Crime Reporting Research Articles

Оптимизация правового режима возбуждения уголовных дел о налоговых преступлениях в свете цикличных изменений уголовно-процессуального закона

Relevance. The article examines the main stages of the transformation of the legal model for initiating criminal cases on tax crimes, analyzes the changes introduced by Federal Law No. 51-FZ of 09.03.2022, returning a special “tax” reason to Article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and adjusting the procedure for considering reports about the crime of the group in question. The problematic issues in the field of interaction between the preliminary investigation bodies and tax authorities in the course of identifying tax crimes and collecting the necessary evidence of the taxpayer's guilt are summarized. The purpose of this study is to study topical issues of improving the procedural form of receiving and verifying reports of crimes in the context of traditional approaches to tax administration. Objectives: analysis of the updated norms of tax and criminal procedural legislation, conceptual theoretical provisions that reflect the existing problems and contradictions in the legal regulation of the "tax" reason, its use in criminal procedural proof at the initial stage of the criminal process; development of proposals for optimization of criminal procedure legislation. Methodology. When writing the article, the method of legal modeling, as well as logical, statistical, historical, comparative legal and other methods were used. Results. The results of the study demonstrate the problems of legal regulation of the new procedure for initiating a criminal case on a tax crime and made it possible to formulate proposals for its improvement. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, the author states a change in the legal model for initiating criminal prosecution of unscrupulous taxpayers, when the effectiveness of solving crimes is replaced by a risk-based approach in the field of detecting tax crimes. It demonstrates the lack of common views in the assessments of such innovations, taking into account the existing experience of applying such a procedure in 2011-2014, a contradictory understanding of the role of tax audit materials in shaping the reason and grounds for initiating a crimi

Проверка прокурором соблюдения требований закона при разрешении вопроса об отказе в возбуждении уголовного дела

The article is devoted to the study of the issues of the implementation of prosecutorial inspections of compliance with the requirements of the law when the bodies of preliminary investigation make a procedural decision to refuse to initiate criminal proceedings. It reveals the basic, fundamental concepts on the issues of prosecutorial inspections, raises some of the most pressing problems today. In particular, attention is paid to the subtleties of prosecutorial checks when checking decisions on refusal to initiate criminal proceedings on reports of crimes committed in the field of entrepreneurship, ways to strengthen prosecutorial supervision in this area. Both positive and negative examples of interdepartmental interaction of the prosecutor's office with the bodies of pre-liminary investigation and inquiry are also considered. The relevant statistical information of both the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Dagestan and the investigative Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Dagestan is provided on these issues. The authors come to the conclusion that the protection of the rights of victims of crimes, the restoration of the violated security of society, the violated interests of the state are extremely important and responsible tasks assigned to the prosecutor by law. Accordingly, the prosecutor is obliged to act proactively, clearly and clearly indicate his legal position on certain issues, orienting other law enforcement agencies accordingly to specific actions.

Associations of state-level and county-level hate crimes with individual-level cardiovascular risk factors in a prospective cohort study of middle-aged Americans: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979

BackgroundThere have been long-standing debates about the potential health consequences of hate crimes over and above other types of crimes. Besides the direct consequences for victims, less is known about...

Особенности проверки сообщений о преступлениях, совершенных несовершеннолетними

The article reveals criminal procedural and other features of the verificationof reportsofcrimescommitted by minors. The author analyzes the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of theRussianFederation, which regulate the procedure for verifying a crime report. Attention is drawn to the specifics of theprocedural status of a minor involved in the sphere of pre-trial proceedings, and the presence of gaps inthelegislationinterms of ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of a minor in the production withhis participationofinvestigative and other actions before the initiation of a criminal case. Based on the analysis of materialsoflawenforcement practice, certain aspects of the production of operational-search activities, inspectionof thesceneofthe incident and examination with the participation of a minor are revealed. Based on the analysis of materialsoflaw enforcement practice, certain aspects of the production of operational-search activities, inspectionof thesceneof the incident and examination with the participation of a minor are revealed.

