Country Of Emigration Research Articles

WWI and Migrant Workers’ Social Rights: The Case of Italy, Between Bilateralism and Multilateralism

This article analyzes the impact of the First World War on the writing and implementation of the bilateral labour treaties, through the examination of the drafting and the adoption of the Franco-Italian agreement of 30 September 1919. The bilateral agreements on immigration existed even before the conflict, but their feature deeply changed after the Peace in order to face the new social and political context. The war increased the need for a workforce in the Western European Countries to foster the economic and industrial recovery. Thus, a strong competition emerged between the labour importing Countries in order to secure a continuous inbound flow. The governments of the emigration Countries, in turn, tried to benefit from this competition by claiming a larger social protection for their workers. The social protection became therefore a leverage to orient and govern international migrations. At the same time, after the War the international diplomacy was challenged by the coexistence of bilateral and multilateral solutions (e.g. International Labour Organisation). In this article we try to show how the bilateral and the multilateral sphere represented a continuum of practices and strategies in which migration became a new battlefield for the international diplomacy

Emigration from Belarus: Problems of Underestimation

The article covers matters of improving measurement on emigration from Belarus. The author views the current role of external migration as a major component of formation of the population in the Republic of Belarus. The effectiveness of the country socio-economic development programs depends, according to the author, on adequate measures for evaluating the phenomenon in question. The article gives a detailed description of national migration statistics, which, as in many countries, underestimates the number of emigrants, and considers the possibilities of the so-called «mirror» statistics (statistics from countries where Belarusian residents emigrate to) in obtaining real information on the size of emigration from Belarus.After the introduction, the author analyses some of the most important publications on the subject under discussion, concludes the current state of current statistics and population censuses. The article contains the rationale for choosing foreign countries whose data are used as «mirror» statistics necessary for a more realistic estimation of emigration processes and comments on the geography of migration flows from Belarus. The author assesses the gap in data from «mirror» statistics and the official Belarusian statistics and gives an opinion on the real trends in migration flows of Belarusian citizens, along with the authors own estimates of the country’s population growth, which differ markedly from official statistics.In the opinion of the author, formulated in the final part of the article, the actual amount of the underestimation is considerably higher than can be assumed using «mirror» statistics, because, for example, there is a group of Belarusian citizens in Poland and Russia, that is not reflected in official statistics on migrants. The article therefore proposes to establish a system of information exchange between Belarus and the main countries of emigration, especially Russia and Poland, with which it is difficult to assess the extent of emigration based solely on official data, and to establish regular surveys on emigration.

‘Reflections on Italy’s contemporary approaches to cultural diversity: The exclusion of the ‘Other’ from a supposed notion of ‘Italianness’

For many years Italy has been described as a country of emigration. Only since the 1970s Italy has moved from being a net exporter of migrants to a net importer. Despite growing cultural and religious diversity, the implications of the pluralisation of the Italian society on national identity have been largely ignored. Italy has been recently described as a country without an established model of integration or pluralism.1 The so called ‘Italian way’ towards cultural diversity remained predominantly theoretical in character and not supported officially, in the sense of being incorporated into the nation’s history (as it is in Canada or Australia). The rise of ‘ethnonationalism’ and legacies of past colonialism contributed to create an institutional notion of supposed ‘Italianness’, which is based on the exclusion of the ‘Other’. During the Liberal and Fascist periods, colonialism was used to create and re-produce a strong sense of nationhood, re-composing the many internal divisions by racialising ‘otherness’ outside rather than inside the nation’s borders. This study suggests that, due to historical amnesia and a weak national identity, a similar logic is now informing the implementation of anti-immigration policies in Italy.

