos pequena diversidade de sentidos em relação à EA, com uma hegemonia daqueles relacionados à mudança de hábitos para preservar recursos, de EA para conservação e de EA restrita a aspectos biológicos. Alguns participantes também apresentaram uma hibridização entre EA e ensino de Ecologia. Nos discursos dos professores, as ações e discussões relacionadas à temática nas escolas são pontuais e pouco sistematizadas, carecendo de abordagens interdisciplinares, assim como se deu na formação inicial e continuada da maioria. Concluímos propondo o estabelecimento de uma relação mais orgânica entre escola e universidade, com ampliação de tempos e espaços para interações, incluindo reflexões e pesquisas coletivas que favoreçam a compreensão da constituição e mobilização de sentidos sobre a temática e problematizem seus reflexos no fazer docente.

Quando barreiras linguísticas geram violação de direitos humanos: que políticas linguísticas o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para garantir o acesso dos imigrantes a serviços públicos básicos?

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão, ainda muito incipiente no Brasil, sobre as políticas linguísticas que o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para responder às barreiras linguísticas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes no acesso aos serviços públicos. Inicialmente, busca-se demonstrar, por meio de elementos jurídicos, o modo como barreiras linguísticas podem contribuir com a violação de direitos humanos básicos e também o que diz a atual legislação brasileira sobre o trato migratório. A partir do modelo teórico proposto por Ozolins (2010) sobre as políticas de oferecimento de intérpretes e tradutores no setor público, é possível afirmar que o Estado brasileiro é completamente negligente no que concerne ao oferecimento de políticas linguísticas de interpretação no setor público aos imigrantes. Além disso, a institucionalização do ensino de português para refugiados é ainda um programa federal recente e esparso. Desse modo, são as entidades voluntárias que têm assumido o papel de produzir políticas tanto de oferecimento de intérpretes quanto de ensino da língua portuguesa. A falta de ação do Estado revela, nesse sentido, uma orientação ideológica que ou nega a presença das línguas dos imigrantes ou vê essa diversidade como um problema a ser superado por meio do ensino da língua portuguesa. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a909

Reflexão crítica sobre as escolas bilíngues (português/inglês) de imersão e internacionais na cidade de São Paulo

A educação bilíngue é um assunto atual, que vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço na educação brasileira. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as escolas bilíngues (português/inglês) de imersão e internacionais, na cidade de São Paulo, por meio de tópicos muito explorados e relacionados a essa temática, tais como: o crescimento do número de escolas bilíngues, a definição de uma escola bilíngue, a legislação atual do Brasil em relação à regulamentação dessa modalidade de escola e o que é ser bilíngue, além de ponderar sobre a formação adequada de profissionais e a supervisão sistemática e periódica dos estabelecimentos de ensino. O resultado dessa pesquisa teórica permanece em aberto, principalmente em razão da falta de um padrão das escolas bilíngues, por carência de embasamento teórico, e, também, por causa do sigilo exigido pelas escolas em relação à metodologia.

Procedimentos ômicos aplicados em qualidade e segurança de pescado

Os procedimentos ômicos são uma nova tecnologia que utiliza a genômica, proteômica e metabolômica para avaliar metabólitos dos alimentos. A demanda mundial de pescado tem aumentado progressivamente devido à elevada qualidade de proteínas, minerais e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, especialmente ômega-3. Todavia, a cadeia produtiva aquícola apresenta limitações como falta de padronização, ausência de conhecimento e transferência de tecnologia para as indústrias. Além disso, torna-se difícil garantir um monitoramento efetivo do pescado em decorrência das limitações dos parâmetros de qualidade atuais e dos métodos analíticos estabelecidos pela legislação nacional. O presente trabalho analisa os fatores limitantes relacionados aos parâmetros químicos, bem como os avanços recentes nos procedimentos analíticos, para determinação da qualidade do pescado. Levando-se em consideração a melhoria no controle de qualidade dessa matriz, os parâmetros de bases voláteis totais (BVT), trimetilamina (TMA), amônia, pH e aminas biogênicas deveriam ser revisados e estabelecidos por categorias de pescado e/ou por tipo de produto à base de pescado. Em contrapartida, parâmetros relacionados à concentração de carbonilas, ácidos graxos livres (AGLs), índice de peróxidos (IP) e malonaldeído (MDA) poderiam ser inseridos na legislação nacional. Simultaneamente, as autoridades oficiais devem levar em consideração metodologias analíticas que apresentem efetividade, praticidade, baixo custo e rapidez, facilitando e aprimorando o controle de qualidade de produtos de pescado e garantindo a saúde dos consumidores. Além disso, técnicas analíticas para identificação das espécies de peixes devem ser incluídas na legislação brasileira visando evitar substituições ilegais e impactos negativos aos consumidores.

