Technology Development Costs Research Articles

Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System or Autonomous Driving System? From the Perspective of Evolutionary Game Theory

In this paper, we explore the trade-offs between public and private investment in autonomous driving technologies. Utilizing an evolutionary game model, we delve into the complex interaction mechanisms between governments and auto manufacturers, focusing on how strategic decisions impact overall outcomes. Specifically, we predict that governments may opt for strategies such as constructing and maintaining infrastructure for Roadside Infrastructure-based Vehicles (RIVs) or subsidizing high-level Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) without additional road infrastructure. Manufacturers’ choices involve deciding whether to invest in RIVs or ADVs, depending on governmental policies and market conditions. Our simulation results, based on scenarios derived from existing economic data and forecasts on technology development costs, suggest that government subsidy policies need to dynamically adjust in response to manufacturers’ shifting strategies and market behavior. This dynamic adjustment is crucial as it addresses the evolving economic environment and technological advancements, ensuring that subsidies effectively incentivize the desired outcomes in autonomous vehicle development. The findings of this paper could serve as valuable decision-making tools for governments and auto manufacturers, guiding investment strategies that align with the dynamic landscape of autonomous driving technology.

초본계 바이오매스 발전사업 타당성 분석 연구

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic feasibility of a project assuming 9.9 MW Kenaf biomass power generation by producing Kenaf on approximately 1,100 ha on Saemangeum reclaimed land, manufacturing high-quality Kenaf power generation fuel through ash reduction and torrefaction processes. The Profit Index (PI) method was applied for the economic analysis. Results confirmed that the profitability index (PI) of the business was 0.55, which did not secure economic feasibility. Sensitivity was analyzed using the power plant use rate, facility investment cost, fuel manufacturing cost, as well as REC weight as major variables. As a result, even if the power plant use rate is reflected as 100%, the profitability index is 0.86, which does not secure economic feasibility. If the facility investment cost is lowered from 39.24 million USD to 0.49 million USD, economic feasibility is secured, However, the possibility of realization is significantly low. If the fuel manufacturing cost is reduced from 241.13 thousand won/ton to 40.50 thousand won/ton, economic feasibility is secured. However, it is difficult to realize because it requires high technology development cost and time. Regarding the REC weight, economic feasibility can be secured at 1.96, similar to the REC weight “2” currently given to the power generation of unused forest biomass. As a result of analyzing the complex sensitivity using the power plant use rate as well as REC weight as the main variables, economic feasibility can be secured in the section wherein the REC weight is lower than “1” when the power plant use rate is 80% or more. REC weighting, continuous technology development, as well as policy support for Kenaf biomass power generation, expected to play a critical role as a greenhouse gas sink in the future, are highly needed.

A Study on the Residents’ Needs for the Direction of Smart Housing Service

In response to social changes and technological development, it is time to seek reasonable measures to provide resident-centered residential services in smart housing. This study examined the status and satisfaction of residential services use in smart housing residents. The study aims to establish a direction for universal application in the housing market by deriving residential services that meet the living patterns and needs of residents in smart housing. For this research, a survey was conducted on 306 residents of two apartment complexes that provide residential services based on smart housing. Cross-stabs and One-Way ANOVA were conducted to analyze the current status and needs of residents by life cycle. The study found that it is necessary to provide user-centered devices and related services according to residents’ lifestyle and usage behavior. Moreover, an approach to improving the usability of smart housing services and preparing measures to ease entry barriers to use are necessary. In addition, stable supply of residential services will be possible by considering the cost of technology development and the utility of related services at the same time, and therefore, an in-depth user-based investigation is needed in the future.

FACTORS AFFECTING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTION BY LIVESTOCK HOLDERS IN ARID AREA OF TUNISIA

Despite the efforts to enhance adoption of innovative technologies (IT) by the Tunisian Government through national and/or international development projects, the potential rate of adoption of these technologies has remained low among farmers. This study aims at shedding some light on the potential factors that influence IT adoption in the Tunisian arid areas. Technological, economic, institutional factors and human specific factors (social) are selected to be the determinants of agricultural technology adoption. A quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional design was used to gather data. Stratified random sampling was employed and a total of 200 small-scale farmers (100 adopters and 100 non-adopters) were sampled. Data analysis and assessment was done through descriptive and statistical inferential analysis, and econometric modeling using the binary logistic regression model. Empirical findings show that economic and socio-demographic factors such as farmer education, size of cattle flocks and off-farm income were statistically significant and had positive influence on technology adoption while age and farmer experience had significant and negative effects on IT adoption. The findings confirm the important role of institutional factors (being a member of an association, benefiting from extension services and source of technology knowledge) in the adoption decision of IT, particularly when such variables were found to be significant and positives. In contrast, labor and credit services do not significantly influence adoption of IT. Based on these results, Government should focus on educating young farmers with large cattle flock size and off-farm income to enhance the adoption of IT for livestock holders. It should also intensify training programs for farmers and for extension agents with the collaboration of the project managers and the involvement of the profession and the private sector. Finally, the open innovation strategy including all stakeholders during idea generation could be considered as a better way to decrease technology development costs and improve IT adoption.