Брачное поведение женщин-мигранток из стран Центральной Азии

The results of a study of the features of matrimonial behavior of migrant women from Central Asian countries are presented in this article. The conclusions are based on the analysis of statistical data on the number of marriages between citizens of different States in the Russian marriage market. Marriage in the migration process is a widespread phenomenon. In some countries, the proportion of marriages with foreigners reaches 30—40 % of the total number of marriages. In Russia, the share of marriages complicated by a foreign component is 6,5 %. Of these, the largest number of marriages were concluded by citizens of Ukraine. The countries of Central Asia — Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan — occupy the second, fourth, sixth, and ninth positions in the list, respectively. Citizens of Turkmenistan are much less active in getting married in Russia. In our country, number of marriages with foreign men is significantly higher than foreign women. However, this ratio is not met among citizens of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: more marriages are performed by women than men. The total marriage rates among migrants were calculated to determine the intensity of marriage by foreigners from Central Asian countries. The highest value of the total marriage rate of migrants is observed among citizens of Tajikistan, the lowest is among citizens of Turkmenistan. At the same time, the total marriage rate among women from Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan exceeds that of men. It is meaning that women from these countries are more likely to marry in Russia. The vast majority of marriages with a foreign component — 96 % — are between foreigners and Russians. The remaining 4 % of marriages are those in which both the bride and groom are foreign citizens. Citizens of Central Asian countries if they marry someone other than a Russian, choose their compatriot in the vast majority. It should be noted that the practice of marriage in the country of emigration is not limited only to marriage migration. It is not uncommon for people who come to the country for employment, education, or other aims to find life partners and register relationships. However, we should not exclude the widespread adoption of a pragmatic approach to marriage, in which migrants consider to marriage as an opportunity to be legalized in the country of immigration in a simplified manner, faster and easier to obtain citizenship. Therefore, the development and implementation of state regulation measures in this area is particularly relevant.

Celebration of the Day of Russian Culture on the example of Harbin

The subject of this research is the celebration of the Day of Russian Culture in Harbin. This holiday was widely celebrated in most countries of emigration in the 1920s – 1930s; however, its popularity subsided after the World War II. An attempt is made to examine and analyze the arrangements for the Day of Russian Culture in the major center of White Russian émigrés in Northeast China – Harbin. For achieving the set goal, the author meticulously reviews all key aspects of the celebration: its preparation, main events for adults and children, release of festive publications. The article employs the previously known materials, such as the journal “The Day of Russian Culture” that published the reports of celebration and articles that better describe its essence; as well as introduces the new sources into the scientific discourse, such as materials from the State Archive of Khabarovsk Region, namely documents on the preparation and holding of the Day of Russian Culture. The conclusion is made that the festival was an important event for the Russian population of Harbin, united various emigrant communities, and contributed to preservation of the national culture in the conditions of separation from their homeland.

The experiences and expectations of returnees to Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic

This article discusses the experiences of Serbian citizens who came back to their country of origin just before or at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of the state of emergency. We analysed their motives to return and their experiences during self-isolation. We also highlighted the problems they encountered at the beginning of the pandemic and the impact they had expected the pandemic would have on their social and economic status. The paper covers their plans for mobility after the end of pandemic, as well as potential motives for staying in Serbia. The aim is to show that even though a large number of citizens came back to Serbia when the crisis broke out and could not have predicted what would happen to their social and economic status in their destination countries, they still did not intend to stay in Serbia after the end of the pandemic. The whole social system in Serbia would need to be changed for them to decide to stay. Discussion of the results is based on data collected at the beginning of pandemic by researchers from the Institute of Sociological Research, one of whom was the author of this paper. Due to the health risks related to the coronavirus, we used a quantitative method: a questionnaire distributed online via the Google platform. As such, the respondents were mostly young and educated people who took part in the research because they used the internet on a daily basis and were able to fill in the survey easily. For this reason, the results presented in this article cannot be generalised to represent the whole population, but only the respondents of this research. The findings are placed within a contextual framework in which the world?s population is extremely mobile. We recognised a similarly high level of mobility among Serbian citizens, too. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many different aspects of life, and so a large share of respondents decided to come back to their home country. This was a normal coping strategy, especially for those migrants who did not have officially recognised status in their destination country. Returnees faced many problems when they returned to their home country; they had to self-isolate and did not know what would happen with their jobs once the pandemic was over. They also didn?t know if they would receive an income or what would happen with the social system, either in their home country or in their country of emigration. Analysis of the data revealed that despite their expectations of an economic crisis following the drastic measures introduced to suppress the spread of the coronavirus, a large share of respondents believed that the crisis wouldn?t have an impact on their material and social status in their destination country. Because of that, we noted that most respondents wished to go back to their destination country after the crisis was over. However, it?s suggested that if we want them to stay in Serbia, then the state should introduce measures that include both economic and social reforms.

