Assessment Of Current Trends Research Articles

Eight ways to get a grip on validity as a social imperative.

Validity as a social imperative foregrounds the social consequences of assessment and highlights the importance of building quality into the assessment development and monitoring processes. Validity as a social imperative is informed by current assessment trends such as programmatic-, longitudinal-, and rater-based assessment, and is one of the conceptualizations of validity currently at play in the Health Professions Education (HPE) literature. This Black Ice is intended to help readers to get a grip on how to embed principles of validity as a social imperative in the development and quality monitoring of an assessment. This piece draws on a program of work investigating validity as a social imperative, key HPE literature, and data generated through stakeholder interviews. We describe eight ways to implement validation practices that align with validity as a social imperative.

Ecosystem as a new banking business environment

Subject. This article discusses the application of the ecosystem approach to the organization of business space in the banking sector of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to systematize and theoretically comprehend the ongoing transformational changes in the traditional business format towards building a platform solution, that is, an ecosystem, as a new phenomenon that requires a clear definition and assessment. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific methods of comparison and generalization, methods of logical, statistical, and graphical analysis of empirical data, comparison and analogy, systematization and generation of new knowledge. Results. Based on the assessment of current trends in the banking business, the article systematizes theoretical and methodological developments on the implementation of the ecosystem approach by Russian banks. It highlights the main elements of ecosystems, the principles of their construction, the effects of their functioning, the types of ecosystem models, as well as the potential risks and threats that this approach is fraught with. Conclusions. An ecosystem built with the help of modern information technologies and bringing the financial and non-financial markets as close as possible within a common brand is a new phenomenon in the banking business.

Food strategy of Kazakhstan: assessment of current trends

The goal is to identify the problems of food supply in the country, development of a set of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of agricultural production. Along with the principles of dialectical approach to this study, its methodological basis is the following methods – monographic, scientific abstraction, statistical, principles of complexity, consistency. Results – the author's interpretation of the concept "food security" from economic point of view is given. The types and criteria of food supply, predetermined by the potential and possibility of competition of domestic producers in regional and international markets, are substantiated, indicators of the nutritional and energy value of food consumed by twenty percent groups of the population of Kazakhstan, production of meat products in the EAEU (farms of all categories), resources of certain types of food and raw materials for socially significant goods are considered. The priority directions of the state policy in solving the food issue, improving the level and quality of life of the population of the republic in the future are shown. Conclusions – the authors proposed ways to resolve the food situation. To reduce import dependence and increase domestic production, it is necessary to modernize the material and technical base, create effective clusters based on the unification of small producers into medium and large enterprises, rational use of agricultural land, and effective state support. It is important to note that Kazakhstani agricultural producers have sufficient capabilities to produce competitive products. The strategic objective of the implementation of food programs is to guarantee access to the population of the country to food products in the range and volumes necessary and sufficient according to physiological norms of consumption. The guarantee of its achievement is the stability of predominantly domestic food and raw materials, as well as the availability of the necessary reserves, including reserve funds. Pig breeding, due to its high profitability and rapid turnover of funds, is one of the promising areas for the development of agricultural sector of Kazakhstan.

Infectious waste management in Japan: assessment of current trends in waste measurement and reporting in general and psychiatric hospitals

Infectious waste (IW) may include waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids, cultures of infectious agents from laboratory work, or waste from patients with infections. Accurate and standardized measurement is an important aspect of waste management. In Japan, data on infectious waste generated by hospitals are limited. Therefore, we aimed to identify the current status of infectious waste management and disposal in hospitals. To this end, data on the amount of IW generated and IW disposal costs from 54 public hospitals—25 general hospitals and 29 psychiatric hospitals—between April 2015 and March 2016 were analyzed. The results revealed the absence of a standardized unit of IW measurement, with 33 hospitals reporting IW in kilograms and 21 hospitals reporting it in liters. As expected, the amount of IW generated at psychiatric hospitals was significantly lower than that generated at general hospitals. The amount of IW produced correlated positively with the number of in-patients. Disposal costs varied not only by hospital type and prefecture but also across hospitals of the same type within the same prefecture. A system that consolidates IW data management using standardized units is necessary.

