Historical Cultural Heritage Research Articles

Research on Development and Protection of Cultural Heritage Tourism Resources in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract This paper constructs the basic framework of the spatial pattern analysis method of historical, cultural heritage with the relevant technology of artificial intelligence and analyzes the spatial pattern of historical cultural heritage through spatial correlation analysis. ArcGIS and FineBI software are used to carry out correlation analysis on the degree of spatial aggregation, spatial distribution density, and related point and line distribution of cultural heritage tourism resources so as to derive the spatial distribution characteristics of cultural heritage tourism resources. Shanzhou Region, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, is taken as the research object to empirically analyze the development and protection of its cultural heritage tourism resources. The results show that the values of global autocorrelation Moran’s I of spatial mismatch of cultural heritage tourism resources are all positive, and the mean value of Z(I) is 6.07956, P(I)<0.05, indicating that the spatial mismatch index of cultural heritage tourism resources at the city level has a significant spatial clustering tendency and an obvious clustering tendency. This study offers scientific suggestions for the development of cultural heritage resources in tourism, and it is also crucial for the development of Chinese cultural heritage sites.

DESIGN OF A VISUAL BOOK OF GORONTALO CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A FORM OF PRESERVATION AND EDUCATION OF INDONESIA'S CULTURE HISTORY

The long history of the City of Gorontalo notes that many historic cultural heritage buildings keep memories of the past and are evidence of the development of the City of Gorontalo itself. Historical heritage in the form of cultural heritage buildings is very useful as a generator of motivation, creativity and inspires the younger generation to understand the history and identity of the City of Gorontalo. (1) The diversity of cultural heritage buildings in the city of Gorontalo is the main attraction for tourists, but unfortunately there are still many who do not know about the heritage buildings. existing culture. So a book was designed with the aim of being able to introduce the diversity of the cultural heritage of the city of Gorontalo from a historical and cultural perspective. The benefits of this research are encouraging the people of Gorontalo to know the existence and types of cultural heritage objects as historical heritage in Gorontalo which have historical values. This research uses qualitative methods and design thinking. The result of this design is the creation of a cultural heritage visual book with the main media being a reference book/monograph containing illustrations of cultural heritage buildings and the environmental conditions that influence them. And supporting media in the form of bookmarks, notes, andcatalogs.

War in Mali: Destruction of Timbuktu Monuments

The historical and cultural heritage of the region contains a powerful potential for its preservation and development. The more vividly colored the cultural specificity of the region, more precisely, the cultural peculiarity (and isolation) of the people living in the territory of this region, the greater the historical depth of the cultural tradition that determines the specifics of the population of the region, the more stable the local subculture (in this context, the totality of people having common features of culture and corresponding identity), the more cohesive, more stable the social group.
 The destruction of the historical cultural heritage, the discrediting of culture, the destruction of the cultural symbols of a particular social community inevitably entails the blurring of its boundaries, the destruction of stable social ties, and the loss of collectively shared values. During the armed confrontation between government troops and jihadist gangs in the Republic of Mali, jihadists captured the ancient cultural capital of the Sahel, the city of Timbuktu.
 Islamists destroyed ancient mosques and mausoleums, burned ancient manuscripts and libraries in which they were stored. It was an attempt to prevent the formation of a single national community and to prevent the creation of a multicultural nation-state.

Advancing Cultural Heritage Structures Conservation: Integrating BIM and Cloud-Based Solutions for Enhanced Management and Visualization

Preserving and managing historical cultural heritage necessitates innovative approaches that harmonize technology with historical documentation. This paper presents a case study showcasing an adaptable online database tailored for the incorporation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) models and associated historical records. Notably, this approach offers distinctive integration with historical data, enabling users to contextualize heritage assets historically. The study delves into the database’s capabilities, focusing on its role in cultural heritage structure management. It explores interactive exploration, semantic querying, and attachment features, highlighting BIM’s potential in digital conservation, documentation, and archival efforts for historical structures. Additionally, the paper underscores the database’s significance as a valuable tool for education, research, and collaboration among heritage professionals and the public. While addressing specific modeling challenges, it emphasizes the importance of enhancing software solutions to elevate historical asset management. Historical BIM emerges as a powerful resource bridging the gap between historical structures’ conservation and modern technology.