УКРАЇНСЬКО-АВСТРАЛІЙСЬКЕ ЛІТЕРАТУРНЕ ВИДНОКОЛО: ВИКЛИКИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ

The article considers the role of Ukrainian literature in the preservation of native culture in Australia of immigrants from Ukraine in the first wave of settlement and the decline of interest in literature in the country of emigrants in the next waves of arrival. The increased attention of the first Ukrainian immigrants to fiction as a unique factor in preserving the mentality in the multicultural society, the formation of public identity, the development of worldview and cognitive, socio-humanitarian, sociopolitical beliefs of the community, each individual. Stages, forms, methods, approaches in the organization of mass literary education of Ukrainian settlers, the activity of literary, non-literary (cultural, sports, professional), commercial and noncommercial structures of the community in the organization of literary process is revealed: selection for reading of classical literature, financial support of writers, participation in printing literary texts, distributing, filling libraries with literature, etc. The contribution of book lovers' circles to the unity of the community, improvement of communication, personal relations, raising interest in reading Ukrainian literature, comprehension of the content of what is read is proved. The role of writers, writers' associations, organizations, literary studios, scientists, public activists in the development of cultural, artistic, literary, educational processes has been studied. The special role of Ukrainian studies centers of universities in Australia in the development of scientific foundations of education, literary studies simultaneously with the solution of economic and economic development, integration into the civil society of the state of Australia. The isolation of the factors of Ukrainian studies from the basis of Ukrainian studies is substantiated. Attention is paid to modern literary studies of the young gener ation of Ukrainian scientists born in Australia (field theory, network, art aesthetics, etc.) through the prism of postmodernist ideas of Western European culture. It is noted about the integration of the Ukrainian literary network into the Australian socio-cultural space. The connections and cooperation of Ukrainian studies centers in Australia with literary institutions of Ukraine, international scientific literary studies, Ukrainian studies centers are highlighted. The emergence of conflicts, conflicts of interest, desires, understanding of opposing views that appear in the process of communication between Ukrainian immigrants of the first wave of settlement and the representatives of the next stages, the preconditions of which are based on objective and subjective conditions. It is noted that the joint solution of inconsistencies based on cooperation and the development of constructive decisions is far from a positive clarification. Challenges, inconsistencies of the emigrant community of the first and subsequent waves of settlement, difficulties of preservation of identity, language, traditions, culture in the multicultural environment are found out.

Mere za regulisanje privremenih i cirkularnih migracija i reintegracije - dodatni izazovi za zemlje Zapadnog Balkana u vreme COVID-19 pandemije

The aim of this paper is to consider measures that contribute to the regulation of temporary and circular migration, as well as reintegration in the countries of the Western Balkans, which have long faced numerous and diverse challenges of labor emigration. Immediately after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of migrant workers returned to the countries of the Western Balkans. Migrant workers, especially those who are staying abroad temporarily, have faced sudden and numerous migration challenges, but they also want to return to work abroad as soon as the conditions are met. Therefore, in order to improve the position and protect the rights of international migrants as efficiently as possible in the future, it is necessary to develop measures that can complement the activities of the Western Balkan countries to regulate and encourage temporary and circular migration, as well as reintegration of migrant workers upon return. This is particularly important in the context of the complex challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, as the contribution of both highly-skilled and low-skilled foreign workers has been shown to be an integral part of the sustainability of the state system in immigration countries. They will increasingly direct immigration policies towards measures to attract the necessary foreign workers. Therefore, emigration countries should work on improving legislation, developing inter-institutional cooperation and strengthening the capacity of actors at both national and local levels of government and building an approach that includes cooperation of whole of government approach, including the scientific and civil sector. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was shown that migration policy should rapidly develop measures that reduce the costs and negative effects of migration to the lowest possible level, both for migrants and their families who often remain in the country of origin.

The impact of human migration on theethosphere of emigrant country: Philosophical and ethical analysis

The impact of human migration on theethosphere of emigrant country: Philosophical and ethical analysis

International Migration Law

With his textbook, International Migration Law, Vincent Chetail (Professor of International Law, Head of the International Law Department and Director of the Global Migration Centre at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) offers a much-needed reference book for all – scholars, students, practitioners, and policymakers – who work on migration and mobility at the international and regional levels. As we know, migration is a natural and global phenomenon that characterizes the essence of human presence on earth; yet, it is more visible in a globalized world, and more sensitive politically. Meanwhile, international migration law is too frequently denied or discarded. Of course, it does exist and provides a receptacle of binding duties for States. The corpus of legal rules that deals with migration is particularly important and significant. As Chetail recalls in the book’s introduction, the term ‘international migration law’ was used by Louis Varlez in 1927 in his course at The Hague Academy, and by Richard Plender as the title of a text first published in 1972, with a second edition in 1988 (p 10). Subsequently, the academic literature has developed in a rather piecemeal manner alongside the different branches of international law. It has thus needed a genuine masterwork to present in a complete and inclusive manner the various international norms that govern the movement of persons between States, whether they are countries of emigration, transit, or immigration.

