Country Of Emigration Research Articles

Cultural Issues in the Provision of Emergency Care to Irregular Migrants Who Arrive in Spain by Small Boats.

The European Union receives one third of the world's migrant population who cross the Mediterranean Sea in small boats and arrive illegally in Europe. Irregular migrants (IMs) are persons who do not have legal permission, documentation, or refugee status and are not authorized to enter or stay in a given country. More than half a million IMs arrive in the European Union by sea creating serious public health issues in Greece, Italy, and Spain, thereby needing emergency care. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the experiences of IMs who arrive in Spain by small boats in terms of cultural issues surrounding the provision of emergency care. A qualitative study based on Gadamer's phenomenology was used. Data were collected between 2015 and 2018 using 12 in-depth interviews of IMs. Three main themes arose: "IMs driven by a culture of emigration in countries of origin," "Facing risk in search of a better life," and "The need for cultural adaptation in emergency care." Biopsychosocial and cultural needs must be addressed when providing emergency care to IMs who arrive in Europe by small boat. Nurses can help adapt and restructure cultural practices in the emergency care provided to IMs.

Migração forçada na África Subsaariana: alguns subsídios sobre os refugiados em Moçambique

Resumo Neste artigo pretendemos fazer uma análise sucinta sobre as dinâmicas migratórias de tipo forçado na África subsaariana que afectam Moçambique, país inserido num contexto regional complexo que o remete para a condição plural de país de emigração, imigração e trânsito. As conclusões da investigação indicam que os fluxos migratórios forçados no país são procedentes sobretudo da África central e do Corno de África, decorrentes da violência trivializada e persistente dos países dessas regiões. Os refugiados que procuram acolhimento ou asilo fazem-no na região centro e norte de Moçambique, em resultado da conjuntura socioeconómica e política relativamente estável que encontram, comparativamente com a de muitos países da região subsaariana.

Negociaciones (trans)culturales en el Mediterráneo. Inmigración y ‘clandestinidad’ en la música popular española contemporánea

For many decades, Spain has been a country of emigration. Its transformation to a country of immigration (e.g. from Latin America and Africa) is a quite recent phenomenon, which only started in the 1970s due to the economic upturn of the country. From 1991 onwards (signing of the Schengen Agreement) the ‘illegal’ immigration across the Strait of Gibraltar has increasingly been perceived as a problem.Spanish popular music is a fine seismograph of social changes, such as the increase of immigration. The first musical productions reflecting on (‘illegal’) immigration date from the early 1990s, such as Barricada’s “Oveja negra”, El Chojín’s “Ponte en mi piel” and “Sí, Buana”, or Nach’s “Tierra prometida”. Based on a corpus of 50 songs of different musical styles (rock, rap, world music), this article aims at investigating the key thematic lines in songs about ‘illegal’ immigration: the subalternity of the migratory subject; the fraught relations between the migrant subject (‘I’) and the Spanish ‘you’, relations characterized by prejudice, racism, and exclusion; finally, the perspective of a ‘we’ in a transcultural Spanish society.

LAND USE, INTERNAL MOBILITY AND EXTERNAL IMMIGRATION IN ITALY

After the Second World War, the economic development ofItalyhas profoundly changed the use of land. The paper investigates economic and regulatory implications of land withdrawal inItalyand the nexus with internal and foreign migration. The dualistic character of Italian economic development induced, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, huge migration flows from southern regions to the North, with strong repercussions in terms of abandonment of farmland and urban congestion. In recent times, in the light of increasing pressures from globalization, a revival of internal migration flows from the South to the North has occurred inItaly, but with different characteristics and implications with respect to the past. The interaction between internal mobility and foreign immigration (a new phenomenon forItaly, traditionally an emigration country) entails possible economic contra-indications but also new opportunities for rural development.

A systematic review of barriers and enablers to South Asian women’s attendance for asymptomatic screening of breast and cervical cancers in emigrant countries

ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to identify the cultural, social, structural and behavioural factors that influence asymptomatic breast and cervical cancer screening attendance in South Asian populations, in order...

