Country's Housing Research Articles

The importance of financial controls for maximizing results for small rural entrepreneurs

Brazil's agricultural sector is crucial for the economy and global food security, encompassing about 41% of the country's total land area and housing over 5 million agricultural establishments. According to the Brazilian Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock (CNA), agribusiness contributed 23.8% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2023, highlighting its diverse production of agricultural commodities. While technological advancements have boosted productivity, a significant gap exists between large and small producers. Large producers often benefit from technological progress, whereas small producers—a significant portion of family farming—face substantial challenges. Family farming accounts for 67% of agricultural activity and 80% of global food production, yet it struggles with financial management, lack of knowledge, and limited access to credit and technology. Efficient rural management is essential for optimizing resources, reducing costs, and enhancing productivity on small farms. Implementing financial management practices, such as budgeting, cost analysis, and cash flow control, can help small producers make better use of their resources and lower expenses. Public policies like the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming (PRONAF) and the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) aim to support these producers by providing financing and securing markets for their products. Family farming holds significant potential for sustainable practices. With the right support, it can continue to play a vital role in the Brazilian economy and global food security, fostering a sustainable and prosperous future for the agricultural sector.

THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON NEW CONCEPT OF MODERNISATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Modernization of multi-apartment buildings is one of the steps towards achieving the goals of Sustainable Development of cities and communities. It is not only energy efficient, but also inclusive and spatial solutions. New concept has been introduced such as "Sustainable modernization" is a harmonious and balanced process that combines coordinated changes in today's and future needs, and "Sustainable modernization of residential buildings" is a complete set of actions for the regeneration of buildings and residential areas, including the regeneration of communal communications and nodes. Because only energy efficiency of buildings is not enough for the achievement of the goals of sustainable cities and communities, considering the fulfillment of all the tasks set. The goal is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Regeneration today is the modernization of multi-apartment buildings to achieve energy efficiency to conserve and reduce the use of energy resources, which helps reduce utility costs and carbon emissions. But it does not satisfy the task of inclusive and planning decisions as Sustainable Urban Development. Panel mass housing construction heritage makes up a significant part of the country's housing stock in post-Soviet countries. These buildings were built according to standards that do not meet modern requirements and energy inefficient. New concept of regeneration on the basis of sustainable development is proposed as the modernization of residential buildings considering the wishes and needs of co-owners, inclusive and sustainable planning. That is, the architectural and planning decision includes the need for the house and the surrounding area for inclusive and reconstruction taking into account the social needs of the residential quarter.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The article systematizes the main approaches to revealing the conceptual foundations and practical significance of financial instruments in the development of housing construction in the country. The leading role of housing construction in the formation of appropriate conditions for the livelihood of society, ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy is substantiated. The article is devoted to the study of the role of financial instruments in ensuring the effective functioning of housing construction, the need for the development of financial engineering as an effective component of the restoration of the country's housing stock, ensuring the proper functioning of critical infrastructure. The leading role of the field of housing construction in stimulating the processes of socio-economic development of the state, forming the conditions of life support of its society is substantiated. The generalization of the scientific approaches of scientists and practitioners to the category of "financial instruments" was the basis of the development of the author's approach to the interpretation of the category of "financial instruments of housing construction" as a special type of financial agreement implemented within the framework of the appropriate financial mechanism, as a result of which the interaction of the subjects of housing construction is strengthened construction with the surrounding environment, transformation of financial assets and liabilities takes place, financial and production activity of housing construction is stimulated. On the basis of a preliminary assessment of the destruction of housing infrastructure caused by military aggression on the territory of our country, the need to change approaches to the further implementation of housing construction is substantiated. It has been proven that the accelerated restoration of the destroyed housing stock will require further transformation of all processes of its resource provision, which should be based on the principles of: innovative development, efficiency, accessibility and safety of the housing stock. The key advantages of financial engineering in the field of housing construction aimed at forming the appropriate level of financial potential in the field of housing construction are identified. The need to attract international support necessary for the restoration of the housing stock, the activation of housing construction, the provision of complex infrastructural restoration of critical infrastructure, the implementation of which should be carried out through a joint combination of existing financial technologies, the search for and implementation of the innovation financial instruments, was emphasized.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Government of India’s Approach to Affordable Housing for the Urban Poor

Affordable housing is primarily a market-based notion that emphasises the significance of one's ability to pay for housing. The main issue with India's urban poor is that some households can never, ever, ever afford suitable accommodation. Affordable home in India is a distant goal due to the interaction between their poverty and the country's housing market. The article tests Engel's law to ascertain the disposable income of the poor for housing using data from the National Sample Survey Office's 68th Round Consumer Expenditure Survey and India's Consumer Economy (ICE 360) Survey. The poor have less spare income and spend a larger percentage of their income on essentials, making it difficult for them to buy a home. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), the government's lauded flagship initiative, is distant from the market reality, according to data compiled from a private property website for 22 cities.

