Animation Creation Research Articles

Application of Lie Algebras in Computer Animation

The mathematical theory behind the computer graphic enables one to develop the techniques for suitable creation of computer animation. This paper presents an application of Riemannian geometry in 3D animation via notions of in motion and deformation. By focusing on Lie algebras concepts, it provides a geometric framework for the implementation of computer animation.

Produksi Film Animasi 2D Pool

The story of a boy named Boy who is trying to overcome his trauma to a swimming pool. Trauma is the result of a terrible experience that has occurred during life. With a long recovery time, a trauma sufferer always imagines bad events and some traumatic symptoms that is difficult to overcome. Therefore, the character needs the support of the closest people to recover slowly. The creation of 2D animated film "Pool" using direct frame by frame technique in animation creation software. All manufacturing processes from production to post-production use digital media and produce an animated film with duration of 2 minutes.

The Study on the Convergence of Cartoon Symbols of Different Times in Animation Creation: Focused on the U.S., Japan, and China

The Study on the Convergence of Cartoon Symbols of Different Times in Animation Creation: Focused on the U.S., Japan, and China

Research on 3D Animation Design Based on VR Technology

Judging from the initial time of animation production, China started relatively late in this area. Driven by the advancement of computer technology and social needs, 3D animation and virtual reality technology have made significant progress. Domestically, it has achieved good results in the production of three-dimensional animation, and has been widely used in various online games and many TV works. Virtual reality technology has diversified development forms. Compared with traditional three-dimensional animation technology, it has obvious interactive and real-time characteristics, and can bring the audience a good perception experience in many aspects. The application of virtual reality technology in the creation and design of 3D animation can break throughly improve the interactivity of 3D animation, which is beneficial to promote the animation industry to a higher level. Under the current circumstances, the integration of technology and media is in a stage of rapid development. One of the important directions of future animation art creation is virtual reality immersive content, which is increasingly noticed by the society. This article introduces the basic characteristics of virtual reality technology and three-dimensional animation design, studies three-dimensional animation design based on VR technology, and analyzes the application of virtual reality technology in three-dimensional animation design; We discuss how to give full play to the advantages of virtual reality animation interaction within the scope of existing technologies, analyze the narrative laws, and provide references for the use of virtual reality technology for three-dimensional animation creation.

Astro-animation: A case study of art and science education

Art and science are different ways of exploring the world, but together they have the potential to be thought-provoking, facilitate a science–society dialogue, raise public awareness of science and develop an understanding of art. For several years, we have been teaching an astro-animation class at the Maryland Institute College of Art as a collaboration between students and NASA scientists. Working in small groups, the students create short animations based on the research of the scientists who are going to follow the projects as mentors. By creating these animations, students bring the power of their imagination to see the research of the scientists through a different lens. Astro-animation is an undergraduate-level course jointly taught by an astrophysicist and an animator. In this article, we present the motivation behind the class, describe the details of how it is carried out and discuss the interactions between artists and scientists. We describe how such a programme offers an effective way for art students, not only to learn about science but to have a glimpse of ‘science in action’. The students have the opportunity to become involved in the process of science as artists, as observers first and potentially through their own art research. Every year, one or more internships at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center have been available for our students in the summer. Two students describe their experiences undertaking these internships and how science affects their creation of animations for this programme and in general. We also explain the genesis of our astro-animation programme, how it is taught in our animation department and we present the highlights of an investigation of the effectiveness of this programme we carried out with the support of an NEA research grant. In conclusion, we discuss how the programme may grow in new directions, such as contributing to informal STE(A)M learning.

Building a Successful Massive Open Online Course About Multiple Sclerosis: A Process Description.