Impact of technology development costs on licensing form in a differentiated Cournot duopoly

AbstractWe investigate how the type of innovation, either of product or process, influences the licensing scheme. For product innovation, we consider a licensing scheme for a patent holder of a new product facing a potential rival who may invest in technology innovation and enter the market for the new product. The alternative forms of licensing schemes considered are fixed fees and royalties. We then compare this licensing scheme for product innovation with that for process innovation studied in the literature.

Overview of Powertrain Electrification and Future Scenarios for Non-Road Mobile Machinery

Powertrain electrification continues to be a growing trend in vehicular applications. Electric powertrains have numerous advantages over traditional mechanical and hydraulic powertrains but there are still important challenges to overcome for long-term commercial success. This research presents a technological assessment of present and future developments of powertrain electrification in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). The challenges and opportunities of NRMM electrification are described in detail. The trends and drivers related to technological development such as regulations, policies and market development are analyzed, and technology enablers are highlighted. Future scenarios are formulated based on the prevailing trends and drivers, development of key components, scientific literature and status of the non-road mobile machinery industry. Some recommendations are also given in relation to the development of hybrid and electric powertrains for NRMM. The key findings of this research indicate that the electrification of NRMM is slowly started and the progress is demonstrated by hybridization of some specific, successful mobile machines. In short-term, high component and technology development costs remain the main barrier for higher adoption of electric and hybrid powertrains. In the long-term scenario, many NRMM can operate autonomously and powertrain electrification has become mainstream technology.

Evaluating emerging structural inspection technologies for high-risk cast iron water mains

Structural inspection is an important component of asset management and involves quantifying current asset condition and remaining life. Research is being conducted across a wide range of fields to develop structural inspection technologies that can reduce costs and improve effectiveness for multiple industrial and infrastructure applications. Some of these technology developments may be transferable to the structural inspection of water mains, while others may not be feasible for water mains if they do not address appropriate structural issues and/or are not as cost-effective as competing methods. To help guide agencies in addressing the most important issues relevant to high-risk water mains, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a project to develop a protocol to strategically evaluate the feasibility of structural inspection technologies for use on large-diameter cast iron water mains. The protocol is intended to be used for periodic expert panel reviews for evaluating the prospects of proposed innovations to pipe inspection technologies. This paper provides an overview of the potential failure modes, mechanisms, and distress indicators for large-diameter cast iron water mains; briefly discusses structural inspection technologies; and presents the screening protocol. The screening protocol evaluates the feasibility of accessing the water main for inspection, the detection of specific anomalies, and the cost of technology development and utilization. A trial application of the protocol on eight technologies is provided as well. It is recommended that agencies interested in supporting structural inspection technology development use this protocol as a screening measure to determine if a proposed technology is applicable to large-diameter cast iron water mains based upon its ability to detect key distress indicators and to be implemented at a reasonable cost.

Numerical Study of Dual band (MW/LW) IR Detector for Performance Improvement

In the present study, an extensive numerical analysis has been performed and an effort has been made to understand the underlying physics, which is presently unclear for researchers for development of third generation FPA infrared detectors based on HgCdTe material. To reduce technology development cost associated with dualband photodetector for operation at MWIR and LWIR regions, a 2D theoretical model has been proposed including all the relevant physics. The structure under present study considers back-to-back diode structures to detect simultaneous MW/LW operative wavelength by changing the biasing polarity of the diodes. The optimum electrical and optical outputs from dualband detector have been achieved through performing design of experiments. The coupled basic semiconductor equations including nonlinear continuity, transport and Poisson’s equations have been solved to achieve electrical (I-V) characteristics under no bias condition and modern optics equations has been coupled to semiconductor equations to obtain optical characteristics. The quantum efficiency of both detectors has been computed and compared with experimental results. The computed results obtained on the basis of proposed model accurately matches with the experimental results reported by others researcher. The results exhibit the quantum efficiencies, QEMW=95 per cent and QELW=74.5 per cent, respectively.