Local migrant organizations in the periphery: providing healthcare in India

ABSTRACT Local migrant organization is an emerging phenomenon in many emigrant countries, where such an organization is formed and run by current or former migrants and engages in a range of philanthropic activities for community development. Research on migrant organizations tends to focus either on immigrant organizations located in the host countries or on transnational migrant organizations engaged in diaspora philanthropy with origin country. Contrary to mainstream research on migrant organizations, this paper looks at the local migrant organizations and their engagements in emigrant countries through a case study in India. Drawing on selected local migrant organizations that cater to healthcare needs in India, this paper investigates how they evolve and mobilize resources, what sort of healthcare activities they are carrying out, and how such collective efforts are contributing to the healthcare needs for the underserved community. This study reports that local migrant organizations tend to be small and resource-poor, but they reach out to the Indian periphery and serve the underprivileged sections of the society.

Migration and Socio-economic Transition: Lessons from the Polish Post–EU Accession Experience

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. Even if Poland has been commonly presented as a typical emigration country, the post–EU accession migration still presents an extremely interesting case in terms of its (very high) scale, structural characteristics, and consequences. With about 2.5 million of its citizens staying temporarily abroad, Poland belongs to the most mobile European nations, and the post-accession migration to the EU is presented as a “natural experiment.” The article aims to discuss the main economic outcomes of the post-2004 migration from Poland and to address the question to what extent the Polish experience is transferable and can be used as a policy lesson for other developing countries. Based on the Polish case, the authors argue that labor migration from a country with large workforce surpluses (as present in most of the less developed countries) can help avoid hysteresis and support the structural transformation of the economy. Fulfillment of these positive expectations is however dependent on several factors including structure of migration (and return migration), structural conditions at origin and public policies imposed. Authors argue that migration policies have only limited impact on the scale and structure of international migration but public policies are critically important in harnessing the developmental potential of migration.

New trends in potential migration from Albania: the migration transition postponed?

ABSTRACT Since the end of communist rule in 1991, Albania has seen, proportionately, one of the largest outflows of its people of any country in the world – an emigrant stock in 2013 equivalent to 44% of its resident population. This article addresses two issues related to the future trend of Albanian migration. First, a migration module of 23 questions designed by the authors and attached to the 2018 round of the European Values Survey asked about future migration intentions. These were found to be high and increasing: 52% of 18 to 40-year-olds expressed their intention to migrate compared to 44% in a comparable survey in 2006/7. The top two desired destination countries have switched from Italy and Greece in the past to Germany and the USA in the latest survey, which also shows potential migration higher amongst the more-skilled and educated population compared to past trends. A subsample of returned migrants captured by the survey shows even higher intentions to migrate – 71%. Second, Albania’s anticipated migration transition, from a country of emigration to one of net immigration, is deferred if migration intentions correlate with migration outcomes, with obvious reflections on the country’s overall development trajectory.

La <em>Riverada</em> o la conmemoración familiar de una emigración a México. Una propuesta de estudio cualitativo

Para el mejor desarrollo de los estudios de migración española en América, se propone un uso comparado de fuentes ( entre el país emisor y el receptor) y una metodología histórico-antropológica. La migración es un «proceso en cadena», que conviene rescatar en sus tendencias, además de en sus proporciones. El caso de la migración gallega en México, y el ritual conmemorativo realizado por una familia extensa, muestra la tendencia a mantener unida la cadena con el país de procedencia, en nombre de la identidad grupal y familiar.

GÖÇMEN KAÇAKÇILIĞI: GÖÇMEN - KAÇAKÇI İLİŞKİSİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

The phenomenon of international migration that is facitilitated and increased in parallel with the improvement of globalization and communication opportunities, it has been transformed in to irregular migration by the states following an anti immigration policy, in last decades. Especially Western States’ anti immigration policies, bring tight border controls. However, tightening border controls, does not stop irregular migration but rather increases irregular migration and migrant smuggling. Studies show that, most of irregular migrations are carried out with the help of migrant smugglers. In this context, a professional migrant smuggling acvitiy that has been increasing and can not be prevented, for last decades, has been taking place in various parts of the World. Whereas migrant smuggling is seen frequently in Turkey, due to it is between emigrant countries and immgirant countries, which have tightened border controls. In this study, a relationship between migrant and smuggler and its effect on migrant smuggling, which has been on the agenda of politics, media and academic community in recent years, has been investigated. And it is demonstrated that, there is a trust in the relationship between smugglers and migrants owing to their social networks and this plays a facilitating role in the continuation of migrant smuggling.