BackgroundOver the course of a year, we developed and tested a 6-week massive open online course (MOOC) on multiple sclerosis (MS) in consultation with the MS community. The course targeted the MS community and interested laypeople and was titled Understanding MS. The primary purpose of the course was to improve MS knowledge, health literacy, and resilience among participants. The final version of the MOOC made available for open enrollment was ranked first among all MOOCs released in 2019 (n>2400) based on participant reviews.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to present a detailed description and assessment of the development process of the Understanding MS MOOC.MethodsThe development process included a course development focus group; the creation of more than 50 content videos and related text, quizzes, activities, and discussion prompts; the creation of original images and animations; a pilot study; and collaborations with people living with MS, MS nurses, allied health care practitioners, and neurologists and researchers from 4 universities.ResultsOverall, the process was efficient and effective. With a few small changes, we recommend this approach to those seeking to develop a similar course. This process led to the development of a highly reviewed MOOC with excellent user satisfaction.ConclusionsWe identified 5 key lessons from this process: (1) community support is essential, (2) stakeholder involvement improves content quality, (3) plan for research from the beginning, (4) coordination between the academic lead and project manager team ensures a consistent voice, and (5) a network of collaborators is a key resource.

Asuntos de vecinos: langosta, defensa agrícola y la construcción de la sanidad vegetal en México y Centroamérica, siglo XX

El presente artículo estudia el combate de las plagas de langosta en México y Centroamérica en la primera mitad del siglo XX. De entre otras, la más importante plaga de langosta ha sido la de Schistocerca piceifrons Walker, plaga transfronteriza, compartida entre estos países vecinos desde tiempos prehispánicos. El artículo estudia la lucha contra este acridio en dos momentos: primero, uno nacional, en México, en la década de 1920, que se enfoca principalmente en las campañas contra la langosta en Yucatán y Veracruz; y después, un segundo momento, mexicanocentroamericano, entre 1940-1950, con la formación del Comité Técnico Internacional de lucha contra la langosta en México y América Central. El análisis de la primera etapa local y nacional de las campañas contra la langosta reconstruye cómo y con qué instrumentos normativos y dispositivos científicos e institucionales se buscó combatir y controlar la plaga en el Golfo y la península de Yucatán, explicando el surgimiento de una política pública estatal y federal destinada a la defensa agrícola. El segundo momento, la campaña mexicanocentroamericana contra el acridio entre las décadas de 1940-1950, se estudia como una experiencia que desbordó los principios y métodos de la defensa agrícola nacional, conduciendo a la creación de organismos de control y supervisión de sanidad animal y vegetal a escala transnacional, a acuerdos intergubernamentales y a la creación de dispositivos e instrumentos de cooperación científica, técnica y sanitaria para toda el área mesoamericana, impulsados por la FAO. El artículo argumenta que la langosta transnacional interconectó diversas biorregiones a su paso, impulsando tanto medidas locales de control como también la normalización nacional y supranacional de políticas de protección y sanidad vegetal y de investigación entomológica aplicada, contribuyendo así al nacimiento de una biogeopolítica agropecuaria en México y América Central.

Understanding the Design Space and Authoring Paradigms for Animated Data Graphics

AbstractCreating expressive animated data graphics often requires designers to possess highly specialized programming skills. Alternatively, the use of direct manipulation tools is popular among animation designers, but these tools have limited support for generating graphics driven by data. Our goal is to inform the design of next‐generation animated data graphic authoring tools. To understand the composition of animated data graphics, we survey real‐world examples and contribute a description of the design space. We characterize animated transitions based on object, graphic, data, and timing dimensions. We synthesize the primitives from the object, graphic, and data dimensions as a set of 10 transition types, and describe how timing primitives compose broader pacing techniques. We then conduct an ideation study that uncovers how people approach animation creation with three authoring paradigms: keyframe animation, procedural animation, and presets & templates. Our analysis shows that designers have an overall preference for keyframe animation. However, we find evidence that an authoring tool should combine these three paradigms as designers’ preferences depend on the characteristics of the animated transition design and the authoring task. Based on these findings, we contribute guidelines and design considerations for developing future animated data graphic authoring tools.