Development of Virtual Reality-Based Edutainment Contents for Children’s English Education

Background/Objectives: Owing to the development of smartphone, mobile educational applications are rapidly increasing, especially those for children. However, it is necessary to induce them to ‘move their bodies for themselves’. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The purpose of this study is to produce virtual reality-based educational content that induces learners to naturally act and gain learning effects. Based on virtual reality device ‘(I-cube)’ that induces learners to act, it hides alphabets here and there in the space. Learners can naturally learn English words by looking around like in the ‘treasure hunt’ and searching for cards with words. Findings: The implications of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the existing e-learning content could not arouse learners’ interest or induce them to constantly participate in education as it consisted of passive interactions such as clicking buttons. This study can provide measures to solve this problem. Second, it shows the possibility to provide a new type of virtual reality. The fact that technology development costs for virtual reality are increasing but there are few successful business cases could be a risky element for virtual reality. However, if virtual reality and education can be integrated in Korea that has high education fever, it could make a great case. Application/Improvements: In order for the market of virtual reality-based content for children to develop, it is necessary to study how virtual reality devices would influence children’s bodies.

COTECHMO: The Constructive Technology Development Cost Model

A detailed analysis of the available literature and the aerospace manufacturing industry has identified a lack of cost estimation techniques to forecast advanced manufacturing technology development effort and hardware cost. To respond, this article presents two parametric ‘Constructive Technology Development Cost Models’ (COTECHMO). The COTECHMO Resources model is the first and is capable of forecasting aerospace advanced manufacturing technology development effort in person-hours. When statistically analyzed, this model had an outstanding R-squared value of 98% and a high F-value of 106.65, validating model significance. The general model accuracy was tested with 53% of the forecast data falling within 20% of the actual. The second, the COTECHMO Direct Cost model is capable of forecasting the development cost of the aerospace advanced manufacturing technology process hardware. This model had an inferior R-squared value of 76% and an F-value of 5.59, although each was still valid to determine model signi...

Techniques and Tools for Collaborative Thermal and Mechanical Modeling of 3D ICs

The Industry has been using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for thermal and mechanical modeling of IC packages for many years. What was already practiced as an engineering-art within packaging organizations for monolithic IC packages has now become more complex due to the need for collaboration across organizational walls in the case of 3D stacking. The holistic solution needed for collaborative engineering of 3D stacking process calls for newer methodologies and information exchange protocols. One particular necessity while building low power System on Chip (SOC) is the methodology needed to ensure package specific thermal feasibility of IC stacking options at physical layout stage of the 3D IC design. A methodology built on the technique to be presented will avert the unintended consequences of stacked IC hot spot alignment during system operation. The presentation will include a validation of the technique by comparison with traditional thermal modeling technique. The ability to fabricate such stacks using an evolving supply chain of foundry-OSAT combination is equally crucial to the viability and reliability of the packaged SOC. A process focused modeling tool for understanding the warpage, stress, and Chip Package Interaction (CPI) implications of assembly strategy choices is valuable for ensuring time to market at minimal technology development costs. The presentation will include a modeling case study with quantitative data of warpage and stress implications of process, material and stacking choices. This presentation will introduce the tools and techniques for collaborative chip stack thermal and assembly process modeling with in-depth discussions on inputs needed, gaps in existing modeling methodologies and output metrics of engineering relevance.

DEA 모형을 이용한 국내 대학의 기술이전 효율성 분석

기술 개발에 소요되는 비용이 증가하는 반면 기술 실현화를 통해 개발된 제품이나 서비스의 수명주기는 점차 짧아지고 있다. 이에 기업은 기술 혁신에 드는 비용을 절감하면서 빠르게 변화하는 시장에 대응하기 위해 개방형 혁신(open innovation)을 적극적으로 실행하고 있다. 그 중, 대학으로부터의 기술이전은 기술혁신의 대표적인 수단 중의 하나이다. 그러나 대학이 많은 자원을 연구개발에 투자하고 있음에도 투여된 자원이 가져오는 결과는 도외시 되고 있다. 따라서 현 시점에서 대학에서의 기술이전의 성과 및 효율성에 대한 연구가 요구되고 있다. 그러나, 기존 연구는 대부분 기술이전의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석에 집중되어있기 때문에 본 연구에서는 국내 소재 대학을 대상으로 대학에서의 기술이전 효율성을 분석하여 효율성 값을 토대로 대학의 유형별 효율성에 차이가 있는지를 검정하였다. 일반 대학보다 목적성이 있는 특화 대학에서 기술이전 효율성이 높은 것으로 분석되었고, 효율성 프론티어로 선정된 대학의 수 역시 특화 대학이 많았다. 대학 TLO 육성 지원 사업 참여 여부에 따른 대학에서의 기술이전의 효율성에는 유의한 차이가 없다는 점을 고려할 때, 국내에서 대학 TLO 육성 지원 사업이 성과를 내기 위해서는 시간이나 노력이 더욱 요구될 것이다. 본 연구의 대학별 효율성 분석은 향후 국내 및 국외 효율성 비교 연구와 대학의 기술이전 평가에 있어서 합리적인 측정지표를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. While the cost of technology development is increased, the life cycle of products and services that have been developed has become progressively shorter. Open innovation have been increasing by company as a strategy to respond to the rapidly changed market. Technology transfer from universities is one of the typical means of technological innovation. Although a university has invested significant resources in R&D, the results has been neglected. Therefore, at the moment, research is needed about the outcomes and efficiency of technology transfer at universities. In the previous research, since most of studies focus on the analysis of factors that influence the outcome of technology transfer, in this study, targeting domestic universities, the efficiency of technology transfer at the university was analyzed. In addition, differences in the efficiency of different types of university is verified. Consequently, universities specializing in technology and industry has high-efficiency than the others. There is no significant difference between the groups of universities whether or not to participate in Technology Licensing Office(TLO). More efforts are required for successful results of TLO in Korea. This study is expected to be able to provide reasonable indicators on technology transfer for further research.