Iron Age Mortuary Practices in Britain: An Assessment of Current Trends and their Characteristics within Contemporary North-western European Traditions

The past four decades have been a time of great activity for researchers examining the Iron Age in north-west Europe. Since the 1980s, the scale of archaeological fieldwork has expanded massively and, with it, the quantity of data available to study. Iron Age mortuary data have been one of the main beneficiaries of this. Britain is no exception to this trend, with a number of important discoveries made over the years, thereby improving our understanding of mortuary practices during this period. The situation is comparable for the regions which immediately border Britain: Ireland, northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. This paper reviews the current state of research for this part of Europe, contextualising the Iron Age British data within the broader north-west European frame of these neighbouring regions. In so doing, a better understanding of how chronological developments in the British mortuary data relate to those elsewhere is possible. Additionally, these data may inform us of other aspects of past societies, such as population mobility, social structure, and the persistence of ritual practices over time.

Clinician preferences in the treatment of acutely symptomatic hernia: the 'MASH' survey.

There is limited high-quality evidence to guide the management of acute hernia presentation. The aim of this study was to survey surgeons to assess current trends in assessment, treatment strategy and operative decisions in the management of acutely symptomatic hernia. A survey was developed with reference to current guidelines, and reported according to Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Sheffield (UREC:034047). The survey explored practice in groin, umbilical/paraumbilical and incisional hernia presenting acutely. It captured respondent demographics, and preferences for investigations, treatment strategies and repair techniques for each hernia type, using a five-point Likert scale. Some 145 responses were received, of which 39 declared a specialist hernia practice. Essential investigations included urea and electrolytes (58.6%) and inflammatory markers (55.6%). Computed tomography scan of the abdomen was essential for assessment of incisional hernia (90.9%), but not for other hernia types. Bowel compromise drives early surgery, and increasing American Society of Anesthesiology score pushes towards non-operative management. Type of repair was driven by hernia contents, with increasing contamination associated with increased rates of suture repair. Where mesh was proposed in contaminated settings, biological types were preferred. There was variation in the potential use of laparoscopy for groin hernia. This survey provides a snapshot of current trends in the management of acutely symptomatic hernia. It demonstrates variation across aspects of assessment and repair technique. Additional data are required to inform practice in these areas.

Assessment of Current Trends in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Male Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Role of gender in development of an autoimmune dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is very complex and therefore novel concept of gender medicine has come into limelight. Aim: To assess current trends in demographic and clinical characteristics of male patients with RA. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among patients with RA attending Outpatient Department of Rheumatology at Santokba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital cum medical Research Institute, Jaipur and Centre for Arthritis and Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, during April 2015 to April 2021. Men who qualified the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA were included in this study. The medical records of patients were reviewed for collecting demographic and clinical characteristics, disease activity, disease duration, deformities, extra articular manifestations, and co-morbid illness. Results: A total of 179 men were enrolled, and the mean age was 45.3±11.1 years. The majority of patients had severe disease with more than two years of disease duration. Subcutaneous nodule (27.8%) was most frequently observed extra-articular manifestations. Rheumatoid factor positivity and cyclic citrullinated peptide were prevalent in 107 and 110 patients, respectively. Osteoporosis (21.1%) and hypertension (19.2%) were the most common comorbidities and majority of patients reported wrist deformities. Conclusion: Overall observations indicate the presence of subcutaneous nodule as the common extra-articular manifestation with more than 2 years of disease duration, osteoporosis and hypertension as the most common co-morbidities; and high prevalence of wrist deformities in male patients with RA.