중국민간예술요소가 애니메이션창작에서의 응용 —웨이방(潍坊) 양짜부 년화(杨家埠年画)를 예로—

중국민간예술요소가 애니메이션창작에서의 응용 —웨이방(潍坊) 양짜부 년화(杨家埠年画)를 예로—

AAV diffuses across zona pellucida for effortless gene delivery to fertilized eggs

Gene delivery to fertilized eggs is often the first step in creation of transgenic animals, CRISPR knock-out, or early developmental studies. The zona pellucida, a hardened glycoprotein matrix surrounding the mammalian fertilized eggs, often complicates gene delivery by forming a barrier against transfection reagents and viruses. High efficiency techniques to perforate or penetrate the zona allow for access and gene delivery to fertilized eggs. However, these techniques often rely on highly skilled technologists, are costly, and require specialized equipment for micromanipulation, laser perforation, or electroporation. Here, we report that adenoassociated viruses (AAVs) with serotypes 1 or DJ can efficiently diffuse across the zona to deliver genes without any manipulations to fertilized eggs. We observe lowered rates of embryo development after treatment of embryos with all AAV serotypes. However, we were able to reduce adverse effects on embryo development by exposing embryos to AAVs at later stages of in vitro development. AAVs have low immune response and do not incorporate into their host chromosomes to cause insertional mutations. Hence, AAVs can serve as a highly effective tool for transient delivery of genes to fertilized mammalian eggs.

Novel Approaches for Identifying the Molecular Background of Schizophrenia.

Recent advances in psychiatric genetics have led to the discovery of dozens of genomic loci associated with schizophrenia. However, a gap exists between the detection of genetic associations and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. This review describes the basic approaches used in the so-called post-GWAS studies to generate biological interpretation of the existing population genetic data, including both molecular (creation and analysis of knockout animals, exploration of the transcriptional effects of common variants in human brain cells) and computational (fine-mapping of causal variability, gene set enrichment analysis, partitioned heritability analysis) methods. The results of the crucial studies, in which these approaches were used to uncover the molecular and neurobiological basis of the disease, are also reported.

Repetitive Narrative Techniques Depicting Confrontation in Animated Shorts

In the creation of short animated films, confrontation is a common plot structure. This is because conflict quickly highlights the emphasis of the plot, and allows the audience to focus on the evolution of the event. The repetition technique is an indispensable part of the narrative in confrontation. As there are often core opposing problems in these situations, how the problems are shown from their generation, through evolution to solution must be weighed through the repetition technique to achieve the intensity and change of the opposing event. In other words, while effectively highlighting the focus of the plot, the repetition technique also plays an important role in its evolution and richness. This is also why the narrative technique is often used in short animated films. Given that, the narrative technique is worthy of further discussion and analysis in order to summarize valuable results. This is the core purpose of this study. In this study, the formation conditions and relationship of confrontation plots are clarified through text and case analysis, and further, the operational reasons and functions of the repetition and turning points in the confrontation plots are studied. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the creation and appreciation of animation.

A Practical Exploration of “Ideological and Political Course” in Film and Television Art Education—Take the “Project Training of 2D Animation Creation” as an Example

After the issuance of the “Guidelines for Ideological and Political Construction of Courses in Colleges and Universities”, the “ideological and political course” in the teaching of film and television art majors has become more and more important. In this paper, taking the “Two Dimensional Animation Creation Project Training” course as an example, combined with the “class in class” reform practice of Shanghai Publishing and Printing College, how to implement the spirit of the outline in the teaching content and teaching methods of film and television art education is explained. In addition, this paper fully integrates “three educations and three forms” and “the second classroom” to carry out innovative practice of “curriculum ideological and political”.

Animating Poetry: Whose line is It anyway?

This paper provides a detailed analysis of an example of personal practice in the creation of collaborative contemporary poetry animation as an example of Ecstatic Truth.  It cites a rationale for translation, transcription and remodeling of poems into new animated visual and sonic experiences.  This investigation into creation and critique of shared language between poetry and animation includes critical commentary and some historical context, as well as supplying comparative exemplars from poets, animators and collaborators. It suggests that poetry animation is an emergent genre in its own right, and that this has expanding potential for engaging specialist and non-specialist audiences.