Problems of compensation for damage related to violation of the victim's right to criminal proceedings within a reasonable time in case of illegal inaction of law enforcement officers conducting verification of a crime report

Problems of compensation for damage related to violation of the victim's right to criminal proceedings within a reasonable time in case of illegal inaction of law enforcement officers conducting verification of a crime report

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ Ч. 1 СТ. 144 УПК РФ НА СТАДИЮ ВОЗБУЖДЕНИЯ УГОЛОВНОГО ДЕЛА

In 2013, based on Federal law No. 23-FZ, part 1 of Art. 144 of the RF Criminal Procedure Code was amended: it became allowed to carry out various procedural, investigative, and other actions; to explain to the participants of these actions their rights; to consider information obtained when examining crime reports as evidence. These amendments both considerably influenced understanding of the very beginning of a criminal case initiation and produced significant problems in collecting, checking, and assessing evidence as the structural elements of the proof process. The theoretical study shows that having the right to carry out procedural, investigative, and other activities at the stage of initiating a criminal case enshrined, the legislator omitted two very significant aspects. The first one is the absence of possibility to perform some actions in the order established by the RF Criminal Procedure Code as the procedure of such actions, for instance, getting the explanations, seizure of documents and things, is not regulated in any way by the RF Criminal Procedure Code. The actions regulated by the RF Criminal Procedure Code (forensic investigation appointment, examination, etc.) can be performed only within the frame of an initiated criminal case. The second one is that the expanded capabilities of investigation authorities at the stage of the criminal case initiation dissolved the boundaries between the preliminary investigation stage and the stage of initiating a criminal case actually turning the stage of initiating a criminal case into the “investigation imitation” carried out apart from the criminal procedure principles specified for the investigation.

Other security measures of participants in the verification of a crime report applied at the stage of initiation of a criminal case

Other security measures of participants in the verification of a crime report applied at the stage of initiation of a criminal case

Silence Breaking: The Role of Sexism on Sexual Crime Reporting in the Metoo Era

Silence Breaking: The Role of Sexism on Sexual Crime Reporting in the Metoo Era

On some aspects of consideration of a crime report on the facts of road transport accidents

On some aspects of consideration of a crime report on the facts of road transport accidents

Measuring Crime Reporting and Incidence: Method and Application to #MeToo

Measuring Crime Reporting and Incidence: Method and Application to #MeToo

REASONABLE TIME LIMIT FOR OBTAINING AN EXPERT OPINION AT THE STAGE OF INITIATING CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

The purpose of the study is to determine the reasonableness of the time limit for obtaining an expert opinion in the course of verifying a crime report at the stage of initiating criminal proceedings. The study is based on the provisions of the current legislation on criminal procedure as well as on the by-laws governing the appointment and conduct of forensic examinations. Moreover, the findings of the article are based on investigative and judicial practice. The study employs a variety of scientific methods: information analysis and synthesis, empirical-critical, comparative-legal, systemic. These methods make it possible to identify the status of the problem of determining the reasonable time limit for conducting forensic examinations and ways to overcome difficulties arising in investigative practice. The result of the study is the interpretation of the norm of Art. 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and the consequent proposal to establish a system of by-laws in which the question of time limits would be decided according to the type of relevant forensic examination.

Cannabis decriminalization and racial disparity in arrests for cannabis possession

RationaleMinorities often bear the brunt of unequal enforcement of drug laws. In the U.S., Blacks have been disproportionately more likely to be arrested for cannabis possession than Whites despite a similar rate of cannabis use. Decriminalizing cannabis has been argued as a way to reduce racial disparity in cannabis possession arrests. To date, however, the empirical evidence to support this argument is almost non-existent. ObjectivesTo examine whether cannabis decriminalization was associated with reduced racial disparity in arrests for cannabis possession between Blacks and Whites in the U.S. MethodsUsing FBI Uniform Crime Report data from 37 U.S. states, cannabis possession arrest rates were calculated separately for Blacks and Whites from 2000 to 2019. A difference-in-differences framework was used to estimate the association between cannabis decriminalization and racial disparity in cannabis possession arrest rates (Blacks/Whites ratio) among adults and youths. ResultsCannabis possession arrest rates declined over 70% among adults and over 40% among youths after the implementation of cannabis decriminalization in 11 states. Among adults, decriminalization was associated with a roughly 17% decrease in racial disparity in arrest rates between Blacks and Whites. Among youths, arrest rates declined among both Blacks and Whites but there was no evidence for a change in racial disparity between Blacks and Whites following decriminalization. ConclusionsCannabis decriminalization was associated with substantially lower cannabis possession arrest rates among both adults and youths and among both Blacks and Whites. It reduced racial disparity between Blacks and Whites among adults but not youths. These findings suggested that cannabis decriminalization had its intended consequence of reducing arrests and may have potential to reduce racial disparity in arrests at least among adults.

