Drug Trafficking Crimes Research Articles

CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING

This article aims, as the proposed theme suggests, to analyze the crime of drug trafficking committed by women, critically verifying the conditioning factors of female criminality. The research question that guides this research is: what factors condition the entry of women into the practice of the crime of drug trafficking? Based on the question presented, the phenomenon of female criminality in drug trafficking was analyzed from a critical perspective, seeking to understand, through studies of marginal feminist criminology and theories that justify entry into criminal activity, the main motivations that influence women's entry into the crime in question. Once the research problem was overcome, alternatives capable of producing positive effects regarding the reduction of female incarceration for drug trafficking were sought, highlighting that decarceration measures present themselves as a possible solution to the problem, since the current prohibitionist drug policy is ineffective. Thus, to achieve the results obtained in this research, the following methodological techniques and procedures were used: i) bibliographic review in works of social sciences, criminal law and criminology, as well as authors who focus on women's relationships with crime from a feminist theoretical framework; ii) analysis of quantitative and qualitative data extracted from official bodies, paying attention to the limitations they present, since there is a great restriction of information.

The Main Directions of Using Information Technology in Solving Drug Trafficking Crimes

Introduction: modern society is conditioned by the growth of drug trafficking, which leads to an expansion of the scale and an increase in the rate of narcotization of the most able-bodied and reproductive age groups. Thus, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation has determined that one of the sources of threats to state and public security is the activities of criminal organizations and groups engaged in drugs trafficking and psychotropic substances. The use of information technology is crucial in the distribution of narcotic drugs. In order to identify and prevent crimes committed in this way the employees of law enforcement agencies, and primarily, the employees of operational units, need special knowledge in the field of information technology. The improvement of special knowledge used in operational investigative activities, as well as in the preliminary investigation of drug trafficking crimes, is due to the need to develop the methodological recommendations and implement them in practice. The purpose of the study is to identify relevant theoretical and applied problems of methodological support for detecting and solving drug trafficking crimes committed using information technology and systems based on the use of forensic knowledge about the latest computer technologies and information resources. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to consider the main characteristics of crimes related to drug trafficking on the Internet; 2) to investigate the mechanism of activity of online stores selling narcotic drugs; 3) To analyze the problems of counteraction to the contactless method of distribution of narcotic drugs using information technology; 4) to study the main directions of using information technology in solving drug trafficking crimes. Research methods: the nature of the issues under consideration determined the application of a set of complementary research methods: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical methods: the study and analysis of literature, Internet resources. The empirical methods: on the basis of periodicals and in electronic publications on the Internet, to study the latest methods and characteristics of committing crimes in the field of information technology, as well as the methods of their detection and investigation using information and telecommunication technologies and systems by employees of operational units. Generalization method: the conclusions are drawn based on the results of the work as a whole.

Determination of the Accomplished Standard of the Crime of Drug Trafficking by Delivery

Determination of the Accomplished Standard of the Crime of Drug Trafficking by Delivery

Analisis Aspek Hukum Pidana dalam Menangani Kejahatan Perdagangan Narkotika Studi Kasus: Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan No.133/Pid.Sus/2023/PN JKT.SEL)

This article analyzes the criminal law aspects in combating drug trafficking through a case study of the verdict of South Jakarta District Court Number 133/Pid.Sus/2023/PN JKT.SEL. Juridical-normative and qualitative approaches are employed to analyze the case facts, legal arguments, sentencing considerations, and social impacts of the court's decision. Case study, descriptive, comparative, and content analysis methods are utilized to gain a comprehensive understanding of the legal and social aspects involved in addressing drug trafficking cases. The research findings provide insights into the implementation of criminal law, social influences, and countermeasures against drug trafficking crimes. Recommendations can be made for the improvement of handling similar cases in the future.

