Creation Of News Research Articles

Using fake news as means of cyber-bullying: The link with compulsive internet use and online moral disengagement

Online moral disengagement and cyberbullying can enhance fake news spreading. We explored the links between these variables and compulsive Internet use in a sample of 509 teenagers and adults aged 11 to 67. We investigated the effect of compulsive Internet use on cyberbullying through fake news creation and/or distribution, both direct and via moral disengagement, and the related differences between adults and teenagers. The indirect effect of compulsive Internet use on cyberbullying through moral disengagement was significant in adolescents, but not in adults. As assumed, teenagers scored significantly higher than adults on all the primary variables. Contrary to our expectations, no significant gender differences emerged, regardless of participants' age, in terms of compulsive Internet use, moral disengagement, nor cyberbullying. The results emphasize the importance of relevant online education programs designed to engage both teenagers and adults in critical thinking that might help in the fake news detection process, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Attention-based C-BiLSTM for fake news detection

Social media platforms have radically transformed the creation and dissemination of news. Users can easily access this news in a fast and efficient manner. However, some users might post negative and fraudulent content in the form of comments or posts. Such content can constitute a threat to an individual or an organization. Therefore, the identification of fake news has become a major research field in natural language processing (NLP). The main challenge is to determine whether the news is real or fake. In this paper, we propose an attention-based convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory (AC-BiLSTM) approach for detecting fake news and classifying them into six categories. The evaluation of our proposed approach on a benchmarked dataset shows a significant improvement in accuracy rate in comparison with other existing classification models. In particular, this work contributes to the progress in the field of detecting fake news and confirms the feasibility of our proposed approach in classifying fake news on social media.

Countering the New Media Podia: Youth and ‘Fake News’ in Kenya

The rise of fake news into the new media platform has raised significant concern in Africa and Kenya in recent years. The new media has embedded itself with fake news, which sometimes has led to the misunderstanding and misinformation of particular events that might be of the public interest. The general public, policymakers, and scholars, as well as the media, have found this as a very challenging issue. The upsurge of the new technologies, mainly social media, has posed challenges as youth immerse themselves in utilizing these social media for their own benefits. This is coupled with the creation and spreading of fake news, which sometimes when it goes viral; they lead to stress, panic and uncertainty to the individuals that come across them. The ability of users’ exceptional capacity to produce, reproduce, and distribute their information to a broad audience makes social media, an essential tool in the information age. The article critically reviews the literature on fake news and recommends for media literacy, strengthening the legal structures and use of sophisticated technologies as a strategy to fight fake news in the social media in Kenya.

Tinjauan Hukum Kriminalisasi Berita Hoax: Menjaga Persatuan vs. Kebebasan Berpendapat

The existence of hoaxes in Indonesia has been around for a long time. However, the term hoax was widespread and became part of daily conversations in the media and the public during the 2014 and 2019 Presidential Election. The rapid development of social media use and the ease of information exchange accelerated the spread of hoax. Even in the COVID-19 pandemic, hoax news about the corona virus and matters related to it are widespread in the community. This hoax news, both during the Election and the Covid-19 Outbreak, caused much unrest in the community. Some of the hoax news spreaders were jailed for violations of the ITE Law. Various legal practitioners and academics have also suggested that hoax news creators and spreaders be criminalized. This article reviews normatively whether the criminalization of hoax news is feasible for reasons of maintaining stability or needs to be eliminated to maintain freedom of opinion. The author reviews the normative aspects of criminalizing the creation and dissemination of hoax news by using Habermas' theory of deliberative democracy. Through this theory, the writer finds that hoax news makes aspects of democracy such as dialogue that is full of awareness and accurate information unattainable. This is also in line with what the Indonesian constitution wants. However, it is necessary to ensure that the criminalization of hoaxes is not used as an instrument of abuse of power considering that the circulation of hoaxes is a symptom of a problem rather than the root of the problem itself.Keywords: Fake News, Criminalization, Stability, Freedom of Speech, Deliberative Democracy, Legal Revuew