Procedimentos para colheita de amostras e análises laboratoriais de micotoxinas presentes em dietas humanas e animais

Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by the secondary metabolism of filamentous fungi and able to trigger series of problems related to agricultural production and public health. Thereby, monitoring of toxic agents is absolutely necessary and must be taken into account for the performance of such activity the diversity of samples to be collected, the different types of mycotoxins as well as the non-uniform distribution of these contaminants. Proper selection of sampling process as well as the use of a effective methodology will eliminate the trace of interference in order to have a successful analyses. Thus, in order to meet the requirements of the current Brazilian legislation for mycotoxins, various foods should be analyzed for this, knowledge of procedures for sampling and laboratory analyzes are of fundamental importance to both small producers and for the food industry . Whereas the proper application of these methodologies can not only enhance agricultural production and its profitability, but also regulate the food process for many Brazilian products that intended to be used by human and animals, this review aims to describe the main methods the exist in Brazil like sample collecting and analysing of mycotoxins, as well as to address the main analytical methods for detection and quantification of these contaminants.

Antifungal Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Chrysobalanus icaco Against Oral Clinical Isolates of Candida Species.

Background:Chrysobalanus icaco is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat fungal infections in Brazilian Amazonian region.Objective:This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. icaco (HECi) against oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. and to determine the pharmacognostic parameters of the herbal drug and the phytochemical characteristics of HECi.Materials and Methods:The pharmacognostic characterization was performed using pharmacopoeial techniques. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to investigate the chemical composition of the HECi. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the extract against 11 oral clinical isolates of Candida spp.Results:Herbal drug presented parameters which were within the limits set forth in current Brazilian legislation. A high amount of flavonoid content (132,959.33 ± 12,598.23 μg quercetin equivalent/g of extract) was found in HECi. Flavonoids such as myricetin and rutin were detected in the extract by HPLC analyses. HECi showed antifungal activity against oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively), and C. albicans American American Type Culture Collection (MIC <1.56 mg/mL).Conclusion:HECi was shown to possess antifungal activity against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis, and these activities may be related to its chemical composition. The antifungal activity detected for C. icaco against Candida species with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in HECi, characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.SUMMARY Chrysobalanus icaco presents a high amount of flavonoids in its constitutionLC analysis was able to identify the flavonoids myricetin and rutin in C. icaco hydroalcoholic extractThe C. icaco hydroalcoholic extract inhibits the growth of oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection. Abbreviations Used: HECi: Hydroalcoholic extract of C. icaco; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; AlCl3: Aluminum chloride; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; CH3NOONa: Sodium acetate; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Eastern Amazon; v/v: Volume per volume; SD: Standard deviation; TFC: Total flavonoid content; w/v: Weight per volume; ELSD: Evaporative light scattering detector; DAD: Diode-arrange detector; UFPA: Federal University of Pará; IEC: Evandro Chagas Institute; INCQS-FIOCRUZ: National Institute of Quality Control in Health – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; SDA: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar; CFU: Colony-forming units; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentrations; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentrations

An innovative, simple, fast, and less toxic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of prednisone in capsules

ABSTRACT Prednisone is an anti-inflammatory steroid drug widely used in clinical practice. However, no high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been described in the literature for the determination of prednisone in capsules until now. Thus, an HPLC method was developed using a C18 (250x4.0, 5 µm) column, with methanol:water (70:30) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 240 nm. The developed method was validated following current Brazilian legislation. Additionally, linearity was assessed by evaluating the assumptions of normality, homoscedasticity, and independency of residuals, and the fit to the linear model. The method showed linearity (r2>0.99) over the range of 14.0-26.0 µg/mL, selectivity, precision (RSD<2.0%), robustness, and accuracy (average recovery of 100.05%). The chromatographic procedure was applied for assay and uniformity content determination of three different batches of prednisone capsules, showing to be suitable for their quality control.