Motives and Characteristics of Highly Qualified Labor Force Migration: Case Study of Serbia

The emigration of highly qualified labour from the countries of Eastern Europe is one of the worst effects of transitional and post-transitional period. It discredits the educational system of Eastern European countries, but also creates long-term problems in the development of the economy and all other sectors of society. The difference in earnings between immigrant countries of Western Europe and North America and the countries of emigration is the dominant motive for migration. But other motives are also not irrelevant. This paper is an initial part of a wider research of the international movement of labour which should provide guidance to the countries of emigration to mitigate the consequences of this process. Student surveys in Eastern European countries, their thoughts and plans, will provide information on the motives of emigration. On the other hand, by surveying the experiences of young highly educated workforce who has already emigrated, a true picture of experiences and the expected and achieved intentions will be obtained. Finally, certain questions in the questionnaire will also give an answer to the question, which would be new moments that would encourage young experts not to leave the country, or to return those who emigrated.
 Keywords: International migration, brain drain, state measures, retaining talent

РУССКОГОВОРЯЩИЕ СООБЩЕСТВА В АВСТРИИ И ВЕНГРИИ: ПОДХОДЫ К ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ, ОЦЕНКА ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of Russian-speaking communities in two European countries — Austria and Hungary — in the post-Soviet period. Some historical factors of the emergence of Russian-speaking communities in these countries, the current state, popula-tion dynamics and demographic structure are considered. It is noted that in the last decade, both in Austria and Hungary, the interest of Russians as countries of potential emigration has been growing. High standards of quality of life, a stable economy, a favorable climate, and a rich cultural heritage make Austria very attractive to Russians. The relative low cost of living, mild climate, inexpensive real estate and the possibility of registering it as property contribute to the growth of Russian interest in Hungary. The main channels for increasing the number of Russian-speaking communities at present can be considered marriage migration, family reunification, and educational migration. The gender structure is dominated by women. A significant part of the representatives of Russian-speaking communities is well integrated into the host societies. One of the important elements of the interaction of Russian-speaking communities in Austria and Hungary is the Russian language. The article estimates its prevalence based on an analysis of the Russian-language press, social networks, the functioning of schools and Russian language courses.

Emigracioni potencijal mladih u Srbiji

Emigracioni potencijal mladih u Srbiji

Examining the Impacts of Human Capital Flight on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan

Human capital is one of the key drivers of economic development and sustainable competitive advantage in the global market. Human capital flight or Brain drain can lead to a permanent impact on the growth process of the country of emigration. Like numerous other developing countries, Pakistan has also been experiencing both the negative and positive consequences of human capital flight. To examine these impacts of international movements on Pakistan economy we retrieved data from different sources. The fundamental objective is to examine the consequences of international migration and its associations with poverty, economic growth, and human development. To keep this in mind, we employed the ARDL approach on three different models for the period of 1975 to 2017. District wise analysis of all provinces states that the international migration is playing a key role in the reduction of poverty level except in KPK. In addition, empirical evidence describes that international migration is positively associated with economic growth and human development while negatively associated with poverty level. The study is concluding that there are enormous potential benefits exists in international migration process because it boosts the economic growth of Pakistan via personal remittances inflow. Likewise, it smoothes out the consumption pattern of ordinary households due to the direct transfer of remittances to them. This monograph is also suggesting some useful policy recommendations for instance, if we export our manpower to highly developed countries then reverse brain drain will encourage the innovation practices along with improvement in economic growth.

Sometimes Less Is More: Censorship, News Falsification, and Disapproval in 1989 East Germany

AbstractDoes more media censorship imply more regime stability? We argue that censorship may cause mass disapproval for censoring regimes. In particular, we expect that censorship backfires when citizens can falsify media content through alternative sources of information. We empirically test our theoretical argument in an autocratic regime—the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Results demonstrate how exposed state censorship on the country's emigration crisis fueled outrage in the weeks before the 1989 revolution. Combining original weekly approval surveys on GDR state television and daily content data of West German news programs with a quasi‐experimental research design, we show that recipients disapproved of censorship if they were able to detect misinformation through conflicting reports on Western television. Our findings have important implications for the study of censoring systems in contemporary autocracies, external democracy promotion, and campaigns aimed at undermining trust in traditional journalism.