Аgricultural cooperation from a historical perspective

The purpose of the article is to show that cooperation conducted in a «voluntary-compulsory» manner only discredits the idea of cooperation in rural areas and leads to food crises in society. The research uses the method of historical analogies. The article examines the processes of agricultural concentration, including in the form of cooperation, from a historical perspective; an assessment of current trends is given by comparing them with similar processes that took place in the Soviet era in the conditions of the administrative economy. Statistical materials from official sources, party-Soviet documents were used for the analysis. The content of V.I. Lenin's article «On Cooperation», to which the former and current ideologists of the cooperation of the peasantry refer, allows for a very twofold interpretation of the ideas of the leader of the revolution. On the one hand, Lenin's position presupposes a link between the city and the countryside on the basis of a new economic policy. On the other hand, his remark that «the system of civilized cooperators with public ownership of the means of production... – this is the system of socialism,» clearly indicates that Lenin considered the collective farm form as the highest form of peasant cooperation. This form of cooperation objectively leads to the use of the state coercive apparatus with all the ensuing consequences. This form of cooperation objectively leads to the use of the state coercive apparatus with all the ensuing consequences. It is shown that the basis of failures in the development of cooperation in modern agriculture of Kazakhstan is the prevalence of administrative and bureaucratic methods of solving the problem. Author summarizes that only reliance on the initiative of the peasants themselves, their personal interests and motivation are the main condition for the successful promotion of ideas of cooperation in rural areas.

Prescription of bite-wing and panoramic radiographs in pediatric dental patients: An assessment of current trends and provider compliance

BackgroundThe aim of the authors was to evaluate prescription patterns for bite-wing and panoramic radiographs (PRs) for pediatric and adolescent dental patients after the implementation of the most recent guidelines from the American Dental Association and US Food and Drug Administration. MethodsThe authors accessed paid insurance claims data for all 50 states from January 1, 2013, through June 30, 2019, for patients 18 years and younger and extracted a 5% random sample population. The authors performed statistical analyses to evaluate various imaging metrics for pediatric dentists (PDs) and general practitioners (GPs). ResultsA total of 2,123,735 bite-wing images were ordered during 4,734,249 office visits. The average (standard deviation [SD]) time interval between bite-wing examinations ordered by GPs was 13.9 (7.4) months, and for PDs the average (SD) was 13.0 (6.7) months (P < .0001). When divided by age group, 3.5% of all bite-wings were obtained from patients aged 0 through 4 years. For PRs, the authors included 286,824 images in this study. The average (SD) time interval between PRs ordered for the same patient was 3.4 (1.3) years for PDs and 3.3 (1.4) years for GPs. One percent of all PRs were ordered for patients aged 0 through 4 years, with 403 images attributed to PDs and 2,348 to GPs. ConclusionsPDs were more likely to comply with the guidelines on radiograph prescriptions for pediatric and adolescent patients than GPs. Practical ImplicationsInclusion of patient caries risk with insurance claims data could be considered for more appropriate administration of dental radiography. Future guidelines should be developed to include more explicit recommendations for prescribing PRs.

Comparative inter-country analysis of assessment of the effectiveness of state housing policy: statistical instruments

The article provides a comparative analysis of assessment of the effectiveness of housing policies in Austria, Germany and Russia in the context of the adequate housing concept. In modern world management practice, there is no universal set of criteria for assessing the housing policy effectiveness, however, there are sets of indicators in the public information resources of these countries that can reflect such an assessment. The only problem is information asymmetry, in which each country forms its own set of estimated indicators, which leads to their incomparability. At that, the need for such data exists in connection with the need to update the current results of the housing policy implementation and the assessment of current trends in the housing sector development.&#x0D; Each country has its own mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of housing policy, based on its own set of parameters corresponding to the determined goals and directions of the housing sector development.&#x0D; Adequate housing as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the housing policy implementation allows a full demonstration of the effectiveness of measures implemented by the state in the housing sector.&#x0D; The concept of adequate housing, as an actual doctrine of the national development of the housing sector, allows for a comparative analysis of the housing policy of different countries by assessing and comparing the effects of its implementation.&#x0D; According to the study of housing policy in Austria, Germany and Russia, it was determined that the national model of housing policy evolves in the development of concepts, goals, implementation mechanism and depends both on the level of satisfaction of the need for housing, and on historical experience, traditions and socio-economic characteristics of management at this stage.