Efectividad de la tabla de consumo de drogas en la identificación del narcotráfico, microtráfico y consumidor

The consumption table was established to, in addition to reducing the use of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, complement the classification of the crime of drug trafficking, since it is from its use that each type of trafficking can be classified based on the amounts of narcotics and their special characteristics. However, since its promulgation it has been widely questioned. Consequently, the objective set forth in this article is to critically review and from a qualitative point of view, the configuration of the table of substances, so that its influence and practicality in tracking micro-trafficking and drug trafficking in Ecuador can be impartially validated; in order to identify the types of consumers that require assistance for their rehabilitation, and mentioning their impact in relation to the current situation in the country, considering the current regulations, especially aimed at leaving the criminal figure as non-punishable in the case of people who, due to the amounts they carry in their body, can be classified as consumers. This is achieved through a qualitative methodological approach and with the application of methods such as analytical-synthetic and inductive.

Multi-layer data integration technique for combining heterogeneous crime data

Analysis of publicly available human and drug trafficking crime data faces the challenge of finding a comprehensive dataset that includes a sufficiently large number of crime incidents. Our proposed methodology attempts to address this challenge by using entity resolution techniques to merge multiple state-wide crime datasets and a county-wide incident report dataset to get a clearer picture of a category of criminal activity in a geographical area. This methodology combines incident reports, crime reports, and court records to close any gaps that may be present in a single data source. We apply this methodology to create a dataset that includes drug and human trafficking related crimes and incidents from three distinct sources (from Louisville Open Data Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation Kentucky Crime Incidents, and the Kentucky Online Offender Lookup website) to provide researchers data to study the link between drug and human trafficking related crimes. In a case study performed with the new merged dataset, an XGBoost classifier was able to label a 7-day sliding time window, within any given county, as containing a human trafficking related incident or not with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.86.

Analysis of the spread of drug trafficking crime (crystal trade) in the Baghdad city for the period of 2020 using remote sensing techniques

The purpose of the research is to study the phenomenon of the increasing spread of the drug trade and its control in order to protect against its spread and increase its trade in Baghdad, through the use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems programs and measuring the extent of the development of this phenomenon to reduce and control it and predict its spatial spread within the geographical space and the city of Baghdad and the population density of the number of traffickers In the case of weak measures to prevent and combat organized crime, and to produce maps of the distribution of this crime in order to limit its spread and take the necessary measures to control it, this issue has been addressed through GIS version 4.01, as one of the tools that helps decision makers to take appropriate decisions in the right time. The areas in which the activity of drug dealers will spread and according to the ratio between the numbers of drug dealers to the population of Baghdad, which is 8500 million, was reached. The highest value was from 119 to 202 in the areas of Dora, Bab Al-Sharqi, Bab Al-Muadham, Al-Shaab and Al-Husseiniya areas. As for the rest of the areas, they varied with less severity, ranging in value from 12.1 to 118. As for the ratio between the areas registered with the activity of drug dealers to the area of the city of Baghdad. Our study predicted the highest value from 13.46 to 23.07, the expected areas were Al-Sadr City, New Baghdad and Bab Al-Muadham, while the rest of the values ranged between 1.413 to 13.45, and they are subject to several factors for reasons of spread or not according to the programs set to reduce drug trafficking.

Electronic evidence

Relevance of the problem outlined in the article is due to increasing levels of crime in the sphere of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors using information and telecommunication systems. The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the problem of the use of electronic evidence in proving crimes of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors. To achieve the goal were used to theoretical, historical comparative methods and logical analysis; application of dialectical method allowed to reveal the meaning of concepts "electronic evidence The article presents the most common methods of communication in the sale of drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors through such means of communication as messengers, social networks, online games, proprietary programs. It is established that the main causes of drug trafficking crimes include: insufficient legal regulation of cyberspace, the lack of geographical boundaries, the spread of information about drugs on the Internet, especially in Darknet), the uncontrolled development of the cryptocurrency market. The definition of electronic proof in the Ukrainian legal system, as well as the forms and features of electronic proof are considered.