The right to housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living: issues of implementation amidst Ukraine’s housing stock destruction and solutions

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the right to housing, framing it as an essential component of the broader right to an adequate standard of living. Situated within the context of international human rights norms, the article scrutinizes how these global standards influence and shape Ukrainian legislation. It argues that national laws should aim not merely to provide a basic minimum but to ensure a dignified standard of living that encompasses the full range of capabilities necessary for individuals to function effectively in society.
 The study delves deeply into the multifaceted nature of the right to housing, examining its various components and dimensions. It highlights the acute challenges that Ukraine faces in implementing this right, particularly in light of the extensive damage to the country's housing stock due to Russian aggression. The article emphasizes the pressing need for a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach to address the complex issue of restoring damaged housing and constructing new dwellings to replace those that have been destroyed.
 Furthermore, the article underscores the pivotal role that both the private sector and international aid organizations must play in Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction efforts. It posits that solving the housing crisis is not an isolated endeavor but is intrinsically linked to broader social protection mechanisms, issues of population displacement, and the overall quality of life for Ukrainian citizens. The study suggests that a multi-stakeholder approach, involving governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and international partners, is crucial for addressing the intricate challenges posed by the housing crisis.
 In summary, this scholarly article offers a nuanced understanding of the right to housing within the Ukrainian context, influenced by international human rights standards. It advocates for a multi-dimensional and collaborative approach to tackle the housing crisis, emphasizing the interconnectedness of housing with broader social, economic, and ethical considerations. The study serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners interested in understanding and addressing the complexities of housing rights in post-conflict settings like Ukraine.

MASS RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION AS AN ELEMENT OF CRISIS ARCHITECTURE

The world's population loses their homes due to natural disasters and wars every year, many international organizations have been created to eliminate such consequences. Architects as volunteers also make efforts to design typical low-cost mass housing., there is a concept of crisis architecture to denote this phenomenon. Its feature is the fastest possible reconstruction of housing for people in disaster zones. The next term discussed in the article is urbicide, the purposeful destruction of cities caused by wars, terrorist attacks, and other aggressive actions that we have in Ukraine today.
 The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of mass housing architecture in its relationship with crisis phenomena and urbicide in society. For this purpose, the possibility of reconstruction, reconstruction and development of the architectural and urban structure of cities in the post-crisis period is considered. The features of the crisis architecture of countries and cities affected by wars, as well as floods, fires and other natural disasters (Rotterdam, Hiroshima, Bismaya, Skopje) are analysed. Foremost, the restoration of the engineering infrastructure was observed. Work on solving the housing problem consisted in the repair of damaged buildings, the reconstruction of large apartments into small apartments and the construction of typical temporary low-rise buildings 3 available raw materials. Unified 4-5- story series of economy houses were popular in post-war France, Hungary, Slovakia and other countries. Disadvantages of such housing include chaotic construction, simplification of architectural solutions, lack of individual stylistic features. Later, the temporary residential quarters were dismantled. At the same time, a significant part of such panel houses remains inhabited even in our time. 
 Ukraine was significantly affected by the Second World War. Mass construction according to typical projects took place in the 60s, as a result of which about 23% of the country's housing stock has physical and moral deterioration. In view of the military actions, it is extremely important to use the international experience of rebuilding cities, to carefully approach the selection of projects, focusing on the economic component, the safety of residents and high-quality architectural solutions.