Preserving and Managing the Sonic Heritage of the Performative Spaces of the Past

The ongoing "Sonic Heritage" project aims to develop a new multidisciplinary analytical approach that models the relationship between the intangible aspects and the spatial configuration of performative spaces of the past in order to assess the risks to sonic heritage of particular case studies in Italy, and to contribute to the monitoring of present-day sound and noise for the future management and preservation of historical cultural heritage. Moreover, this project also concerns the risk assessment of sonic heritage in ancient theatrical spaces as well as the modern reuse of these theatrical structures and the relationship with their intangible aspects, environment, and landscape. This paper will present some issues raised by the "Sonic Heritage" project concerning the study of sonic heritage of ancient theatres and how sonic heritage could be preserved and managed in the future.

Public Space as Urban Cultural and Tourism Education Facility with Historical Atmosphere

The Old City area, which is a part of Jakarta City has become the symbol of Batavia's historical greatness. Batavia is also known as the Queen of The East due to its beauty (Brill, 1993). From its long historical record and the abundant number of historical heritages, Old City area revitalization efforts have become a priority in DKI Jakarta Governor’s work programs. Based on Law Number 26 Year 2007 regarding Landscapes, Jakarta should own 30% of green open spaces in its administrative area. However, Jakarta only provides 10% of green open (Hariyawan et al., n.d.). The small amount can also be seen in the Old City area with a small portion of green open space or public area. The Old City area of Jakarta is now filled with illegal dwellings and abandoned buildings which are often used by migrant communities as their residences. This situation creates irregularity and discomfort for the people. Old City area is a cultural heritage area, which is often utilized as a gathering area for artists with routine activities such as photographers, mural artists, and theatrical actors. However, these communities often face difficulties due to limited facilities in the area. Based on the policy analysis of historical cultural heritage preservation of the Old City area in Jakarta, we can conclude that revitalization efforts aim to provide public open spaces by optimizing their functions, and comforts, while also bringing back the historical heritage atmosphere. The goal of this design is to shape interaction space patterns that are in accordance with the local art communities so that they can have their own working spaces. The method utilized in this research was a qualitative descriptive and case study methods, which were implemented in the Old City area. The revitalization of the Old City area in Jakarta has the potential to improve it as urban tourism and art education, which is also integrated with green open space that functions as social space. The involvement of communities in the area is also important in assisting the organizing, driving, and supervising efforts of public areas.

INNOVATIVE METHODS OF PLANNING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS USING A 3D SCANNER

During the war, many houses were completely or partially destroyed. Damaged residential buildings, historical buildings are of particular importance as monuments of architecture and art and cannot be restored. Thanks to the bombing, a whole historical era was lost. For restoration and rebuilding or reconstruction, qualitative analysis and assessment of the degree of destruction are required. There are many well-known methods of assessing the destruction and damage of buildings, which were used by architects and urban planners. The following types of technical inspection of the condition of buildings are known: general inspection and continuous inspection of destroyed buildings; diagnosis of the construction of buildings to obtain the opinion of experts on the development of a project for the repair or reconstruction of the building; carrying out an engineering and technical examination to determine the condition of the entire building or individual load-bearing structures and to identify the degree of damage or deformations. There is a problem of their restoration, rebuilding or reconstruction. To solve this problem, it is necessary to determine the degree of damage and develop a project of reconstruction or reconstruction, for this: determine the factors of deformation, damage to the structure of buildings; find out the level of danger in the operation of the building and its structures; calculate the possibility of increasing loads on the structure and its bearing capacity; reveal the possibility of additions to existing structures and endurance. Various methods are used for examination: visual, mechanical, impression method, sclerometric, hammering or removal of metal rods, ultrasonic or pulse, radiometric and electrophysical methods. Innovative methods - GIS technologies are fast, accurate and do not require large expenditures of time and money. These are methods of computer diagnostics of building damage, among them the laser scanning method, which has a number of advantages, as it makes 50,000 points per second, scans the surface of the damaged building outside and inside the building, and is remotely controlled by a specialist in a given program. Next, they conduct computer processing of the removal, calculations of damages and their degree. Next, they build a 3-D model of the reconstruction of the building. Laser scanning of historical buildings will help restore destroyed or damaged historical monuments of architecture, which are valuable for future generations and are the historical heritage of the Ukrainian nation. Keywords: planning, reconstruction of destroyed buildings, objects of historical cultural heritage, 3-D scanner, innovative methods, reconstruction of post-war Ukraine.