Comparative Study of K-Nearest Neighbour and Naïve Bayes Performances on Malay Text Classification

Police narrative reports are critical in assisting the investigation officer in uncovering hidden information during the criminal investigation process. In recent years, detecting criminal linkages by locating modus operandi in a massive volume of unstructured police reports has become a significant challenge. Here have been few studies on text classification in the Malay language due to some limitations that need to be addressed. Text classification is the process of properly categorizing text into a set of categories. In this study, classification techniques are used to predict the class of modus operandi for housebreaking crime documents using a Malay crime dataset. The dataset used in this study for housebreaking crime is a real dataset from the Royal Police Department of Malaysia. The purpose of this paper is to compare the accuracy of the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Naive Bayes algorithms for classifying Malay Crime Reports based on their mode of operation. The experiment results show that Naïve Bayes achieved a high accuracy rate of 97.86% with a 9 second execution time, whereas KNN achieved an accuracy rate of 88.43% with a 48 second execution time.

From Interpersonal Violence to Institutionalized Discrimination: Documenting and Assessing the Impact of Islamophobia on Muslim American

Muslims and people perceived as Muslims face Islamophobia, defined as an “irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against Islam or people who practice Islam.” Reports of hate crimes motivated by Islamophobia have increased, as have other forms of Islamophobia, such as workplace discrimination. This qualitative study examined the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim Americans, ranging from school and workplace discrimination to policies that target Muslims, such as government surveillance. The objectives of this study were to document the spectrum of Islamophobia in the U.S. and to assess the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim Americans using components of grounded theory, qualitative data collection, and analysis. Using a semi-structured interview guide, a total of 40 participants (20 women, 20 men) were interviewed about self-reported experiences with Islamophobia and responses to bias incidents. Participants self-identified as Muslim, were at least 18 years of age, and represented various ethnic groups. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Nvivo 12. Findings indicate that Islamophobia and xenophobia are significant sources of long-term stress. Participants discussed physical assaults in public locations, vandalism at their homes, persistent questioning regarding their country of origin, and verbal harassment in the form of derogatory terms. Islamophobia in the U.S. is multifaceted and a significant source of stress for Muslim Americans. Findings from this study and others on this topic highlight the need for interventions to support Muslim Americans.

Re-assessing measurement error in police calls for service: Classifications of events by dispatchers and officers.

Police calls for service are an important conduit by which officers and researchers can obtain insight into public requests for police service. Questions remain, however, about the quality of these data, and, particularly, the prevalence of measurement error in the classifications of events. As part of the present research, we assess the accuracy of call-types used by police dispatchers to describe events that are responded to by police officers. Drawing upon a sample of 515,155 calls for police service, we explore the differences among initial call-types, cleared call-types, and crime-types as documented in crime reports. Our analyses reveal that although the majority of calls for service exhibit overlap in their classifications, many still exhibit evidence of misclassification. Our analyses also reveal that such patterns vary as a function of call- and crime-type categories. We discuss our findings in light of the challenges of the classification process and the associated implications.