Digital journalism as a new type of media activity

The relevance of the study is caused by the continuous transformation and innovations of the digital environment, the undefined categorical apparatus of digital journalism, and national peculiarities of the process of creating online journalistic discourse. The main purpose of the study is to identify the conceptual features of digital journalism and to highlight the communication specificity of the designated type of media. Based on the studies of R. Salaverría, it is proposed to understand under digital journalism all types of journalism performed with the help of digital technologies, that is changeable social journalistic practice focused on a heterogeneous mass audience, presented in specific but at the same time changeable genres and formats. Thus, there are debates on the application of the terms ‘cyberjournalism’, ‘online journalism’, ‘multimedia journalism’, ‘computational journalism’, ‘algorithmic journalism’, ‘data-driven journalism’, and others to this type of media activity. The main research method applied in this study is discourse analysis, which made it possible to understand the problems of a modern digital environment, to trace the genesis of digital journalism, to carry out typological analysis of the existing digital media system, to determine the specifics of media products and audience participation in digital creation and consumption of news. The novelty of the study lies in an attempt to introduce a systematic definition of ‘digital journalism’ into the scientific discourse, to pay attention to such features as uncertainty and variability, a transformation of the traditional categorical apparatus, changing roles and functions of participants in the communicative process. The results of the study clarify the subject-object and structural characteristics of modern journalism as well as determine the organizational and technological transformations of digital media production.

Night of the Living Dead Dissects the News: Race, the 1967 Riots, and “Dead Neighbors”

George Romero’s Night of the Living Dead (1968) began filming in June and July of 1967, the same months that riots were occurring in 164 US cities as African Americans expressed their anger en masse against police brutality. The film challenges the veracity of news coverage of these riots and America’s subsequently violent response by depicting the creation of news in the field and studio, and its reception in the living room, as well as showing film viewers important events that the media fails to cover. This critique permeates the film’s diegetic newscasts and the film’s narrative and anti-racist message.

El Derecho internacional ante la creación y difusión de noticias falsas: problemática, desafíos y régimen jurídico

Dentro de las muchas manifestaciones de las “amenazas híbridas” en las relaciones internacionales, una de las que más problemas presentan a la hora de ser abordada por el derecho internacional es la creación y difusión de noticias falsas contra los Estados. El objeto del presente artículo es estudiar cuáles son los diferentes instrumentos jurídicos que se podrían aplicar a ejemplos particulares. En esencia, se trata del principio de no intervención en los asuntos internos de los Estados y la Convención internacional sobre el uso de la radiodifusión en la causa de la paz de 1936. También se comprobará las dificultades, en aplicación de estas normas, que tiene el poder calificar este fenómeno como un eventual hecho ilícito internacional, así como la casi imposible atribución de estos comportamientos a los propios Estados.

Dynamics of (dis)trust between the news media and their audience: The case of the April 2019 Israeli exit polls

This paper explores the dynamics of (dis)trust among experts, journalists, and audiences through the case study of an inaccurate exit poll aired on a leading Israeli television channel. It combines empirical data from the Israeli April 2019 elections with a conceptual view of exit polls as both sources of information and national rituals to address public discourse on the polls and its underlying suspicions. A multi-method approach yielded a corpus consisting of focus groups with citizens, in-depth semi-structured interviews with journalists, pollsters and experts, and qualitative textual analysis of news reports. Using inductive-qualitative analysis, we identified three types of public narratives, each casting blame for the erroneous exit poll projection on a different type of actor. The statistical and biased-media narratives tally with declining trust in the news media and assume misbehavior by pollsters and news creators respectively. The deception narrative, on the other hand, suggests that right-wing voters systematically sabotaged the exit poll projections. By extending trust beyond journalistic information, this narrative foregrounds the cultural meaning of election night rituals. Taken together, the narratives found in this study delineate (dis)trust as an interplay of active participants in the creation, reception, and interpretation of news. Our findings thus touch upon key attitudes towards both media and democracy and have implications for further studies on collective rituals and information evaluations in an era of eroding trust.

Critical Impact of Social Networks Infodemic on Defeating Coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemic: Twitter-Based Study and Research Directions

News creation and consumption has been changing since the advent of social media. An estimated 2.95 billion people in 2019 used social media worldwide. The widespread of the Coronavirus COVID-19 resulted with a tsunami of social media. Most platforms were used to transmit relevant news, guidelines and precautions to people. According to WHO, uncontrolled conspiracy theories and propaganda are spreading faster than the COVID-19 pandemic itself, creating an infodemic and thus causing psychological panic, misleading medical advises, and economic disruption. Accordingly, discussions have been initiated with the objective of moderating all COVID-19 communications, except those initiated from trusted sources such as the WHO and authorized governmental entities. This paper presents a large-scale study based on data mined from Twitter. Extensive analysis has been performed on approximately one million COVID-19 related tweets collected over a period of two months. Furthermore, the profiles of 288,000 users were analyzed including unique users profiles, meta-data and tweets context. The study noted various interesting conclusions including the critical impact of the (1) exploitation of the COVID-19 crisis to redirect readers to irrelevant topics and (2) widespread of unauthentic medical precautions and information. Further data analysis revealed the importance of using social networks in a global pandemic crisis by relying on credible users with variety of occupations, content developers and influencers in specific fields. In this context, several insights and findings have been provided while elaborating computing and non-computing implications and research directions for potential solutions and social networks management strategies during crisis periods.