International mobility of young adult Spaniards eight years after the onset of the economic crisis. Food for thought

Eight years after the economic crisis began in Spain (2008), its impact on migration trends is due for re-examination. The emigration of young Southern Europeans during the crisis, motivated by high unemployment and the lack of opportunities, has been analysed by various academics. These scholars have highlighted the modification of migration patterns in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece, countries with a positive net migration rate during the years of economic growth, and have studied the reversion to their former status as net emigration countries during the recession. However, despite the fact that today, eight years after the onset of the crisis, the economy has begun to show signs of recovery, there is evidence that migration trends among young Spaniards have changed. Consequently, the main hypothesis of this paper is that Spanish migration patterns have been altered by a tendency towards higher mobility at the dawn of the post-crisis era.

Mobility of Individuals after BEPS: The Persistent Conflict between Jurisdictions

In this article, the author discusses the different policies a jurisdiction can implement to address the cross-border mobility of individuals, illustrates the main defensive strategies adopted by the emigration country and relates them to the introduction of preferential tax regimes for inward expatriates by the immigration country.

The effect of emigration on unemployment rates: the case of EU emigrant countries

This paper analyses the effects of emigration on emigrant countries’ unemployment rates (short-term effect) in selected EU emigrant countries. The panel data analysis (fixed-effects model) covers the period from 2004 to 2015, and a total of nine EU countries: Bulgaria; Estonia; Greece; Croatia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland; Portugal; and Romania. The obtained results show that emigration increases the unemployment rate in emigrant countries confirming that, besides generally expected positive effects in terms of a fall in unemployment, emigration could also have an adverse effect on emigrant countries’ labour markets. Such results point to structural issues in the labour market caused by emigration, i.e., an increase in the labour supply and demand mismatch, which is discussed in the paper through the descriptive analysis of Job Vacancy Rate (JVR) data.

A Didactic Experiment with Cinema - Portuguese Emigration and Sense of Belonging

Since the first decades of the twentieth century, Portugal has affirmed itself as an emigration country. This social, political, economic and demographic phenomenon has consequences, which have always been approached in a general way, neglecting the personal side and identity aspects that the displacement causes at an individual and family level. In long duration emigration, there is usually a paradoxical feeling of non-belonging/belonging to two spaces. On the one hand, already integrated into the new reality, the individual feels that to a certain extent they belong to the new space. However, in their identity memory, the culture and way of life of their nationality, region or place still exist. This dilemma of belonging is relatively abstract to convey to students when we work the demographic phenomenon. The Portuguese filmography has a recent film - The Golden Cage, released by the son of Portuguese emigrants, in France - where this feeling of belonging is represented, under ‘the cover' of a comedy. We showed the film to a group of Demography and Sociology students and had them explore this phenomenon. The results were extremely positive.

Challenges and threats to Polish migration policy. The system of public assistance dedicated to foreign migrants in contemporary Poland

The article portrays the situation for migrants in Poland. The authors describe types of help offered to applicants for refugee status on Polish territory. The paper underlines that Poland has evolved from an emigration country into an immigration one over the past two decades; as a result of this phenomena, contemporary society faces a situation unknown to the previous generation. Integration of migrants and their participation in civic society should be a priority matter for policy makers. The nature of migration problems is overcomplicated, and the authors of the article aim at identifying the main challenges in order to effectively influence migration policy.

‘We’re not coming from Mars; we know how things work in Morocco!’ How diasporic Moroccan youth resists political socialisation in state-led homeland tours

ABSTRACTDiaspora policies, to be defined as emigrant state policies aiming at maintaining and strengthening ties with its expatriate population, have become a regular feature of twenty-first century international politics. A particular diaspora policy strategy adopted by various emigration countries including Morocco is the introduction of state-led homeland tours. These can be understood as an origin-state tool to socialise mainly young expatriate community members with homeland orientations and identities. Both by opponents as by sympathisers of these tours, it is often assumed that homeland tours are effective in their socialisation project. However, this assumption undervalues the agency of tour participants. This article presents an in-depth investigation of the Moroccan Summer Universities, annual state-led homeland tours for college and university students of Moroccan descent, based on participant observation and qualitative interviews. The analysis highlights the tour participants’ resistance against both discourses and practices of these homeland tours’ organisers. As such, the article attends to the need to understand better how state diaspora policies are received by young members of the diaspora, in a situation where state–diaspora relations are tense and policies are top-down.