Crime Reporting System (CRS)

Crime Reporting System (CRS)

Медиаагрессия и её воздействие на аудиторию

This article is devoted to the representation of violence in modern media, in particular — to the features that are inherent in such materials, and also examines the impact of violence in journalistic materials on the audience that consumes the content. The media, as an institution of mass communication, has several basic functions, which are both derived from the needs of society and based on the interests of a particular member of society. At the moment, the attention of many researchers is closely drawn to the influence of the content of various media on the audience, the formation of the perception of individual individuals. Scientists have proven that one of the things that attracts a person is violence, because the audience is interested in «bad» news, watches crime reports. But media violence is still one of the stumbling blocks in contemporary discourse. In the article, we will consider what features are inherent in materials covering cruelty in general and crimes in particular, identify the level of influence of consumed content on the formation of individual characteristics, and also analyze a number of aggressive behavior of the audience depending on the materials

Technological Advocacy and Crime Reporting in an HBCU Setting: Addressing the Prospect of Legal Cynicism in the Ebony Tower

In comparison to white students, the study of Black student attitudes toward crime reporting on college campuses is deficient, especially in historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Using approximately 100 completed student questionnaires, statistical results suggest that the majority of students express a willingness to report a campus-related crime to campus police. The highest reported explanation for refusing to report a crime is based upon the prospect of being labeled in a negative manner. The highest reported explanation for reporting a crime is based upon the receipt of a financial reward and anonymity. Bivariate calculations indicate that age, gender, and residential status are significantly associated with crime reporting decisions. Policy implications, areas of further research, and limitations are provided.

The Madadgar(Anti theft-SOS) Android App

This paper presents an anti-theft application for android based devices to find stolen or lost vehicles, child, and report of crime, mobile snatching, lost of person, vehicle verification and Emergency SOS button. As we all know after mobile snatching people faced a lot of difficulty in Blocking of sim, and lodging mobile theft complains, but with this app user will be able to lodge complains in just few minutes and the client will moreover be able to call for offer assistance in case of crisis by squeezing S0S button at which exact location of the user will send to response center without consuming time.Now this application work as once this application installed in user’s android mobile device,it will stored user’s email id,mobile phone number,and CNIC number ,collect the data from the sensors and keep running in the background by using services.Example:1 If the user is in emergency situation he/she just trigger the SOS button for help then location of the victim will go to response center and they will trace the location and take immediate action .Example :2 If user see any robbery nearby his area he can easily make video and take pictures of that incident then simply upload it in this application through form filling.Example:3 If user’s vehicle or child is lost then he can upload vehicle or child pictures with detailed information by filling form.The purpose of this application is to bring Citizens of Pakistan and CPLC on one platform .This app will end the hassle to visit or call police station/CPLC and will allow the user to lodge complains, call for help through user friendly forms instantly. This collaboration will allow Citizens of Pakistan and security forces to associate with each other more efficiently. It will become an important part of people’s everyday lives as it combines simplicity and usefulness and brings Pakistani Forces and citizens on one single platform.

Some Determinants of Crime Reporting Among Economic and Financial Crime Victims: The Case of Azerbaijan

Relatively limited attention has been paid by scholars to explore the crime reporting behavior of white-collar crime victims, especially in developing countries, such as Azerbaijan, where some forms of white-collar crimes are widespread. Using the dataset of the first nationwide victimization survey (n = 1,214) in Azerbaijan, the current paper attempts to explore the determinants of crime reporting among 4 specific white-collar offense (fraud, request for bribery, sale of unsafe good and sale of unsafe food for consumption) among randomly selected, yet unrepresentative subsample of victims (n = 186). Offenses were categorized in two groups for analysis—financial/economic offenses and non-financial/economic offenses, hence two models in a binary logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that the extent of financial loss predicts the crime reporting behavior for victims of financial offenses. Those with a higher level of the perceived probability of being victimized by a violent crime were more likely to have notified the authorities of their victimization. Applicable for non-financial crimes only, the level of income has an inverse association with a decision to invoke the law. The relationship of a victim to an offender predicted a decision to contact the authorities—cases in which the offender was identified as a stranger were less likely to be reported to the law enforcement authorities than cases in which the offender had not been identified. No socio-demographic variable has a predictive capacity for either crime category. In addition, as the main motives for not mobilizing the law, almost half of the cases have been resolved in between the offender and victims, such as through compensation. The findings have several theoretical implications for white-collar crime literature. Suggestions for further research, as well as the limitations, are discussed toward the end of the paper.