Quality and Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Tomato Products in the Brazilian Market

The study aimed at evaluating physical, chemical and microbiological quality of tomato products and to investigate the occurrence of Alternaria alternata mycotoxins in tomato pulp, extract and ketchup. Tomato products were evaluated for physical and chemical characteristics, as well as for the occurrence of foreign matter, quality of raw material (using the Howard mold count - HMC), and adequacy of microbiological parameters to the current Brazilian legislation. A. alternata mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). Mycotoxin contamination was observed in one tomato brand commercialized in Brazil. Pulp sample from brand A presented soluble solids contents lower than 6%. Only tomato extract brand B showed no foreign material. Mycotoxins were not found in pulp and tomato paste in all brands. AOH levels ranging from 1.22 to 8.45 μg/g were found in brand A ketchup samples. Mycotoxin AME was identified in brand C ketchup. All products showed differences in physical and chemical characteristics but within the parameters described in current legislation. Regarding microbiological quality, all brands and products (paste, pulp and ketchup) are also in accordance with the legislation. Insect fragments, mites and rodent hair were identified in almost all brands and products, within acceptable limits. AOH and AME mycotoxins produced by Alternaria alternata were identified only in ketchups.

Reconciling Mining with the Conservation of Cave Biodiversity: A Quantitative Baseline to Help Establish Conservation Priorities.

Caves pose significant challenges for mining projects, since they harbor many endemic and threatened species, and must therefore be protected. Recent discussions between academia, environmental protection agencies, and industry partners, have highlighted problems with the current Brazilian legislation for the protection of caves. While the licensing process is long, complex and cumbersome, the criteria used to assign caves into conservation relevance categories are often subjective, with relevance being mainly determined by the presence of obligate cave dwellers (troglobites) and their presumed rarity. However, the rarity of these troglobitic species is questionable, as most remain unidentified to the species level and their habitats and distribution ranges are poorly known. Using data from 844 iron caves retrieved from different speleology reports for the Carajás region (South-Eastern Amazon, Brazil), one of the world's largest deposits of high-grade iron ore, we assess the influence of different cave characteristics on four biodiversity proxies (species richness, presence of troglobites, presence of rare troglobites, and presence of resident bat populations). We then examine how the current relevance classification scheme ranks caves with different biodiversity indicators. Large caves were found to be important reservoirs of biodiversity, so they should be prioritized in conservation programs. Our results also reveal spatial autocorrelation in all the biodiversity proxies assessed, indicating that iron caves should be treated as components of a cave network immersed in the karst landscape. Finally, we show that by prioritizing the conservation of rare troglobites, the current relevance classification scheme is undermining overall cave biodiversity and leaving ecologically important caves unprotected. We argue that conservation efforts should target subterranean habitats as a whole and propose an alternative relevance ranking scheme, which could help simplify the assessment process and channel more resources to the effective protection of overall cave biodiversity.

As Universidades Comunitárias e a sua Relação com o Fortalecimento da Esfera Local

O presente artigo objetivou analisar as universidades comunitárias, desde os movimentos que caracterizaram seu surgimento a sua atual legislação brasileira. As universidades comunitárias devem possuir maior compromisso social, e, a partir dessa premissa, devem apresentar iniciativas que avigoram o espaço local. Neste sentido, foi efetuada uma análise nos exemplos da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC, verificando se as universidades comunitárias contribuem para o fortalecimento da esfera local. Dessa forma, teve-se como resultado o de que as universidades comunitárias trazem diversos benefícios à comunidade, fortalecendo o capital social dos municípios em que estas instituições se encontram inseridas.