In Response to “Implementing Competency-Based Medical Education in Family Medicine: A Narrative Review of Current Trends in Assessment”

In Response to “Implementing Competency-Based Medical Education in Family Medicine: A Narrative Review of Current Trends in Assessment”

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL INDUSTRY: TRENDS ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Abstract. The purpose of the study is the analysis of financial and economic aspects and assessment of current trends and prospects for the development of professional football industry as an independent academic field. In this article the following general scientific and applied methods were used: analysis and comparison — to determine the main trends in the development of top professional football clubs in the context of globalization; generalization — to establish the influence of institutional factors on the economic results of football clubs activity; expert assessments — to determine the market value of players in the global transfer market; abstract and logical methods — for theoretical generalization of the obtained results, forecasting the prospects for the development of European professional football and formulating conclusions of the study. The article deals with the analysis of financial and economic results of European football top clubs functioning in the pre-crisis period (before COVID-19). The author emphasizes the dualistic origins of modern professional football, which combines sports and commercial components. It is analyzed the impact of «Bosman case» and the rules of «financial fair play» on the professional football industry development in the context of globalization. The sources and structure of football top clubs income are also analyzed. The main focus is on European football, where current trends are most clearly manifested. The source of information was the annual reports of audit firms, specialized analytical laboratories and FIFA data. As a result of globalization processes, the author predicts the creation of full-fledged «SuperLeague» championship of top clubs with the greatest financial opportunities, as well as the appearence of polycentrism phenomenon in the world football industry. The forecast scenarios of football industry perspectives, formulated by the author, to substantiate the financial and economic aspects of clubs and players transfer market functioning, can be used in practice to assess the potential and formulate strategies for professional football leagues and clubs. Кeywords: «financial fair play», football industry, transfers, capitalization, investments, «Bosman case». Formulas: 0; fig.: 6; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 29.

Implementing Competency-Based Medical Education in Family Medicine: A Narrative Review of Current Trends in Assessment.

The implementation of effective competency-based medical education (CBME) relies on building a coherent and integrated system of assessment across the continuum of training to practice. As such, the developmental progression of competencies must be assessed at all stages of the learning process, including continuing professional development (CPD). Yet, much of the recent discussion revolves mostly around residency programs. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the findings of studies spanning the last 2 decades that examined competency-based assessment methods used in family medicine residency and CPD, and to identify gaps in their current practices. We adopted a modified form of narrative review and searched five online databases and the gray literature for articles published between 2000 and 2020. Data analysis involved mixed methods including quantitative frequency analysis and qualitative thematic analysis. Thirty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Fourteen were formal evaluation studies that focused on the outcome and impact evaluation of assessment methods. Articles that focused on formative assessment were prevalent. The most common levels of educational outcomes were performance and competence. There were few studies on CBME assessment among practicing family physicians. Thematic analysis of the literature identified several challenges the family medicine educational community faces with CBME assessment. We recommend that those involved in health education systematically evaluate and publish their CBME activities, including assessment-related content and evaluations. The highlighted themes may offer insights into ways in which current CBME assessment practices might be improved to align with efforts to improve health care.

ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЯ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО АУДИТУ: ТРЕНДИ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

In the context of economic globalization, expansion of international relations, creation of a single economic information space, rapid changes in external and internal environment, devastating effects of economic crises, increasing the role of digitalization, the number of market participants interested in obtaining reliable information and reducing information risks work. That is why today there is a growing demand for audit services to identify and further analyze the distortions of financial and economic performance, as well as to assess promising areas of business development. The purpose of this article is to analyze the stages of audit development, assessment of current trends, problems and prospects for digitalization of audit in Ukraine. The article identifies three evolutionary stages of audit development, during which it acquired a confirmatory, system-oriented and risk-oriented nature. Emphasis is placed on changing the passive function of modern audit to active, associated with the expansion of its tasks and facilities. The author found that the new objects of audit are indicators of non-financial reporting and business processes of the client company. The main advantages of non-financial reporting are identified and classified into external and internal. Innovative areas of audit development have been studied and three have been identified, each of which can change the system of modern auditing: digitalization of business, the ability to work with large databases, accounting and reporting in real time. The necessity of digitalization of audit and the need for the use of digital technologies, which mark a new revolutionary stage of its development, are substantiated. It is indicated that the audit acquires a fourth digitally-oriented form, which will change the discrete nature of the audit to a continuous one and will cause new audit risks. It was found that the audit using digital technologies will improve the quality of services provided on the basis of the transition from sample to continuous research. The author proved that digital technologies can simplify and streamline the organization of the audit, taking into account the characteristics of the client, but associated with the emergence of new audit risks.