BİR DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA ARACI OLARAK ÇEVRİMİÇİ MARİNA HABERLERİNİN ANALİZİ

Dijital pazarlama araçları hem yaygınlık, etkinlik, hem de çeşitlilik bağlamında hızlı bir gelişim sergilemektedir. Televizyon, radyo, gazete, dergi gibi geleneksel medya araçları dijital pazarlamanın internet, mobil cihazlar ve uygulamalar, sosyal medya, kullanıcı tarafından yaratılan haber ağları, çevrim içi haber kanalları gibi araçlarının gerisinde kalmaktadır. Dijital pazarlama marinacılık sektöründe de etkin kullanılması gereken bir araç olmaya devam etmektedir.
 Çevrim içi haber kanalları sektörel haber oluşturma kaynakları arasında en üst sıralarda yer almakta olup, denizcilik alanında da yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Araştırmanın konusunu oluşturan marinacılık sektörü ile ilgili haberlere yaygın olarak yer veren www.virahaber.com araştırmaya veri kaynağı olarak seçilmiştir. Genellikle ortak içeriğe sahip olan haber portalı ve eposta haberleri iki yıl zaman aralığında taranmış ve marinaların konu edildiği 102 habere ulaşılmıştır. 
 İçeriğinde marina ve marinacılık bulunan haberler özenle incelenmiş, iki yazar tarafından dokuz ana 32 alt kod elde edilmiştir. Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (DAG) Cohen Kappa yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmiş, Kappa Değeri %82,1 olarak ölçülmüştür. Taranan haberlerde en çok kullanılan marina haberi 13 haber ile fuara katılım olurken, 10 haberle eğlence haberleri ve sekiz haberle sportif yat yarışı haberleri takip etmektedir. İçerik analizinin sonucu, oluşturulmuş kavram haritaları ve sözcük bulutları üzerinden incelenmiştir.

Evaluating the Spread of Fake News and its Detection Techniques on Social Networking Sites

The phenomenon of fake news has become a much contentious issue recently. The controversy regarding this issue has further been intensified by the openness of social media platforms. Via a systematic review, this paper offers a discussion on the spread and detection techniques of fake news on Social Networking Sites (SNSs). A total of 47 articles eventually fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were coded for the literature synthesis. The overall findings from the literature on fake news and social media have been extracted and synthesized to explore the creation, influence and popular techniques and dimensions used for fake news detection on SNSs. The results showed that various entities are involved in the creation and spread of fake news on SNSs, including malicious social and software agents. It was also found that early registered users, old people, female users, delusion-prone persons, dogmatic persons, and religious fundamentalists are more likely to believe in fake news than other groups of individuals. One of the major problems of the existing techniques is their deficiency in datasets. Therefore, future studies on fake news detection should focus on developing an all-inclusive model with comprehensive datasets. Social media users require fake news detection skills especially using linguistic approach. This study provides the public with valuable information about the spread and detection of fake news on SNSs. This is because SNSs are an important avenue for fake news providers.

Evaluating the Spread of Fake News and its Detection. Techniques on Social Networking Sites

The phenomenon of fake news has become a much contentious issue recently. The controversy regarding this issue has further been intensified by the openness of social media platforms. Via a systematic review, this paper offers a discussion on the spread and detection techniques of fake news on Social Networking Sites (SNSs). A total of 47 articles eventually fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were coded for the literature synthesis. The overall findings from the literature on fake news and social media have been extracted and synthesized to explore the creation, influence and popular techniques and dimensions used for fake news detection on SNSs. The results showed that various entities are involved in the creation and spread of fake news on SNSs, including malicious social and software agents. It was also found that early registered users, old people, female users, delusion-prone persons, dogmatic persons, and religious fundamentalists are more likely to believe in fake news than other groups of individuals. One of the major problems of the existing techniques is their deficiency in datasets. Therefore, future studies on fake news detection should focus on developing an all-inclusive model with comprehensive datasets. Social media users require fake news detection skills especially using linguistic approach. This study provides the public with valuable information about the spread and detection of fake news on SNSs. This is because SNSs are an important avenue for fake news providers.