Housing lending: Business aspects of implementation in Russia

Subject. This article discusses the system of housing lending in Russia and the peculiarities of its development. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the housing lending indicators in Russia and suggest ways to improve the housing lending efficiency in present-day conditions. Methods. For the study, we used comparative, systems, dynamic, and structural analyses, statistical data generalization, and algorithmization. Results. The article summarizes approaches to understanding and structuring housing lending and finds that there is no clear concept of housing lending in the regulatory framework, in most sources it is identified with mortgage lending. Based on the analysis of changes in housing mortgage lending, the article identifies the problems of its implementation in Russia. It also offers recommendations for improving the country's housing credit system. Conclusions and Relevance. In Russia, there are prerequisites for the implementation of various models and forms of housing loans. It is necessary to develop alternative ways of financing the housing market, including equity participation and the development of housing cooperatives. The system of housing lending requires the formation of a flexible system of government regulation and the development of the mortgage-backed securities market. The results of the study can be useful to federal and regional public bodies to develop and implement financial and investment policies in the context of economic transformation. Also, the work may be of interest to commercial banks and construction organizations implementing housing loan programs.

ПРОБЛЕМНІ АСПЕКТИ ТА МЕХАНІЗМИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ЖИТЛОВОГО ФОНДУ В УКРАЇНІ

In the study, the attention to the problems of formation and implementation of the state housing policy, in particular in the part of the development of the country's housing stock, is updated. The purpose of the study was to identify problematic aspects, as well as to substantiate effective mechanisms for regulating the development of the housing stock in Ukraine. The most problematic aspects of social housing construction in Ukraine are identified and the problems in this area, which have worsened in connection with full-scale military operations, are emphasized. Areas of improvement of the state policy of activation of social housing construction have been identified. Problematic aspects of state management of the development of the general housing stock of the state are pointed out. The most promising mechanisms that should be used to increase the efficiency of the state policy of increasing the volume of housing construction in Ukraine are identified, which in particular relate to: popularization of integrated systems, organizational measures, provision of information exchange, state financing of projects, assistance in the formation of cooperation networks, elimination of bureaucratic obstacles to cooperation, resource support for the activity of construction clusters and their participants, promoting the development of technology parks and business incubators. 
 The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of the toolkit of the state policy of stimulating the increase in volumes and increasing the efficiency of housing construction in the country.
 The applied value of the research results consists in determining the applied mechanisms and tools of state policy to improve the provision of housing for the population of Ukraine, in particular in the conditions of a full-scale war and its critically negative consequences for the social sphere and the country's system.

Urban housing prices, female labor participation, and economic development in china: A theoretical and empirical analysis.

China's housing distribution system has undergone a major transformation, and the country's housing markets have experienced a rapid price increase. However, the extent to which urban housing prices influence female labor participation (FLP) in labor decision-making and how the FLP rate affects economic development has not been sufficiently investigated. Accordingly, we first build a theoretical neoclassical economic development model that includes housing consumption factors to estimate the effect of housing price dynamics on FLP. We then use the 2017 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database to empirically estimate the intrinsic relationship between urban housing prices, FLP, and economic development through the lens of the balanced growth path, and we come up with four main findings. First, the theoretical model demonstrates that rising housing prices increase FLP, stimulating economic development. However, an excessive increase in housing prices will undermine women's ability to drive economic development. Second, the empirical evidence shows that a unit increase in housing prices increases the probability of FLP by 0.186%. Third, the effects of housing prices on economic development vary across China's Eastern, Central, and Northeastern regions. Finally, the threshold model shows that FLP positively influences economic development until the housing price logarithm reaches 8.8134, after which FLP's beneficial effect on economic development will be diminished.

НАУКОВО-ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ІВЕСТИЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА

The issue of intensifying economic transformations and accelerating the pace of socio-economic development under modern conditions cannot be resolved without adequate investment support. Construction of residential real estate is a field that is traditionally defined by a high level of dependence on investment funds. The state plays an extremely important role in this process. It is thanks to effective state mechanisms for regulating the investment attractiveness of the industry that the prerequisites for the accumulation of investment flows and assistance in solving the population's housing problem and implementing the tasks of the country's social and housing policy are formed. The modern legislative basis for regulation of investment processes in the construction of residential real estate is studied in the article. The set of institutional subjects of regulation of investment processes in the construction industry is defined here. The systematization of scientific and theoretical foundations of state regulation of investment processes of housing construction has been carried out. The methodological plane of functions, tasks and principles of state regulation of investment activity in the industry is analyzed. The methodological plane of the set of principles of state regulation by the process of attracting investment flows in the industry based on the strategic priorities of inclusiveness and sustainable housing construction has been supplemented. The author's scheme of the general architecture of the mechanism of state regulation of investment activity in the field of housing construction has been formed. The range of socio-economic and environmental bonuses from investments in the construction of residential real estate objects from the standpoint of creating new economic opportunities for the region and the national economy, ensuring the development of processes of inclusive urbanization and environmental stability in the industry is defined in the article. A brief review of the level of return on investment in residential construction is carried out here. The potential for possible future services from investing in residential real estate has been determined.