An Approach to Data Representation and Processing of Knowledge from the Bulgarian Folklore

In the context of global and high-tech development, cultural fields are often overlooked during these transitions. Therefore, it is essential to pay close attention to their inclusion. Cultural-historical heritage, which has undergone centuries of changes, deserves to be introduced into the technological world and made as accessible as possible to society, without territorial or border restrictions. Digitizing a part of this heritage, including folklore, can make it high-tech while preserving its character, peculiarity, and identity. This article examines the digitalization of Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage. It explores existing international standards for presenting cultural heritage and proposes a formalism for an adequate presentation of knowledge in the field of Bulgarian folklore. This article presents the first version of a model for the formal description of objects from Bulgarian folklore. We provide examples of the formal presentation of objects from Bulgarian folklore and their corresponding computer implementation.

The Importance of the Digitization Process for the Promotion of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Serbia: Empirical and Statistical Findings

Timely, comprehensive, and continuous protection, as well as the use and presentation of authentic tangible and intangible cultural-historical heritage of a certain area can greatly contribute to the economic, ecological and social development of the community and the strengthening of the competitive position. Digitization should relax all previously known forms of cultural expression and enable access to the broadest audience and their participation in cultural life. This paper has the ambition to contribute to a more comprehensive appreciation of the digitization process, facilitate access to digital content and motivate new thinking about the continuous improvement of the availability of movable and immovable cultural assets, as well as intangible cultural heritage. A primary questionnaire was created in order to assess the views and opinions of the citizens of the Republic of Serbia on the importance of the digitization process for the promotion of cultural heritage. The research sample was an opportunistic, convenient sampling of residents of the Republic of Serbia from all 5 regions (n=138). The importance of the digitization process for the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage has been established. Modern technologies are insufficiently represented in the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage, while this attitude is supported by a slightly higher percentage of respondents with the highest level of education. The importance of the digitization process for the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage has been proven, and respondents with the highest level of education attach the highest degree of importance to it. The greatest contribution can be seen in the preservation of the national identity and cultural diversity of the national communities, of our region, with social networks being the media that can contribute the most to the promotion of cultural heritage.

Maintaining Identity of the Built Environments of Religious Cities: Impact of Expansions at the Historic Karbala, Iraq

The architectural landscape of the city of Karbala is a rich heritage which has the possibility to be used in the development and shaping of the urban fabric of the city. It demonstrates the richness of Islamic architecture and the rhythmic movement of architectural styles. Its importance in creating a distinct personality in all social, cultural, architectural, and environmental aspects is uncontested However, recent developments have witnessed a loss of the local style which is a major issue to be resolved. Any development of this area requires good planning methods and policies that deal with the cultural heritage that represents the memory of the society that must be preserved and dealt with carefully and cautiously. This paper examines this issue to unravel the reasons that have led to the deterioration of the urban and cultural identity of the homogeneous fabric of the city. Modern developments have affected its homogeneity that have led to a loss of its unity of concept, resulting in an urban and architectural chaos. In fact, the contemporary scene represents the disintegration of the bonds that link the parts of the city to the civilized existence of the culturally and economically dependent community in addition to urban interdependence. The research employs a set of methods were used in the identity analysis of the traditional urban fabric through the use of a questionnaire form as a method to collect data and information from a specific group of individuals closely related to the study site, as well as to understand and analyze the set of questions posed, as well as observation and analysis of the site based on random demolitions of the urban fabric compared to the experts' opinions that it should be preserved. The findings confirm the view that each city has its character and personality based on the general concept that it has grown up on. Preserving them will give the city a balance in its urban expansion, without falling into urban disasters that may cost the city. It could destroy its cultural and economic treasury together and may destroy its historical cultural heritage in an irreplaceable manner.

Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Index: From Theoretical Definition to Practical Analysis in Romania

The competitiveness of tourist destinations presents, from the perspective of sustainability, certain benefits in terms of local and regional development: the involvement of local authorities (city, local and county councils, population) in the conservation of tourist resources, the involvement of tourism agencies in the promotion of rural areas, the creation of brands for each tourist destination/region and the protection of cultural-historical heritage from degradation. Competitiveness, as a segment of sustainability, integrated in Romanian local communities, is necessary in order to offer tourists an unmistakable experience of the natural and anthropogenic tourism potential of destinations, to raise the population’s awareness, to preserve traditions, customs and habits and to practice tourism based on sustainability, awareness and without any pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to highlight the image of Romania’s tourism competitiveness, which could support the tourism economy in the long term, by analysing the Global Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Index (TTCI) in Romania, compared to two other neighbouring countries, Bulgaria and Hungary. The Global Competitiveness Index provides an integrative picture of the main sub-indices that interfere in the formation of a country’s competitiveness, with insights on the 12 pillars that intervene in the sustainable development of tourist destinations worldwide.

Landscape and Agriculture 4.0: A Deep Farm in Italy in the Underground of a Public Historical Garden

Each landscape is the result of an encounter with the culture of a community and the physical features of a territory. The conservation of the historical, artistic, and cultural heritage represents a priority for any society that wishes to draw on references for its civil progress. The aim of the present research is to combine the richness of the historical–cultural heritage with innovative forms of agriculture. It focuses on the recovery, in productive terms, of an air-raid shelter used during the Second World War, located in the center of Varese beneath the Estensi Historical Gardens. The project involves the construction of an underground Vertical Farm (Deep Farm) with the aim of restoring a place of memory, making it more accessible than it is today, and raising public awareness about a new cultivation model. A Deep Farm was designed with a cultivation area in the middle, an educational room, and two hygiene rooms, one at each end of the tunnel. A Vertical Farm was conceived to be shared with local stakeholders to produce vegetables and to foresee an innovative reality in the field of education and tourism. This project has the ambition of representing a model that could be used for similar Italian realities and enhancing meeting places between landscape and modern culture diversities.

Implementation of Urban Solution for New Faculty Facilities within Spatial Historical and Cultural Units—A Case Study of Belgrade, Serbia

The focus of this study is buildings for public purposes, specifically for higher education, planned in zones of spatial cultural-historical units. Sustainable urban planning in areas with cultural-historical heritage is a particular challenge since the higher education facilities themselves have their own functional requirements, which are much easier to fulfill in “softer” locations. The research objective is to prove the hypothesis that it is possible to indicate a prescription for the practical application of the theoretical model and define the necessary steps to achieve the best sustainable quality results in practice. The paper analyses the associated process, relational settings, circumstances, participants, and timelines, and it presents the results of final designs based on two parallel case studies of new capital buildings for the University of Belgrade. Methodologically it gives an overview of the context, referring to other research and examples, detailing chosen case studies, and describing their backgrounds, conditions and requirements, frameworks, chronologies, approaches, and results. The discussion concludes with theoretical models originating from the comparison of implemented steps in the process of creation and evaluation of architectural ideas and summarized similarities and differences, aiming that there is a common model suitable for further applications. The practical result of the research is findings about the pathway for the best original planning solution emphasized through the institution of urban architectural competitions as a mandatory step, recommending wider participation of experts in the process of evaluation.