Irish and Polish in a New Context of Diversity in Northern Ireland’s Schools

Abstract While Modern Languages are in decline generally in the United Kingdom’s post-primary schools, including in Northern Ireland (Speak to the Future 2014), the international focus on primary languages has reawakened interest in the curricular area, even after the ending in 2015 of the Northern Ireland Primary Modern Languages Programme which promoted Spanish, Irish and Polish in primary schools. This paper will consider the situation in policy and practice of Modern Languages education, and Irish in particular, in Northern Ireland’s schools. During the years of economic growth in the 1990s Ireland, North and South, changed from being a country of net emigration to be an attractive country to immigrants, only to revert to large-scale emigration with the post-2008 economic downturn. While schools in Great Britain have had a long experience of receiving pupils from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, firstly from the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, Northern Ireland did not attract many such pupils due to its weaker economic condition and the conflict of the Northern Ireland Troubles. The influx from Poland and other Accession Countries following the expansion of the European Union in 2004 led to a sudden, significant increase in non-English speaking Newcomer pupils (DENI 2017). The discussion in Northern Ireland about a diverse democracy has hitherto concentrated on the historical religious and political divide, where Unionist antipathy led to the Irish Language being dubbed the ‘Green Litmus Test’ of Community Relations (Cultural Traditions Group 1994). Nevertheless, the increasing diversity can hopefully ‘have a leavening effect on a society that has long been frozen in its “two traditions” divide’ (OFMDFM 2005a: 10). This paper will revisit the role and potential of Irish within the curricular areas of Cultural Heritage and Citizenship. An argument will also be made for the importance of language awareness, interculturalism and transferable language learning skills in Northern Ireland’s expanded linguistic environment with a particular focus on Polish.

THE RELIGIOUS LIVES OF EUROPEAN TURKS; The Role of Religious Groups

Referring the Turks that migrated Europe’s several countries as “temporary workers” in 1960, it is obvious that neither Turkey nor receiving countries had no policy about migration with the thought that they would “come back”. Since late 1970s, the receiving countries’ point of view has changed in the way that Turks wouldn’t be temporary but permanent. So they developed some strategies and policies such as social security laws, repentance law for illegal or tourist-worker, family reunification law, foreigner laws etc. The purpose of these new laws was to take the immigration wave under control and supporting immigrant integration in Europe. Turkey as an emigration country, during those days, started to take some serious steps about preventing its own citizens from assimilation and helping them to integrate successfully. During the migration process, from the early 1960s to the middle of 1980s, there was no official religious services for Turkish immigrants living in Europe. For 20 years or about, those people had been destined to be on their own in that period of time. Within that period also religious services had been carried out mostly with the hand of some religious groups, communities and movements in Turkey. In this paper, Turkey-connected religious groups and communities’ influence on the European Turkish immigrants’ daily religious life will be evaluated with a macro-sociological point of view.

The nexus of motivation–experience in the migration process of young Romanians

AbstractThis paper presents and explains the migration motivations and behaviour of young (age 16–35 years) Romanians. The originality of the paper lies in conceptualising the experiences and motivations of migration as a variable nexus during the migration process; that is, as a complex web of relations between motivations and types of migration experiences. A descriptive analysis introduces types of motivations for the first migration and for returning home. Dissatisfaction and opportunities in different spheres of life (job, education, family and friendship networks, and lifestyles) are the key variables explaining the dynamics within the nexus. This is contextualised by factors related to the individual, community, region, and country, in a multilevel perspective. The relationship between previous structures and the current migration motivations of Romanian youth are also addressed via a comparative European‐level analysis. The first hypothesis, about the lifestyle motivations of Romanian students, is not supported by the data. The second hypothesis, about similarities between Romanian youth and youth from Latvia and Slovakia, is consistent with the findings. The third hypothesis, on the similarity between Romanian youth and the youth from countries of simultaneous emigration and immigration (Spain, Italy, and Ireland) is partially supported only in the case of Italy. The paper draws on both quantitative survey data and semistructured interviews.