Nigeria Housing Scenarios: Lessons to Learn from Wales as an Alternative Approach

Over 40% of Nigerians, out of the country's present population of over 20 million, would reside in urban areas by 2030, according to United Nations demographic experts. Given that 20% of urban residents already live in substandard circumstances and that there is a housing shortfall of over 17 million units in what has grown to be one of the world's greatest low-income housing markets, this is a cause for concern. Many people around the world lack access to decent housing, but the problem seems to be most acute in developing nations like Nigeria. Additionally, there are not many residences available to the growing number of workers in both the formal and informal sectors, particularly in urban areas. In spite of the fact that the effective demand from the vast majority of the population has not changed appreciably, the report notes that housing demand in Nigeria, particularly in urban areas, has continued to climb dramatically. This study finds that all the factors influencing housing supply have reduced the quality of housing in the nation. The results showed a number of concerns with housing shortages based on the pattern mentioned in the literature. It looks at the methods employed to provide housing in Wales, in the United Kingdom (UK), and the strategies used to achieve this, and makes links to the situation in Nigeria in order to strengthen the country's housing institutions, restructure the systems, and create a more robust housing sector so that a balance between urban and rural housing units may be achieved.

Multidimensional study of factors influencing sustainable construction adoption in Yemen: insights for implementing sustainable practices.

Despite political volatility, Yemen's construction sector is gradually progressing to satisfy the country's housing needs. Most construction projects, however, employ traditional construction methods and have yet to be able to adopt sustainable construction, which is economically feasible, socially responsible, and environmentally beneficial. To support sustainable construction, this study analyzes various factors that might drive sustainable practices in construction projects in Yemen. These drivers are discovered from the literature and validated by experts using grey Delphi. Forty-four drivers were approved across three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. These drivers are assessed using grey AHP. The economic factor is determined to be the most crucial in the adoption of sustainable construction. Competitiveness, improved well-being, and improved indoor environmental quality are rated as the top economic, social, and environmental dimensions, respectively. Overall, competitiveness is acknowledged as the most important driver for the implementation of sustainable practices in Yemen's construction projects. The study's findings were discussed with the experts who were involved in the evaluation. The findings were agreed upon, and it was underlined that a proactive approach from both construction project participants and public authorities can increase the competitiveness of sustainable construction. Additional policies to promote competitiveness of sustainable construction are also advocated.

Comparing negative binomial regression and quantile regression for modelling of housing sales

Housing demand arises under the influence of social, cultural, economic and demographic characteristics of each country Housing requirement refers to not only a numerical value, but also a structure that must carry healthy conditions with its environment. Nowadays, both housing sales and the price of properties are in increasing trend. In this study, the factors affecting the housing sales of the Turkey’s 81 provinces for 2019 were examined. Among alternative regression methods, negative binomial regression and quantile regression models were used and analysis were made on the basis of various quantile slices. As a result of the negative binomial regression model, it was found that the crude marriage rate, divorce rate, gross domestic product, unemployment rate and crude birth rate variables had a significant effect on the model. In quantile regression model analysis, quantile slices were evaluated separately. By using CICOMP type information criteria, it was seen that negative binomial regression model gave more effective results than quantile regression model.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТЛОВОГО ФОНДУ УКРАЇНИ

The article summarizes the latest challenges to the management of the country's housing stock in the context of global challenges provoked by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. For this purpose, the content of the category "organizational and economic mechanism" was investigated, part of the existing scientific approaches to the consideration of its essence were singled out. Also, on the basis of the analysis of individual approaches to its interpretation, the author's interpretation of the category "organizational and economic mechanism of housing stock development" was proposed, which made it possible to single out its specific features and role in the life support of society, preservation of the country's national security.A critical analysis of approaches to the interpretation of the category "organizational and eco-nomic mechanism" made it possible to propose an author's approach to the interpretation of the cate-gory organizational and economic mechanism of the development of the housing stock as a multifaceted economic category, the action of which is aimed at ensuring a continuous process of effective interaction of all its participants with the aim of maximally providing for their own needs and interests through the creation, restoration, renovation and management of existing housing infrastructure.In order to improve the existing organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the housing stock, an author's system of its fundamental principles was proposed, which was laid as the basis of the latestarchitecture of its construction. An author's approach to the construction of an algo-rithm for the implementation of the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the housing stock aimed at ensuring the systematicity and continuity of its operation is proposed

PROBLEMS OF PHYSICS AND GEOPOLITICS IN GLOBAL WARMING


 
 
 Introduction. Global warming and so-called the “greenhouse effect” is one of the most discussed problems of physics and geopolitics, which has caused protest environmental movements in the world.
 