Developments of muonic X-ray measurement system for historical-cultural heritage samples in Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC)

Negative muon elemental analysis, which can measure depth-wise elemental composition from 100 nm to several centimeters with a depth resolution of order µm, is a revolutionary technology that enables the nondestructive analysis of materials. In recent years, this technique has begun to apply to understand historical cultural heritage. We have studied the Japanese archaeological heritage to provide new insights into Japanese archaeological research. Here, we report the progress on development of intense (high speed) negative muon X-ray measurement system at KEK Muon Science Laboratory (MSL) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). For this purpose, the efficiency of detectors (wide energy range and high resolution) were improved by preparing a high-purity multi-arrayed germanium semiconductor detectors (HP Ge) to detect one photon or less per muon pulse available in J-PARC. In addition, by increasing the number of detectors and suppressing the noise sources, we have succeeded to enhance the detection efficiency by about 10 times compared to conventional systems.

Building Granite Characterisation, Construction Phases, Mason’s Marks and Glyptography of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe Church, Mouçós e Lamares, Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion

The Romanesque church of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe of Mouçós e Lamares is located in Vila Real (North of Portugal). The exterior part of its nave is preserved almost unaltered. Most of the granite ashlars and corbels that make up this church have a mason’s mark in the centre of their faces. The building granites (Sanguinhedo and Vale das Gatas) have been identified and characterised petrographically and petrophysically. The mason’s marks have been as well identified; all the ashlars with visible mason’s marks have been mapped, and a glyptographic study has been carried out. In addition, the surface roughness of ashlars was measured. All these analyses have made it possible to locate the main historical quarry, to calculate the number of stonemasons who worked in the construction of the church, and to determine its construction phases. There are eight main types of mason’s marks on the nave façades. The quarrymen extracted the main building granite (Sanguinhedo granite) from the same quarry, or from nearby quarries. Although the most experienced stonemason has been identified, most stonemasons worked as a team during all construction phases of the church. Techniques such as petrography, ultrasonic P wave velocity, colourimetry, roughness and the determination of hydric properties will guarantee the quality and durability of the heritage stone for restorations. In addition, the glyptographic analysis revealed important historical and ethnographic findings that will be very useful for the appreciation of the monument. Therefore, the knowledge of built heritage, such as mason’s marks contribute to the conservation of historical quarries and traditions, as well as help understand the close cultural association societies have had with heritage stones. In this way, the scientific corpus of historical-cultural heritage can face for the development of tourism in Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion in a long-lasting sustainable way.

Causes of cracks in the plaster of unheated stone buildings

Introduction. The objects of the study are unheated stone buildings. Most of them are historical, including cultural heritage sites. The subject of the study is the analysis of the causes of cracks in the inner plaster layer. Damage of the internal plaster coating has a strong influence on the condition of wall paintings and artistic decoration of the exterior walls of preserved historical objects of cultural heritage. There is a lack of systematic studies of the causes of the damage on the walls. The scientific novelty of the work is the development of a finite element model. In this model, a fragment of masonry is considered together with a plaster coating. The practical significance of the study is to establish causal relationships between damage to load-bearing stone walls and internal plaster coatings. The study is aimed at identifying the most significant factors and impacts that influence the appearance of damage in the inner plaster layer of unheated stone buildings and religious buildings.
 
 Materials and methods. A detailed analysis of the stress state of the plaster layer during the course of shrinkage deformations in it was performed. Numerical research methods based on a finite element model of a fragment of masonry with a plaster layer were used.
 
 Results. The paper provides a graph of the dependence of the main tensile stresses on the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of the plaster mortar to the modulus of deformation of the masonry. With an increase in this ratio, the values of the main tensile stresses increase linearly. When they reach a value of 1.0 MPa, they become comparable to the limiting stresses at which a crack is formed. The obtained results are of great practical importance in the development of programs for the inspection, repair and restoration of historical cultural heritage sites.
 
 Conclusions. It is established that the values of the main tensile stresses practically do not depend on the thickness of the plaster layer. Humidity deformations of the plaster layer significantly exceed temperature ones and are the most significant factors for the appearance of cracks on the internal plaster coating of external walls in the absence of force cracks in the walls.