6 Invitro validation of gene edited phenotypes using CRISPR-dCas9 transcriptional activators

Despite the extensive advantages of gene-edited large animals for agriculture and biomedical purposes, they represent a large monetary and time investment due to high husbandry costs, long gestation lengths, and few offspring; that is, 9 months for one calf and almost 4 months for pigs. Even with known DNA sequences before somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), inserted transgenes are often not expressed as expected. Therefore, there is a need to phenotypically validate the gene modifications invitro before investing time and resources in the creation of a gene-edited large animal; however, many gene targets are tissue specific and not expressed in SCNT donor cells. In this work, we show that CRISPR-dCas9 transcriptional activators (TAs) can be used to validate functional transgene insertion in nonexpressing SCNT donor cells, in our case fetal fibroblasts. To demonstrate this concept, we first generated a DNA knockin of the H2B-GFP sequence into the porcine LGR5 locus. CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease was used to create a double-stranded break in the genomic DNA downstream of the LGR5 promoter. A homology-directed repair template plasmid containing H2B-GFP flanked by 1000bp homology arms flanking the cut site was co-transfected with the Cas9 and gRNA, and cells were seeded at low density for colony outgrowth. Colonies were genotyped by PCR and sequencing to verify successful targeted transgene integration. To test whether TAs allow for invitro validation of transgene expression, 5×105 wildtype or gene-edited fibroblasts were nucleofected (Lonza) with 500ng total of four gRNA plasmids (Addgene #43860) designed to target the 1-kb region upstream of the LGR5 transcriptional start site in combination with 500ng VP64-dCas9 (Addgene #47107). Detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was analysed by fluorescent microscopy followed by flow cytometry; at least 30 000 events were recorded for each treatment (Cytoflex). Our results show that GFP was detected in on average 28.6% of the gene-edited cells transfected with LGR5 TAs but not detected in gene-edited cells that were not transfected with LGR5 TAs (0%) or in wild-type cells transfected with the LGR5 TAs (0%). The experiment was repeated three times. Next, to prove that our invitro validation replicates the invivo phenotype, the gene-edited colonies heterozygous for the insertion were used for SCNT to generate piglets. Epidermal cells, which contain a population of LGR5+ stem cells, were isolated from the skin and sorted for GFP expression. The RT-qPCR results from GFP+ or GFP− cells showed the presence of LGR5 transcripts in the GFP+ cells but not GFP− cells. In conclusion, TAs were necessary and sufficient to detect LGR5-promoter driven H2B-GFP expression in gene-edited fibroblasts invitro, which faithfully recapitulates the invivo phenotype of the gene-edited animal. Further preliminary data from our laboratory suggest that our novel method can be used to detect successful gene knockouts in addition to transgene knockins and can be used to validate phenotypic outcomes of DNA modifications before the generation of gene-edited animals.

The Fate of William Whewell’s Four Palætiological Domains: A Comparative Study

In 1847, the British polymath William Whewell pointed out that the sciences for which he, in 1837, had coined the term “palætiological” have much in common and that they may reflect light upon each other by being treated together. This recommendation is here put into practice in a specific way, to wit, not by comparing the palaetiological sciences that Whewell distinguished himself but by comparing the general historical development of the scientific study of the four broad palætiological domains that he enumerated in 1847: the solar system, the Earth, its vegetable and animal creation, and man. For wide and various as their subjects are, it will be found that [the palætiological sciences] have all certain principles, maxims, and rules of procedure in common; and thus may reflect light upon each other by being treated together. William Whewell ( 1847 , 1, p. 640)