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC TRACTORS IN UKRAINE

Every day, planet Earth is exposed to a terrible greenhouse gas, which is produced by internal combustion engines that are inside each vehicle. The programs of most of the largest representatives of the transport industry contain items on the development, design and operation of electric vehicles. It is expected that these silent, environmentally friendly and high-performance vehicles will make internal combustion engines obsolete until 2025. Increased attention to renewable energy, turbo mode in the construction of electric vehicles, technological developments and incredible breakthroughs in science are increasingly fueling discussions between engineers in domestic and foreign scientific and technical publications about the revival of the idea of tractor construction using an electric motor that is powered by rechargeable batteries. In the work, relying on the analysis of published articles on cars and tractors with an electric drive, an assessment of current trends in the development of electric tractors and the need to continue working on this topic. Research wheel electric tractors powered by a trolley cable are considered - a slightly strange type of tractors that are found in archive photos, a product of that era, the era of large-scale electrification of the agricultural industry and the whole country. The article describes the experience of using tractors with an electric motor in comparison with tractors that used thermal ones. Also, modern developments in Ukraine are analyzed, vivid examples of the embodiment of the idea are given, and at the same time, the positive and negative sides of each of the existing electric tractors in Ukraine are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the production of tractors using an electric drive in Ukraine, the possibilities of prospects for the further development of construction, the prospects of recharging batteries from solar panels (photovoltaic modules) or wind power plants are considered.

Assessment of current trends in production of molybdenum, its alloys and molybdenum-containing products

The unique combination of physical and chemical properties of molybdenum, required by modern material science, predetermines the variety of applications of molybdenum-containing alloys and molybdenumcontaining metal products: metallurgy, various-profile mechanical engineering, electro-thermal equipment, as well as the need to systematize and update the scientific and technological information accumulated in molybdenum metallurgy. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the current state of molybdenum production and application, including such issues as production of molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum and its alloys, industrial range of molybdenum and its alloys products, molybdenum consumption structure, identification of dominant trends and their forecasting in the medium term.Technical and economical information on production and consumption of molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum and its alloys was evaluated and systematized. The existing range of products from molybdenum and its alloys, the structure of world molybdenum consumption were evaluated, dominant trends and forecasts for the nearest period were determined. It was stated, that the main technology of molybdenum production is hydrogen reduction from high purity trioxide (up to 99.9%) in the form of powder followed by its compaction. The main producers of molybdenum are the United States, Chile, China, Peru, Canada and Mexico, which account for more than 90% of world production. In 2018, global consumption of molybdenum was about 262,000 tons, about 20% less than in 2011–2012. Ferromolybdenum is produced in Russia and abroad of various brands with molybdenum content of 50– 70%. Currently, the producers of ferromolybdenum in Russia are Sorsky, Zhireken ferromolybdenum and Nizhnevolzhsky ferroalloy plants. The total production capacity of Russian enterprises is estimated at 8.5 thousand tons of ferromolybdenum per year. Metallurgical enterprises of Russia declare production of 33 different types of intermediate products and final products from molybdenum and its alloys.