 
 
 Problem Statement. Widely discussed are both anthropogenic (the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere) and the natural concepts of global warming with the dramatic effects of climate change on the planet and individual regions.
 Purpose. Evaluate the state of the problem, to present the results of research and measures to possible reduction of the greenhouse effect.
 Materials and Methods. Authoritative literary sources were used to analyze anthropogenic and natural factors of global warming, including an explanation of the processes from physics that manifest themselves during solar-geomagnetic activity.
 Results. Ways and directions of increasing the efficiency of energy use to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are identified.
 Conclusions. The greatest potential for increasing energy efficiency in the use of energy resources, and thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions, lies in the heat supply sector of the country's housing and municipal sector. Prospects for further research are related to the development and implementation of organizational, economic and technological innovations in this energy sector.
 
 
 
 
 
 

Property investor decisions using income and rental ratio signals

PurposeThis paper, a case study, aims to consider whether the income ratio and rental ratio tracks the formation of residential housing price spikes and their collapse. The ratios are measuring the risk associated with house price stability. They may signal whether a real estate investor should consider purchasing real property, continue holding it or consider selling it. The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (Dallas Fed) calculates and publishes income ratios for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries to measure “irrational exuberance,” which is a measure of housing price risk for a given country's housing market. The USA is a member of the organization. The income ratio idea is being repurposed to act as a buy/sell signal for real estate investors.Design/methodology/approachThe income ratio calculated by the Dallas Fed and this case study's ratio were date-stamped and graphed to determine whether the 2006–2008 housing “bubble and burst” could be visually detected. An ordinary least squares regression with the data transformed into logs and a regression with structural data breaks for the years 1990 through 2019 were modeled using the independent variables income ratio, rent ratio and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The descriptive statistics show a gradual increase in the ratios prior to exposure to an unexpected, exogenous financial shock, which took several months to grow and collapse. The regression analysis with breaks indicates that the income ratio can predict changes in housing prices using a lead of 2 months.FindingsThe gradual increases in the ratios with predetermine limits set by the real estate investor may trigger a sell decision when a specified rate is reached for the ratios even when housing prices are still rising. The independent variables were significant, but the rent ratio had the correct sign only with the regression with time breaks model was used. The housing spike using the Dallas Fed's income ratio and this study's income ratio indicated that the housing boom and collapse occurred rapidly. The boom does not appear to be a continuous housing price increase followed by a sudden price drop when ratio analysis is used. The income ratio is significant through time, but the rental ratio and Consumer Sentiment Index are insignificant for multiple-time breaks.Research limitations/implicationsInvestors should consider the relative prices of residential housing in a neighborhood when purchasing a property coupled with income and rental ratio trends that are taking place in the local market. High relative income ratios may signal that when an unexpected adverse event occurs the housing market may enter a state of crisis. The relative housing prices to income ratio indicates there is rising housing price stability risk. Aggregate data for the country are used, whereas real estate prices are also significantly impacted by local conditions.Practical implicationsRatio trends might enable real estate investors and homeowners to determine when to sell real estate investments prior to a price collapse and preserve wealth, which would otherwise result in the loss of equity. Higher exuberance ratios should result in an increase in the discount rate, which results in lower valuations as measured by the formula net operating income dividend by the discount rate. It can also signal when to start reinvesting in real estate, because real estate prices are rising, and the ratios are relative low compared to income.Social implicationsThe graphical descriptive depictions seem to suggest that government intervention into the housing market while a spike is forming may not be possible due to the speed with which a spike forms and collapses. Expected income declines would cause the income ratios to change and signal that housing prices will start declining. Both the income and rental ratios in the US housing market have continued to increase since 2008.Originality/valueA consumer sentiment variable was added to the analysis. Prior researchers have suggested adding a consumer sentiment explanatory variable to the model. The results generated for this variable were counterintuitive. The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) price index results signaled a change during a different year than when the S&P/Case–Shiller Home Price Index is used. Many prior studies used the FHFA price index. They emphasized regulatory issues associated with changing exuberance ratio levels. This case study applies these ideas to measure relative increases in risk, which should impact the discount rate used to estimate the intrinsic value of a residential property.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ СОЦІАЛЬНО ДОСТУПНОГО ЖИТЛА В УКРАЇНІ: ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the state and factors of influence on the development of construction (acquisition in the secondary market) of socially affordable housing in Ukraine. The well-known interpretations of the terms "social" and "affordable" housing are considered and the author's understanding of the term "socially accessible housing" through the use of affordable mortgages with the support of the state is proposed, which is a financial and economic tool for solving the social housing problem. The existing regulatory framework and plans of the state leadership to regulate the issue of providing state support and providing citizens with affordable housing are considered. The urgency of the development and implementation of the strategy for the restoration of the mortgage market in Ukraine, which was initiated by the President of Ukraine and the Government, was noted. Using the example of a hypothetical family of 4 people living in the regional center of Ukraine – a millionaire (Dnipro), calculations have been made that demonstrate that the development of socially affordable housing will be relevant for a long time in Ukraine, because now there is a significant gap between the incomes of citizens and the conditions for the provision of state financial support for the acquisition of affordable housing. The article analyzes statistical data on the volume of housing purchases by citizens with the support of the state in 2010-2020 against the background of an analysis of the dynamics of the country's housing stock and the construction of apartments in new buildings for the same period. Objective macroeconomic and political and legal factors, as well as internal, specific for Ukraine, factors of influence on the development of the socially affordable housing market have been identified. Specific impact factors include: administrative and legal improvement of the activities of joint investment institutions and asset management companies in the field of housing construction; settlement of issues of transparent land allocation for construction and implementation of a systematic approach to urban planning based on the principles of development; regulation of the principles of activity and the status of condominiums. The need for a systematic consideration of the entire life cycle of a project for the construction and operation of residential buildings with the aim of integrated implementation of energy efficient technologies, materials, engineering equipment, the concept of a circular economy was emphasized.