IN MEMORY OF LEONID VYSHNEVSKYI

On May 21, 2019, at the age of 59, a well-known scientist and statesman, head of the department of animal genetic resources of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Animal Genetics of Zubets NAAS, Director of State Enterprise "Main Scientific Production Breeding and Information Center in Animal Production of the Institute of Breeding and Genetics of Animals of NAAS" Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Leonid Vyshnevsky died.
 We have lost an outstanding person who has worked hard throughout his life to improve the breeding stock that meets current European requirements.
 Leonid Vyshnevskyi was born on May 1, 1960 in the village Listvyn of Ovruch district , Zhytomyr region in family of employees.
 After graduating with honors in 1982 from the Zootechnical Faculty of the Zhytomyr Agricultural Institute, he worked for some time as the chief zootechnician in the state farms of the Zhytomyr region. Since 1984 - Junior Research Fellow at the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Non-Black Zone of the USSR. Since September 1985 - postgraduate student of the Department of Breeding of Animals of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy. After graduation from 1993 to 1998 he worked as a chief specialist of the department of breeding and breeding work of the association of state breeding factories of Ukraine "Ukrderzhplemzavody", carrying out work on the organization of breeding accounting in the farms and introduction of an automated system of management of the breeding process in dairy cattle breeding. From 1999 to 2000, Leonid Vyshnevskyi, being the chief specialist of the department of the Main State Breeding Inspection, was engaged in the formation of the basics of the legal framework on breeding work in animal husbandry and the organization of assessment of breeding animals. From 2000 to 2003 - Deputy Director General of the State Scientific Production Production Selection, and from September 2003 to August 2006 - First Deputy Director of the State Agency for the Identification and Registration of Animals. At this time, with his direct involvement, that a unified state system for the identification and registration of farm animals was introduced at the national level. His responsibilities for being General Director of the Selection concern included the organization of a breeding system in animal husbandry (attestation of the subjects of breeding business in animal husbandry, creation and maintenance of the State Breeding Register, preparation of normative-legal acts on conducting breeding records and evaluation breeding value of different species of farm animals).
 In 2008, Leonid Vyshnevskyi defended his PhD thesis on "Selection and genetic methods of Myrhorod pigs breed improvent productivity and crossbreeding use" in the specialty 06.02.01 - breeding and selection animals. The scientist carried out the results of his research, being first as a scientific scientist, then as a senior researcher, and since September 2010 - head of the laboratory of the beef breed gene pool of the Institute of Breeding and Animal Genetics of NAAS. Due to the creation of the Department of Animal Genetic Resources and Information Systems, whose work was closely linked to the previous activities of Leonid Vasilyevich, he was transferred to the post of Head of Department since June 2011.
 Researches of the scientist have established the possibility of using modern methods of DNA-typing of animals for optimization of the breeding process in animal husbandry. Leonid Vyshnevskyi scientific achievements include a patent for the utility model "Application of ISSR-typing method for optimization of breeding process in small breeds of pigs as a means of individual selection for increasing productivity and preserving the genetic diversity of animals of endangered populations". While working at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, he actively participated in the development of methodological bases for biodiversity conservation in animal husbandry in Ukraine and the introduction of centralized automated breeding records at the state level.
 The Leonid Vyshnevskyi life is an example of a worthy, responsible leader who was able to organize and rally around the best specialists of the industry. He was able to inspire his energy, find the right word, give the right direction to make the necessary changes.Leonid Vyshnevskyi will forever remain in our grateful memory and our hearts. Light memory, eternal memory….

Vitamins and Coenzymes: An Interactive Study

Introduction: Vitamins form a group of organic micronutrients without chemical relation, whose biosynthesis in humans is nonexistent or insufficient, being required in the diet. They have specific cellular functions and are precursors of coenzymes in the intermediate metabolism. They are classified as water-soluble and lipid-soluble. Water-soluble substances are subdivided into the group known as "non-complex B" and "B complex". The last one has three subgroups: vitamins that act on the energy metabolism (B1, B2, B3, B5 and B7), vitamins that act on hematopoietic metabolism (B9, and B12) and others (B6). Objectives: Considering the scarcity of interactive materials in the subject, this educational object aims to present interactively B vitamins showing: their chemical structures with their respective coenzyme forms, the reactions in which they are involved, their action mechanisms, food sources and consequences of their deficiencies. Materials and Methods: This material was developed with PHP web language, associated with HTML, CSS and Javascript for the creation and insertion of figures, hypertexts and animations. A questionnaire about interactivity, functionality and esthetics characteristics and general information levels was used for its evaluation. Results and Discussion: This educational resource presents web page properties, including the possibility of access by mobile devices. It is composed by flaps referring to the visual identity, tutorial and credits, followed by a start button that reveals a menu subdivided into 10 flaps corresponding to a conceptual introductory text, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and an interactive questionnaire (www.ufrgs.br/vitaminas-b). The functionality, design, language, and interactivity characteristics were rated as excellent by 80% of basic biochemistry students. Conclusion: This digital educational resource can be considered an adequate teaching-learning tool, easily accessible to students in the health area, as well as to the general public.