NetDER: An Architecture for Reasoning About Malicious Behavior

Malicious behavior in social media has many faces, which for instance appear in the form of bots, sock puppets, creation and dissemination of fake news, Sybil attacks, and actors hiding behind multiple identities. In this paper, we propose the NetDER architecture, which takes its name from its two main modules: Net work D iffusion and ontological reasoning based on E xistential R ules), to address these issues. This initial proposal is meant to serve as a roadmap for research and development of tools to attack malicious behavior in social media, guiding the implementation of software in this domain, instead of a specific solution. Our working hypothesis is that these problems – and many others – can be effectively tackled by (i) combining multiple data sources that are constantly being updated, (ii) maintaining a knowledge base using logic-based formalisms capable of value invention to support generating hypotheses based on available data, and (iii) maintaining a related knowledge base with information regarding how actors are connected, and how information flows across their network. We show how these three basic tenets give rise to a general model that has the further capability of addressing multiple problems at once.

Conservative Christianity and the Creation of Alternative News: An Analysis of Focus on the Family's Multimedia Empire

AbstractIn this article, I explore how, from 1977 through 2009, the conservative Christian media empire, Focus on the Family, acted as a model for and a creator of alternative news long before the 2016 election. In particular, since 1977, Focus linked proper Christianity with recognition of a world of hazards by defining danger as those people and institutions who refused to submit to God, especially feminists, secular universities, and the welfare state. Through the creation of a closed-media network, Focus taught Christian conservatives to see the mainstream news as undermining biblical Truth by espousing stories that supported postmodern relativism over God's singular truth. Simultaneously, Focus generated its own news sources to fill the vacuum left by the mainstream with stories highlighting the political and social structures needed to support the Focus-defined traditional family. Soon, other conservative media outlets began using these frameworks to attract listeners and to add veracity to their stories. Although mainstream media portrayed Focus as passé by 2009, I argue that the model that Focus developed led seamlessly to the creation of Fox News and, later, to the formation of internet communities around outlets such as Breitbart and to the believability of Russian bots.

FAKE NEWS AND THE RITUALISATION OF THE SELF

Two hundred years have passed since the question of subjectivity (re-interpreted through Kierkegaard’s existentialism) became central in modern philosophy. Over these two centuries, multiple theories addressed and questioned the borders between authentic subjectivity and an internalized panopticon of the hegemonic views that dominate the subject. Nevertheless, they still have to be definitively defined. As we may try to point Fake News (FN) is an opponent to subjectivity, and yet it comes from the subject. FN is the intentional spreading through new technologies of false information on a global level by subjects that use social media, a process influencing not only the sense of socio-political reality but also the concept of identity. Identities (personal or collective) are in general the combination of the socially determined understanding of ‘who I am’ and the socially and psychologically influenced ‘mental model’ of ‘what the world - and the self within it - should be’, all expressed and produced under the fundamental influence of our idiosyncratic characteristics.
 One of the fields that all these factors meet and interact is the new mediated environment where almost everyone can participate and contribute. According to the Sociology of Communication as founded by Giddens, Habermas and Luckmann (Leydesdorff 2000) this makes the public part of our identity the dominant one, creating a ritual in which our narcissistic elements dominate our private ones. The Self, addressing itself into the public like an echo and back to the Self, becomes ritualized. In our paper, we explore the interrelation of this phenomenon with the creation and distribution of Fake News, from the vantage point of Kierkegaard’s existential philosophy.

“Só o Zé Lador se lembra deles”: etos e novas formas de produzir notícia

As novas tecnologias, em particular, as redes sociais têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na disseminação das notícias em ambientes virtuais e interativos. Junto a esse processo, observa-se também uma preocupação crescente dos jornais impressos de concorrerem com esse espaço e imprimirem um tom interativo às suas notícias. Alguns jornais vêm utilizando as novas plataformas para disseminar seus conteúdos e, com isso, alavancar sua audiência para além das páginas impressas. O contrário também pode ser observado, as redes ocupando as folhas de papel. É justamente esse segundo movimento que nos chama a atenção para a análise no presente artigo. Nesse sentido, buscamos investigar a produção de etos que o Jornal Extra (2015) constrói por meio da interação entre leitores e jornal para a elaboração de suas notícias na rubrica “Serviços”. Esta rubrica recebe notícias de seus leitores pelo aplicativo WhatsApp, afirmando que a interação entre ambos é facilitada por esse suporte digital. Nossa análise, foi feita utilizando-se o conceito de etos nos estudos de Maingueneau (1997, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013). O córpus consta de três notícias publicadas no ano de 2015 e, mostraram que, em princípio, o jornal tenta construir um etos de interação e espaço democrático às críticas sociais enviadas pelo leitor por sua abertura à interação. Entretanto, por trás dessas denúncias, o veículo reivindica para si, através de seu super-heroi, um papel de intermediador de problemas de utilidade pública, esvaziando, desse modo, a potência da organização dos cidadãos para a reivindicação de suas demandas.