A cartografia da repressão: uma análise do enfrentamento ao tráfico de drogas na cidade de Canoas

The following study seeks to demonstrate the main problems raised by the paradigm of Political Sociology in the penal field, namely in the sphere of the dysfunctionalities and the structural contradictions in the systems of penal persecution, to be revisited in Brazil in light of the very application of the current criminal legislation. To do so, we propose a critical reflection on prisons notorious for the crime of drug trafficking, before analyzing data obtained by means of observations and empirical studies carried out at the 2nd Police Station of the Metropolitan Region of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The data collected on the police’s activities points to a selectivity in criminal prosecution across different levels, to have invariably led to the individualization of certain punishable social groups.

Mulas e Mulheres no Brasil: uma questão de gênero, justiça e interseccionalidade

The paper aims to show how the association of women who act as mules in the drug market is not a matter of chance. It follows a literature review of theses and dissertations produced in the last decade (2006-2016) on women arrested for the crime of drug trafficking in the five regions of the country. One of the results obtained in the study was the imprisonment of most of these women as workers in the informal and illicit drug market working as mules. The intrinsic relationship between the capitalist mode of production and the justice system is noteworthy, in which the latter not only ensures the private right to property, but also creates selective and criminalizing mechanisms aimed at the poorest and deprived of rights segments in society, also consisting of women. All of this has been decisive for maintaining the selective character of the justice and penal system in Brazil, where philosophical foundations are continuously manifested, determining the imprisonment of people based on their condition of class, race, gender and the maintenance of violations of the right to citizenship.

Punitive selectivity, racism and over-incarceration in Brazil

The purpose of this article is to analyze racism and social inequality as foundations of over-incarceration in Brazil. The first section discusses the relationship between punitive selectivity and structural racism from a historical perspective. This is followed by an analysis of the relationship between the downgrading of the population's living conditions through the process of neoliberal counter-reforms and the increase in incarceration and naturalization of dehumanizing practices in the prison environment. The third section presents notes on the increase in female incarceration in Brazil for the crime of drug trafficking. The final remarks highlight that, in the neoliberal phase of capitalism, the structural racism that permeates the criminal justice system finds renewed arguments in the “war on drugs”, to legitimize the over-imprisonment of women, poor and black women in particular. The results indicate that the selective criminal logic reiterates the conditions of oppression from the perspective of gender. Women are doubly punished: by the criminal justice system and by the conservative morality that underpin patriarchal oppression. The method used in the analysis is the materialist-dialectic. From the perspective of social totality, we aim to capture the complex and multiple determinations that constitute the object of study. The research methodology is based on literature and document reviews.

Causes and conditions of drug crime determination of prevention measures and elimination of negative consequences

The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of the results of research on the state of combating drug crimes in Ukraine. The causes and conditions of drug addiction in terms of social phenomena in modern society are analyzed. Statistics on the commitment of crimes of drug trafficking are provided. Regarding some ways about improvement the fight against drug crimes are proposed. 23,163 cases of law violations in the field of drug trafficking and circulation of narcotic drugs were recorded in Ukraine during 2019. Among the general crime structure in Ukraine, drug trafficking crimes consistently take second place after crimes against property and has 12-14 % in total. This situation absolutely facilitates by the presence of organized crime in the country. Every year around 400 criminal groups and crime organizations are revealed, most of which are related to the illegal drug business. This fact indicates the group’s interest in the existence of such phenomena as drug addic-tion, to earn huge amount of money. Current situation is due of presence of an extensive network of drug trafficking both abroad and in the country. The reason of that is the fast development of excess profits (annual turnover of drug dollars in the world is over 500 billion US dollars, for Ukraine this number is about 1 billion US dollars). The public danger of drug trafficking is that it causes drug addiction of a huge part of the population of Ukraine, provokes the penetration of drug subculture on potential drug users, penetrates into educational institutions, the environment of gambling and entertainment business, it is related with general crime, contributes to HIV and AIDS. Unfortunately, presented information indicates that drug addiction and related drug businesses are potential threat to the national security of our country. There are not so many years for our country to correct current state, and to take under control the situation with drug trafficking, psychotropic substances, precursors and their analogues.