An Approach to the Visual Presentation of Museum Artefacts

The present work aims to create approaches for applying the means of digitalization in the design stage and selection of (graphic) design solutions intended for the needs of the preservation and dissemination of the cultural-historical heritage. In order to expand the applicability of the proposed approach, the emphasis is mainly on the moment of the exact selection of exhibits of a given type in order to use them to achieve the best presentation for various needs of the graphic, industrial, etc. design for a wide range of objects - artefacts from museum collections such as costumes, costumes, jewellery and the like. One of the possible options for achieving the goals of the present development envisages the use of artificial intelligence tools and modern approaches to image analysis. Aims and objectives - to study a method of analysis and evaluation of artefacts.

Cedars of the North Mountains: Historical forest culture and practices in modern day nature policies

The region north of Kyoto is referred to as Kitayama, which literally translates as North Mountains. The region is the location of Cryptomeria japonica, Japanese cedar or sugi, production in Japan. Cedar logs grown there are used as pillars in the construction of buildings in a typical Japanese minimalist style, but also traditional rooms included in modern houses. Cedar was planted widely in Japan following World War II not only to rebuild the economy but also to grow raw materials to contribute to post-war housing reconstruction. In Kitayama, cedar has been grown for over 600 years and using specific silvicultural techniques by a community that has a unique cultural legacy which developed around cedar cultivation. The Kitayama sugi economic-socio-cultural-ecological complex thrived following World War II but is currently under stress. Demand for its highly priced products is declining. It is recognized in Japan and by the city of Kyoto as a valuable cultural historical heritage and efforts are being made to preserve it as such. The success of these efforts has been mixed so far. This paper reviews the Kitayama sugi economic-socio-cultural-ecological complex in order to understand how historical indigenous forestry practices change over time and how they might be dealt with in advanced societies such as Japan.

MANUSCRIPTS AND ITS ROLE IN WRITING HISTORY

Manuscripts are among the primary primary sources that enable the researcher to study history as a way to preserve what the Arab mind has produced. The study and investigation of the manuscript discovers the researcher's contributions to civilization, which began at an early age during the Arab rule. The realization and publication of the manuscript makes it easier to translate it, know its contents, and benefit from it, as the Arab government witnessed a wide activity after the emergence of the printer, and the translation of many manuscripts. The investigation process combines two contradictions; The ease of work and its difficulty inherent in the obstacles that the researcher finds, which is summarized in the spatial dimension between the investigator and the location of the manuscript, and in the difficulty of finding and verifying other copies of manuscripts, as well as the difficulty of achieving texts in the manuscripts themselves. As for ease; It is the scientific pleasure that the investigator finds as a result of the investigation and this is due to the embrace of a group of sources in various other sciences, and the enrichment of the valuable scientific information that contains the manuscript. As for what this paper contains, what are the manuscripts and their importance, and it contains the definition of manuscripts, the parts of the manuscript, their types, and their cultural and intellectual importance. As well as the way to benefit from them, the conditions of investigation, the stages of investigation, the difficulties of investigation, the ways to treat them and the way to benefit from the manuscripts. The manuscripts also reveal the paths of scientific and intellectual exchange between nations and the images of influence and influence on the books produced by human minds. The importance of the investigation lies in preserving the nation’s heritage, highlighting the historical cultural heritage produced by historians over the years and investing it by modern technological means to spread knowledge and benefit.

CULTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT CREATION

It is pointed out that with the economic development and social progress, China's historical cultural heritage has been gradually discovered and slowly changed by modern civilization and the general environment. Through the people's brainstorming, China has made great efforts in the protection of cultural heritage and promoted the development of various heritage protection measures. The contradictions between cultural heritage conservation and construction are analyzed, and measures for active conservation, holistic creation, and renovation and improvement of old cities are proposed in order to provide a reference for the conservation of heritage and innovation of cultural environment.