Italy’s Migration Policies Combating Irregular Immigration: from the Early Days to the Present Times

Italian migration policies combating irregular immigration from the early 20th century to the present times have been increasingly debated and controversial. Four phases are detectable: the absence of a legal framework while Italy was still an emigration country, the first regulations of the 1980s, policies influenced by both the European integration process and the increase in immigration until 2002 and, lastly, the country’s controversial approaches since 2004. What is noticeable is a dichotomy in Italy’s migration policies, with generally consistent internal measures and often contrasting external ones.

Adaptation Strategies to Turkish Society of Europeans Married to Turkish Citizens

AbstractAccelerated and increasingly complex patterns of international migration are correlated with the emergence of various types of transnational families and an ever-rising number of culturally and ethnically mixed couples. Once a typical emigration country, Turkey has recently been established as a transit and receiving society, where numerous Europeans settle due to emotional ties with Turkish citizens. This paper is based on a qualitative study of 10 mixed European-Turkish families based in Istanbul, carried out through in-depth interviews. The paper is divided into three parts. First, it examines the social characteristics of the research participants. Second, it analyses the reactions of family and friends to the mixed relationship. Third, it discusses four adaptation strategies of foreign partners to Turkish society – namely, integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization.

재한조선족의 사회신뢰 : 이주국과 본국에 대한 신뢰를 중심으로

재한조선족의 사회신뢰 : 이주국과 본국에 대한 신뢰를 중심으로

The Spaces of Citizenship: Mapping Personal and Colonial Histories in Contemporary Italy in Igiaba Scego’s La Mia Casa È Dove Sono (My Home is Where I Am)

As Italy has changed from emigration country to immigration destination, the growing body of literature by migrant and second generation writers plays an important role in connecting discourses on race and national identity with the country’s increasing diversity and its colonial past. This essay investigates the 2010 memoir La Mia Casa È Dove Sono (My Home is Where I Am) by Igiaba Scego, the daughter of Somali immigrants, as life writing that responds to these changing demographics and, more broadly, to the migration trends affecting contemporary Europe. The self Scego constructs through her narration integrates her Roman identity and Somali background as the narrative returns colonial history to Italian public discourse and public space. I argue that by narrating the personal and historical in the context of Roman monuments and neighborhoods, Scego’s memoir challenges and redefines who can be “Italian,” modeling a more inclusive Italianità. I discuss the memoir in terms of its use of collective memory and its development of a narrative “I” that claims a position within a collective identity while challenging the exclusionary tendencies of that very group. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on June 8th, 2016, and published on July 17th, 2017.

The Immigrant-native Student Educational Achievement Gap in Greece using PISA 2012

Starting in the 1970s Greece, a traditional emigration country, experienced an immigration boom, with the majority of immigrants being Albanians and co-ethnic Greeks from the ex-Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc countries; by 2012 the share of students in Greek schools with immigrant background exceeded 10%, having tripled over a decade. While in most countries immigrant students perform worse than natives in international assessments, there is considerable between-country heterogeneity. Using PISA 2012 for Mathematics and Reading achievement and a multilevel analysis, I find that Greece belongs to a small group of countries in which there is no evidence of an immigrant disadvantage for either first- or secondgeneration immigrants. The differences in achievement found in the raw data can be easily be accounted for by differences in socioeconomic background, school track, as well as differences in between-school quality.

Exclusionary intimacies: Racialized language in Veneto, Northern Italy

While Italy has been a country of emigrants, since the 1970s, it has become a receiver of migrants. These recent, reverse direction migratory flows have triggered strong reactions, such as nativist discourses about national culture and identity and the aggressive anti-immigration politics of the Lega Nord (‘Northern League’). This article examines how racialized language in the Northern Italian region of Veneto is at times performed in ways that totally or partially exclude certain migrant groups, while at the same time creating intimate spaces of inclusion for Italians. By codeswitching from Standard Italian to Venetan, speech participants address audiences who are presumed to “share” this code, but when the topics of their conversations are migrants, such shifts can also enact exclusionary stances vis-a-vis the latter. This article demonstrates that familiar analytic dichotomies such as exclusion/inclusion and insider/outsider are inadequate, and it proposes more processual and gradient approaches to participation.