Bovine Babesiosis in Turkey: Impact, Current Gaps, and Opportunities for Intervention.

Bovine babesiosis is a global tick-borne disease that causes important cattle losses and has potential zoonotic implications. The impact of bovine babesiosis in Turkey remains poorly characterized, but several Babesia spp., including B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens, among others and competent tick vectors, except Rhipicephalus microplus, have been recently identified in the country. Bovine babesiosis has been reported in all provinces but is more prevalent in central and highly humid areas in low and medium altitude regions of the country housing approximately 70% of the cattle population. Current control measures include acaricides and babesicidal drugs, but not live vaccines. Despite the perceived relevant impact of bovine babesiosis in Turkey, basic research programs focused on developing in vitro cultures of parasites, point-of-care diagnostic methods, vaccine development, “omics” analysis, and gene manipulation techniques of local Babesia strains are scarce. Additionally, no effective and coordinated control efforts managed by a central animal health authority have been established to date. Development of state-of-the-art research programs in bovine babesiosis to address current gaps in knowledge and implementation of long-term plans to control the disease will surely result in important economic, nutritional, and public health benefits for the country and the region.

A contextual policy analysis of a cash programme in a humanitarian setting: the case of the Emergency Social Safety Net in Turkey.

The Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) programme, which was launched in 2016, has become the central element of the humanitarian response to the plight of Syrian refugees in Turkey and an instrument of European migration control policies. This paper offers a contextual analysis of this European Union-funded cash assistance scheme by examining the modes of interaction between its major assumptions and the broader humanitarian response in the context of Turkey. It finds that the ESSN comes with compromises on humanitarian principles and standards, amplifies the protection and assistance divide, and fails to address the realities of Turkey with respect to the country's housing and labour markets and weak protection framework. The paper concludes that a more inclusive approach to eligibility and higher transfer payments can contribute to the addressing of assistance needs provided that cash support is combined with robust protection programming and the implementation of sector-specific projects and policies.

Informal sector housing Scenario Analysis for Chattogram, Bangladesh: A Way Forward

Bangladesh is a densely populated developing country and is facing housing shortage due to different reasons Khaled, Sultana...