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ АРМЯНО-РОССИЙСКИХ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ: ПОСТПРОТЕСТНОЕ ВОСПРИЯТИЕ В АРМЯНСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ

Assessment of current trends and perspectives of Armenian-Russian relations as reflected by public perception in Armenia is the main issue of the paper presented. The “Velvet Revolution” in Spring 2018 in Armenia followed by post-protest public discourse on priorities in domestic and foreign policy, serves as a context for the study. Facebook as the most popular social network in Armenia and the main platform for public discourse during and after “Velvet Revolution”, also served as a technical tool for the dissemination of the survey questionnaire among Armenian Facebook users, as well as for data collection via SurveyMonkey Enterprise 12 software. Among the major aims of the study are: 1) public assessment of strengths and weaknesses in the current Armenian-Russian relations; 2) assessment of effectiveness of bilateral relations in various fields of cooperation; 3) public attitudes toward perspectives of cooperation with pro-Russian and pro-Western regional organizations and initiatives for Armenia (EAEU, CSTO, EU, NATO); 4) assessment of certain determinants which might affect current trends in Armenian-Russian relations in either positive or negative way, including personal involvement of the protest and post-protest leader of Armenia N. Pashinyan; 5) risk assessment regarding possible worsening of strategic relations between Armenia and Russia. According to the public perceptions it is still unclear whether the new elite in Armenia follows the same traditional level of relationship with Russia or prefers the pro-Western direction, but most of respondents are proved to be unsatisfied with the current state of affairs with Russia. At the same time, Armenian participation in the EU initiatives is seen as promising. Public critics of Armenian-Russian relations used to be a structural element of the main critics of the former ruling elites and a part of the protesting public discourse during “Velvet Revolution”; it is still actively circulated in the post-protest public discourse. Some conclusions and recommendations are drawn from the research data. In particular, taking into account that the foreign policy of the new political elites in Armenia still seems unclear to society, it is recommended to focus the policies not on elites but on the channels of direct communication between the two nations through wider and involving informational, cultural, educational, youth and economic initiatives.

Trade of the EAEU Countries in Agricultural Products: Trends, Conflicts, Factors

The article is devoted to the analysis of domestic and foreign trade of the Eurasian economic Union (EAEU) of agri-food products; identification and assessment of current trends, growth factors and imbalances in the light of efforts to create a unified agricultural policy of the member States of the Union. It is determined that Russia's successful implementation of the priority project «Export of agricultural products» contributed to the increase in grain exports to third countries in spite of the limited effective demand within the EAEU. The largest contribution to exports within the five countries, especially in terms of livestock products, makes Belarus with a significant negative balance of its trade in agricultural products with countries outside the Union. The free trade agreement with Vietnam stimulates export from Russia with mainly wheat, which strengthens its position as a source of agricultural raw materials without shifting the focus to products of deep processing. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that agriculture is officially recognized as a strategic industry, and food security is an integral part of the national security of the country. It is of interest to study the formation of a single agricultural market within the EAEU and the realities of foreign trade with third countries.

Forecast and assessment of the role of small agribusiness in the development of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy in the post-pandemic reality

The article presents the role of small agribusiness in the development of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy in the post-pandemic reality, on the basis of forecast calculations and assessment of current trends in the development of the domestic agricultural sector, the effectiveness of which depends on ensuring sustainable rural development, preserving the historical appearance and territorial integrity of the country. The article examines the impact factors of Covid 19 that determine the development of Russian agriculture in the medium term and proves the need for the development of a large-scale agricultural sector of the economy. The calculation and analytical tools of the study are based on the methods of economic statistics, which allowed us to analyze the structural dynamics of the country's agricultural sector and determine the forecast parameters for the development of small agribusiness. The main forecast volumes of production by small agribusiness in rural areas of such types of food as grain, sunflower, meat and milk for the period up to 2025 are determined. Examples of adaptation of the agricultural sector to the conditions of post-pandemic reality abroad are given.

Industrial Water Consumption as an Indicator of Sustainable Development: Countries, Regions, Cities

The article is devoted to the assessment of current trends in water use in Russia. The statistical poly-scale approach revealed that as a result of a significant reduction in water consumption during the crisis of the 1990s, Russia ranked among developed countries in terms of water intensity. However, the rate of decline slowed down, and industrial water consumption was reduced the least. That determines regional proportions and regional dynamics. In most regions of Russia the specific water consumption decreases. Unstable trends are observed in two polar types of regions: oil and gas regions and the republics of the North Caucasus, largely due to the low share of circulating water supply. Cities are more efficient than regions. For large cities, there is an inverse relationship between per capita water consumption and the population of the city.