Research on Animation Lip synchronization technology

Recently, linguistic communication and learning effect and even delivery of knowledge information and mutual communion was capacitated with English lip sync automation device and voice recognition technology based real time animation character in areas like movie, game, broadcasting, AR with application of animation lip sync. It connotes the possibility of these characters` lip sync using characteristic of animation to efficiently enhance the qualitative level of work in domestic animation creation`s linguistic expression with progress and application of automation technology. In a word, a study on development and practical use of Korean lip sync technique is needed to be made actively in industrial, technical progress of domestic animation. However, it is hard to find a research on commercialization method of Korean lip sync automation technique and excellent performance or example that these techniques were applied in domestic animation up to now. The reason that development using Korean lip sync technique on domestic animation passed unobserved could be found in problem of sociocultural awareness, production environment and functional value feature. First, in Korea, animation is recognized as subordinate part of movie genre, and sociocultural stereotype that persisted with dictionary definition and feature that unreal and non-objective illusion image with playful exaggeration and symbol that brings optical illusion through apparition of movement is also a problem. Second, labor-intensive method that mobilized many labor was used in production of traditional 2D animation, and since the production was done by specific worker with long acumen and experience, thus it requires long period of production and big consumption expense. Despite the fact that domestic animation is completed by overcoming poor surrounding with various risks, audiences yet feels that characters move their lip unlike the lines, and experience sound and image does not match, and it causes perception process of negative mental process and defensive mind like anger and distrust. These audiences of animation get interrupted to be empathized into true world that is essentially pursuing, and at the same time any kind of symbolic meaning and metonymic value also cannot be earned from animation. This researcher look at technical standard which will influence qualitative level of domestic creative animation in the future, and try to think visualization and synchronization problem in linguistic expression of character lip sync scene which is required in 3D animation in production side and audience side. This thesis try to study on need to develop related technology in the future and development plan by checking importance of Korean lip sync and current use state of technology in maker and audience of domestic animation. Also, looked at method and attitude for future creative animation to use technology with progress of animation Korean lip sync technology in technical side by emerging from non-linguistic act and behavior oriented research of animation. Also, in excellent cases of animation Korean lip sync, it could surpass the limit of children oriented domestic animation which massively produced with small scale and low budget, and contribute on newly illuminate and develop value and meaning of animation to more various and wider socio-cultural class.

FMX 2019: Conference on Animation, Effects, Games and Immersive Media; 26th Stuttgart International Festival of Animated Film

Reports| September 03 2019 FMX 2019: Conference on Animation, Effects, Games and Immersive Media; 26th Stuttgart International Festival of Animated Film: Stuttgart, Germany, April 30–May 3, 2019; Stuttgart, Germany, April 30–May 5, 2019 Julia Bradshaw Julia Bradshaw Julia Bradshaw is an artist and an associate professor of art and new media communications at Oregon State University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Julia Bradshaw is an artist and an associate professor of art and new media communications at Oregon State University. Afterimage (2019) 46 (3): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.2019.463001 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Julia Bradshaw; FMX 2019: Conference on Animation, Effects, Games and Immersive Media; 26th Stuttgart International Festival of Animated Film: Stuttgart, Germany, April 30–May 3, 2019; Stuttgart, Germany, April 30–May 5, 2019. Afterimage 3 September 2019; 46 (3): 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.2019.463001 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAfterimage Search By combining an animation festival with a professional computer graphics and special effects conference, Stuttgart has established itself as an annual destination for all aspects of animation. Now in its twenty-fourth year, the conference FMX brings together professionals, commercial operations, practitioners, and educators of special effects and animation creation for four days of multifaceted sessions and demonstrations. Operating as an adjacent event, the public-oriented Internationales Trickfilm Festival Stuttgart ’19 (ITFS, also known as the Stuttgart International Festival of Animated Film) screens over one thousand animated films, from blockbusters to short films from student competitions. These films are screened at multiple venues throughout the city. In recent years, the festival has expanded to include animated games and virtual reality, and there are a number of ancillary events that move the festival beyond entertainment and competition to take a culturally critical or theoretical approach to the medium [Image 1]. The... You do not currently have access to this content.