A PRODUÇÃO DE QUEIJO COLONIAL ARTESANAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE SEARA, ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA, FRENTE À LEGISLAÇÃO BRASILEIRA

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a situação da produção do queijo Colonial artesanal (QCA), um produto típico da região sul do Brasil, produzido e comercializado no município de Seara, oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, sob o ponto de vista da adequação das condições de trabalho perante a Instrução Normativa nº 30 de 2013 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, legislação vigente no Brasil que regulamenta o uso de leite cru para a fabricação de queijos com tempos de maturação inferiores a 60 dias. Para a realização do trabalho foram entrevistados 12 produtores, aplicando uma pesquisa qualitativa a campo para o diagnóstico situacional, utilizando como instrumento um formulário semi-estruturado. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a situação da produção do QCA na área investigada não estava adequada no que diz respeito à legislação vigente, pois os produtores não têm acesso às condições necessárias para realizar análises (do leite, água e queijo), garantir a qualidade dos produtos com implantação das Boas Práticas de Ordenha e Fabricação ou certificar a propriedade como livre de zoonoses, como estabelecido pela Normativa.

&lt;b&gt;Socio-environmental and microbiological assessment of the river Piancó, Pombal, Brazil

The River Piancó in the municipality of Pombal on the western stretch of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, receives contaminated effluents. Current assay evaluates the microbiological quality of the river water and analyzes the social and environmental aspects of the riverine community with regard to the water and its use of the river. The water´s microbiological quality was verified at four sites on the river in five two-monthly collections throughout the year (totaling 20 samples) for the following analyses: Most Probably Number (MPN), Total (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) and identification of Escherichia coli. The social and environmental aspects were assessed by a 15-question questionnaire given to thirty homes. Results report Fecal Coliforms (&gt; 240 to &gt; 1,100 MPN 100 mL-1), Total (&gt; 93 to &gt; 1,100 MPN 100 mL-1) and high concentrations of E. coli (&gt; 898 to &gt; 1,100 UFC 100 mL-1) in all the sampling sites. The river is frequented by the riverine people for home consumption, recreation and fishing. Conditions of the River Piancó, especially in the stretch that margins the town of Pombal, are highly critical and exceed the limits of current Brazilian legislation with regard to drinking and swimming conditions.

Qualidade das bulas de fitoterápicos no Brasil

The objective of this study was to assess whether the package inserts of industrialized phytomedicines are in line with current Brazilian legislation or not. Forty-one package inserts of phytomedicines containing artichoke, horse chestnut, ginkgo and senna were accessed in the respective proprietary websites and then analyzed. The analysis aimed to verify the presence of items required by the normative RDC 47/2009 and the usage indication, dosage and side effects compared to standard package inserts and to the scientific literature. Quantitative analysis proved that the package inserts are in accordance with the current legislation. However, in qualitative analysis, all phytomedicines analyzed in this study had at least one error related to dosage, posology or adverse reactions. A gradual improvement of the package inserts of phytomedicines has been noticed but, even with the availability of standard package inserts, some mistakes persist, which can induce the patient to incorrect use.

A qualitative analysis on occupational health and safety conditions at small construction projects in the Brazilian construction sector

The main objective of this study is to analyze the perception of Occupational Health and Safety in small construction projects in the Brazilian construction industry. The adopted approach is qualitative in nature and seeks to understand the character of the current practices through interviews held with ‘actors’ who are directly involved in small-scale building sites, as well as with others who are involved in large-scale work sites. In Brazil, there is a weakness in supervision at small construction projects. This is due to numerous factors, such as the low visibility of these types of works and short deadlines, as well as the lack of knowledge about Occupational Health and Safety. This study reinforces and illustrates the idea of the inherent dangers involved in the occupational health of workers in small construction projects. It also indicates that there is a need to put greater emphasis on compliance with Occupational Health and Safety principles, which are covered by the current Brazilian Legislation and Regulatory Standards. This should be undertaken in order to ensure that the work in small-scale building sites is more visible and, especially, to ensure acceptable health and safety conditions for construction workers.