Caracterização do crime de tráfico de drogas a partir das sentenças condenatórias da Vara de combate ao crime organizado de Belém-PA

O artigo visa caracterizar do crime de tráfico de drogas por meio do estudo das sentenças condenatórias da Vara de Combate ao Crime Organizado em Belém-Pará-Brasil. Mostra-se importante para analisar como a Lei Nº 11.343/2006, que instituiu o Sistema Nacional de Políticas Públicas sobre Drogas, tem sido aplicada em casos reais. A técnica estatística como metodologia, a partir de tabelas e gráficos para visualização dos resultados. O marco teórico é a criminologia crítica, momento em que se reflete sobre a seletividade do sistema penal, por meio da qual se busca entender as razões da escolha do estereótipo de determinadas pessoas para serem criminalizadas pelo sistema de justiça criminal. Percebe-se que, na maioria das vezes, a condenação ocorre em razão do tráfico de pequenas quantidades de droga e por condutas típicas que poderiam configurar tanto tráfico de drogas como porte de drogas para uso pessoal, demonstrando a existência de um estereótipo, respaldado na política de drogas vigente no Brasil.

Caracterização das sentenças condenatórias do crime de tráficos de drogas em Belém, Pará, Brasil

O artigo visa analisar o papel das agências policiais na criminalização por tráfico de drogas na cidade de Belém-PA. O estudo se mostra importante, na medida em que se averigua a importância das agências policiais na criminalização secundária do tráfico de drogas. Para tanto, realizou-se análise de conteúdo dos dados extraídos das sentenças condenatórias do crime de tráfico de drogas, da Vara de Organizações Criminosas de Belém, no ano de 2017. Como referencial teórico, utilizou-se a criminologia crítica, por meio da qual se estudou a teoria do etiquetamento, a fim de entender como ocorre a seleção das pessoas criminalizadas pelo crime de tráfico de drogas. Os resultados mostram particularidades que indicam elementos caracterizadores do crime de tráfico de drogas e apontam como circunstâncias predominantes a utilização do depoimento de policiais para fundamentar a condenação. Além disso, os acusados por tráfico de drogas são, na maioria das vezes, presos em flagrante delito, em razão de estarem em atitude suspeita ou em razão de denúncia anônima, o que evidencia a ausência de investigação prévia da polícia. 
 Palavras-Chave: Depoimento de policiais. Denúncia anônima. Atitude suspeita. Cocaína.

ANALYSIS OF DRUGS AND CERTAIN MEDICINES CIRCULATION THROUGH ONLINE MEDIA

Nowadays, sellers sell potent drugs and certain drugs through online media. It is often don't have permission. The problem in this study is why potent drugs and certain drugs can circulate through online media? How is the solution of potent medications and certain drugs circulate through online media? This research uses a Normative and Empirical Juridical approach.The results of the study are found the factors of potent drugs and certain drugs can be circulated through online media, namely: First, Nowadays, Indonesia does not yet have a cyber-law in a specific law, Second: The lack of an active role in the society is providing accurate information to the Police relating to illicit drug trafficking in online media. Third, Lack of cyber team personnel both Lampung Regional Police and BPOM Bandar Lampung City because they have not mastered the ins and outs of cyberspace. Fourth, Lack of Facilities and Infrastructure such as transportation equipment, inadequate communication to pursue and arrest groups of drug dealers in online media. Deal with potent drugs and certain drugs that circulate through online media are efforts by Non-Penal (preventive) and Penal (repressive). It has carried out by BPOM of Bandar Lampung City, and Lampung Regional Police include Supervision of Online Drug Distribution). It is through inspection by the Supervisory Officer and monitoring of the website, social media, applications, and other internet media, as well as legal actions such as confiscation and annihilation of certain drugs.As for suggestions related to this problem, it is necessary to have good coordination between BPOM and the National Police in overcoming the crime of drug trafficking through online. It is by increasing capacity and increasing good facilities and infrastructure to support performance; The government should make specific online trade laws to accommodate and anticipate forms of drug trafficking in cyberspace (cyber).