Unprotected Data: Review of Internet Enabled Psychological and Information Warfare

Abstract Since the last elections in the United States, France, and other nations, fake news has become a tool to manipulate voters. This creation of fake news creates a problem that ripples through an entire society creating division. However, the media has not scrutinized enough on data misuse. Daily it appears that there are breaches causing millions of users to have their personal information taken, exposed, and sold on the Dark Web in exchange of encrypted currencies. Recently, news has surfaced of major social media sites allowing emails to be read without user consent. These issues bring upon concern for the misuse of data and more importantly, how can this be used for information warfare and the exploitation of targeted groups through the use of the Internet. It is essential that organizations continuously review current data policies to ensure that they do not become victims of information warfare.

‘Our task is to demystify fears’: Analysing newsroom management of automation in journalism

The study explores uses of algorithmic techniques in journalists’ working environments and investigates newsroom managers’ negotiations of automation as innovation process aimed at ensuring partial or full replacement of human labour with technology. Drawing from 15 qualitative interviews with representatives of newsroom management from legacy news institutions in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, the study analyses their (cl)aims to maintain the newsroom as a stable, but dynamic working environment and reveals three dualist propositions when negotiating automation novelties – human journalistic agency stands in contrast to technology, skills are separated from newsworkers, and the creation of news contrasts with its presentation. The results show the interviewees re-articulate the dominance of human agency over technology, re-establish technological innovations as liberating newsworkers rather than subordinating them, and standardise news by re-evaluating the concept as both a civic bond and a commodity. Such considerations are detached from recent concerns about automation of human labour and closer to what we call algorithmic sublime, maintaining the newsroom management’s loyalty to both the professional values of journalism and the corporate goals of management.

Netizens’ Political Engagement in Malaysia: Impact of Anti Fake News Act 2018

The 14th Malaysia General Elections (GE14) in 2018 witnessed a historic victory for the opposition party led by Tun Mahathir Mohamed against the 60 years government holding party; BN coalition. Concurrently, it also witnessed social media tools; WhatsApp and Facebook as the most dominant and effective messaging tools, but also a source of fake and unverified news; followed by blogs and other sources. Prior to the election, the Anti-Fake News Act 2018 had been enforced in April 2018 where any creation, offering, publishing, distribution or dissemination of fake news is a crime. This research explores the effect of Anti-Fake News Act 2018 on netizens' political engagement through Facebook and Whatsapp during the 14th Malaysia General Election 2018 with impulsivity and habitual conduct as moderators. Data has been collected from 556 participants through online survey based on a framework integrating Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Self Control Theory (SCT). Limited studies have tested the integration of TPB and SCT on knowledge about Anti-Fake News Act 2018 and political engagement. The findings of the study explain the influence of knowledge, impulsivity and habitual conduct on political engagement among Malaysian netizens through Facebook and Whatsapp during the GE14. Political engagement intensity has changed consequently after the Anti-Fake News Act 2018’s enforcement due to impulsivity. This study further adds to the literature in the area of online political participation and cyber law; uncovering the role of impulsivity and habitual conduct on netizens’ political engagement, suggesting the basis for future research in this phenomenon.

Investigating the emotional appeal of fake news using artificial intelligence and human contributions

PurposeThe creation and dissemination of fake news can have severe consequences for a company’s brand. Researchers, policymakers and practitioners are eagerly searching for solutions to get us out of the “fake news crisis”. Here, one approach is to use automated tools, such as artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, to support managers in identifying fake news. The study in this paper demonstrates how AI with its ability to analyze vast amounts of unstructured data, can help us tell apart fake and real news content. Using an AI application, this study examines if and how the emotional appeal, i.e., sentiment valence and strength of specific emotions, in fake news content differs from that in real news content. This is important to understand, as messages with a strong emotional appeal can influence how content is consumed, processed and shared by consumers.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyzes a data set of 150 real and fake news articles using an AI application, to test for differences in the emotional appeal in the titles and the text body between fake news and real news content.FindingsThe results suggest that titles are a strong differentiator on emotions between fake and real news and that fake news titles are substantially more negative than real news titles. In addition, the results reveal that the text body of fake news is substantially higher in displaying specific negative emotions, such as disgust and anger, and lower in displaying positive emotions, such as joy.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study that examines the emotional appeal of fake and real news content with respect to the prevalence and strength of specific emotion dimensions, thus adding to the literature on fake news identification and marketing communications. In addition, this paper provides marketing communications professionals with a practical approach to identify fake news using AI.