Upaya Penanggulangan Terhadap Anggota Kepolisian Yang Terlibat Tindak Pidana Peredaran Narkotika (Studi Kasus Di Kepolisian Resort Kota Besar Medan)

Police officers who are supposed to be law enforcers commit acts that are contrary to the law for the benefit of the narcotics business.The problem in this thesis is how the factors underlying the occurrence of criminal acts of narcotics distribution by members of the police in Medan City Resort Police, how is the role of Medan City Resort Police in tackling narcotics abuse by the police in Medan City Resort Police, how can effort be made in overcoming criminal acts of narcotics distribution by unscrupulous members of the police and obstacles encountered in Medan City Resort Police.This research uses a descriptive method through an empirical juridical approach that is an approach to the problem, conducted by doing interviews by connecting with various aspects of law in terms of applicable regulation.The results showed that the role of Medan City Resort Police was to carry out law enforcement against individual members of Medan City Resort Police who had been proven to have committed a crime, especially narcotics through general courts.In addition to the general court of law for members of the police who commit crimes there will also be another addition, namely from the internal police itself in the form of law enforcement through the trial of the police code of ethics.Factors underlying the occurrence of criminal acts narcotics distribution by unscrupulous members of the police in Medan City Resort Police are mental, economic, and environmental factors. Economic factors are the dominant factors that cause impetus to commit drug trafficking crimes because by trafficking narcotics the result can be directly used to meet the needs of daily life. Efforts that can be made in tackling the crime of narcoticsdistribution by unscrupulous members of the police and the obstacle faced in Medan City Resort Police is to make efforts to overcome the Non Penal through pre-emptive, preventive efforts. This effort was made to prevent narcotics trafficking through direct control and supervision with the aim that the potential for crime would not develop into a factual threat. Another effort is to carry out legal proceedings if the police carry out criminal acts of narcotics abuse and distribution.Key-Words: Prevention, Circulation, Narcotics.

O discurso judicial sobre o tráfico e uso de drogas: uma análise das sentenças do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro

A atual lei de drogas estipulou critérios para a diferenciação entre os crimes de uso e tráfico de drogas, estabelecendo diferentes modelos de resposta estatal para esses dois crimes. Esta pesquisa debruça-se sobre sentenças que versam sobre o crime de tráfico de drogas para entender como os juízes diferenciam os crimes de uso e tráfico. A partir da análise de uma amostra de todas decisões de primeira instância do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro do ano de 2015, pudemos estabelecer uma série de categorias pelas quais os magistrados justificam a sua decisão em matéria de tráfico de drogas. Trata-se aqui de uma pesquisa empírica de cunho qualitativo, que contou com a técnica de análise de documentos como base. A análise foi realizada lançando-se mão da teorização fundamentada nos dados (TFD) e os resultados apontam, em conformidade com a literatura da área, para a centralidade da prova testemunhal na distinção entre usuários e traficantes.

Dirty money in the banking sector

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the Lebanese anti-money laundering (AML) paradigm in light of banking secrecy law. The phenomenon of money laundering that was first associated with the crime of drug trafficking developed a lot since the early 1900s to become a major threat to the world’s economy today. The fight against this ever-growing crime, with multiple sources and origins, has been the centre of attention of the biggest countries in the world. Thus, the need for international AML standards was required, by which countries must abide, to ensure an effective fight against this crime. The issue of banking secrecy regulations was important to study along with the AML framework as the principles of the first totally contradict those of the latter. Design/methodology/approach The scope of this study first entails a qualitative technique. It will start with analysing existing legal provisions on money laundering and studying the AML framework internationally and in accordance with the Lebanese banking system. For that, websites such as GoogleScholar and HeinOnline were used to collect many scholars articles. Additionally, Laws, Regulations and Directives have been examined for the purpose of establishing the legal basis for the fight against money laundering. Moreover, an interview was conducted in 2018 with the Lebanese Financial Prosecutor, which served as data related to the operations of the Special Investigation Commission (SIC) in Lebanon, which is the Lebanese Financial Intelligence Unit. Second, quantitative research has been done. Reports of the Association of Banks in Lebanon, Financial Action Task Force Report and Annual Reports of the SIC of Lebanon have been used to gather information related to the AML/combating the financing of terrorism framework, such as customer due to diligence provisions and know-your-customer requirements and to collect statistics of suspicious reports. Findings The question of “How to balance the confidentiality of the Lebanese banking sector with the interest of the international community in the fight against money laundering?” was interesting to study, as it turned out that the existence of such professional secrecy does not affect the effective implementation of the AML guidelines by banks and other financial institutions. This can only happen when there is a special judicial organ to which banking secrecy is not opposable at any time, and which is the sole organ entrusted with lifting off this professional secrecy and allowing the disclosure of information to the competent authorities. Thus, the Lebanese banking system can ensure total compliance with the AML framework while still adopting banking secrecy regulations. Originality/value The choice of Lebanon was compelling because of the special level of protection its banking secrecy law offers.

KAJIAN KRIMINOLOGI PEREDARAN NARKOTIKA (SEBUAH STUDI DI KABUPATEN ACEH TIMUR)

The impact of globalization has penetrated throughout the civilization of the nations of the world, running so fast. Especially very influential on changes in various lines of life. Related to this is the issue of increasing narcotics abuse and narcotics illicit trafficking which has created conditions that have hindered the development process and weakened civilization. Eradication of narcotics distribution is a national problem, because it has a negative impact that can damage and threaten the lives of the people, nation and state and can hamper the national development process. The rise of narcotics abuse does not only occur in big cities, but has reached small cities in all ten regions of the Republic of Indonesia, including East Aceh Regency. The increasingly diverse lifestyle of the people due to the influence of globalization also contributes to the increasing circulation of narcotics in East Aceh District. This certainly must receive serious attention, because if we look at what is happening in East Aceh District and several other regions in Indonesia, the crime of narcotics distribution from time to time always increases which in the end is increasingly unsettling the community, so before these things increase In East Aceh District, an effective solution must be found to eradicate it. Factors that cause a person to commit a narcotics crime in East Aceh Regency are due to economic factors where a person needs money to live and the difficulty of getting work, family environmental factors, social environmental factors and availability / lack of supervision factors. Efforts in tackling narcotics circulation in East Aceh district involve many parties, including: firstly, pre-emptive efforts by providing counseling in the community and schools about narcotics carried out by the police in tackling narcotics crime in East Aceh District. Second, preventive measures (prevention) by conducting raids and patrols routinely, providing oversight of the association and positive activities carried out by the police, prosecutors, religious leaders, community leaders and youth organizations. The third repressive effort (action) which aims to provide a deterrent effect on the perpetrators of drug trafficking crimes involving all law enforcement officials ranging from the Police, Attorney and District Courts and Detention Houses.Keywords: Crimonology, Narcotics Circulation.

La interpretación de la noción de zona económica exclusiva en el derecho penal mexicano

La zona económica exclusiva fue concebida, dentro del derecho internacional, como un área marina que pretendía reservar los recursos naturales que ahí se encontraban para el Estado ribereño. Este sentido fue el que se codificó en la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar y respetado en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotrópicas de 1988. Empero, los Estados ribereños han intentado ampliar la jurisdicción que tienen sobre la ZEE a otras actividades, tal como la persecución de delitos por tráfico de drogas. En México, dos decisiones recientes de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación han apuntado hacia ese objetivo. Estos criterios, a la luz de las disposiciones relevantes de la Convemar y la Convención de 1988, son manifiestamente infundados, y deben revertirse para evitar la responsabilidad internacional.