복합기 커버 개폐용 힌지의 설계와 구조 해석

As all kind of industry has developed, metal structure and machine instrument use bolt, pin, rivet and welding for assembly and combination. For pin and hinge, dimension accuracy is crucial to keep the operation and safety of the structure and machine instrument. In case of complex machine, the hinge for cover open-loop system is one of the significant design elements. Most of the hinges are being imported and assembled sine they give high technology development cost for its unit cost position. The reason is that the localization of hinge is inadequate. As the demand increase and the necessity of localization grow, it is now more important than ever to develop low cost structure. By the low cost structure, a new technology could be obtained for electronic product and structural hinge since it would enable for complex machine hinge to be guaranteed, technologically. Open-loop hinge is the link type and designed for the structure to keep constant open-loop. And, the hinge is examined in design stability by finite element analysis method. In this paper, the operation result is presented when the hinge for complex machine open-loop is designed for link type structure.

Guest Editors' Introduction: Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Integration

Interest in 3D integration is being renewed as researchers face challenges from the complexities, and cost, of scaling to 22 nm and beyond. Innovative device structures such as finFET, and extremely thin fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (ETSOI), must be deployed to continue scaling. Even with those structures, however, customary performance gains can no longer be achieved without also incurring an unacceptable increase in power. The cost of technology development in the nanoscale domain can run into the billions because massive lithographic retooling is required to cross the 22-nm barrier. The chip industry, therefore, is actively pursuing 3D integration as a viable alternative to provide density scaling. This special issue presents four articles on topics addressing some of these challenges.

A quality-engineering-based approach for conceptual product design

Although many conceptual design methods have been proposed, there is still ample room for improvement. First, most conceptual design methods do not relate concepts generation by a combination of basic features to the feasibility of the concepts. Second, those methods may have ignored customer preferences in modeling concept selection. To overcome these shortcomings, a quality-engineering-based conceptual design approach is proposed in this paper by integrating the use of quality function deployment (QFD), morphological matrix analysis (MMA), multi-attribute decision-making techniques (MADM), and possibilistic optimization models (POMs). A possibility distribution function (PDF) is applied to account for the uncertainties of technology development cost in the early design stages, and a mathematical framework is established by incorporating the customer-perceived relative importance into a possibilistic optimization model for design concept selection, which plays a central role in the proposed methodology. Contrary to deterministic optimization models (DOMs), the proposed possibilistic optimization can produce results that are more informative and more reliable to the designers.

After the transition - before the eu joining: Competitive strategies of Hungarian food industrial enterprises

After the transformation process and privatisation a rather specific dual structure has been formed in the Hungarian food industry: large food industrial enterprises, dominantly in foreign ownership, fulfilling locally the global strategy of the international firm, and micro - and small - scale firms in domestic ownership. The strategic behaviour of Hungarian food industrial firms have been examined by direct-question surveys and interviews. Based on enterprise- and business-level strategy theories, the objective was to create a taxonomy of strategic patterns of Hungarian food industrial firms. On basis of investigations four characteristic groups of small and medium scale enterprises could be separated from each other. The high cost of technology development, the uneven quality and quantity of agricultural raw material, the concentration of food trade organisations are important hindrance factors of development of food industrial enterprises. The small and medium scale enterprises consider the activity of chambers of producers as an important tool in improving their economic position. In opinion of food industrial entrepreneurs the most important factor of success in privatisation was the knowledge of legal loops and good social network. Under these conditions, the promotion of preparation of newly formed small and medium scale enterprises to meet the demands of EU joining is a necessary precondition of success. The multinational food industrial enterprises forming four groups follow diversified strategies. This variability of multinational firms increases the flexibility and competitiveness of the Hungarian food industry.

Managing technology CAD for competitive advantage: an efficient approach for integrated circuit fabrication technology development

This paper describes a methodology to exploit the full capabilities of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) for the development of integrated circuit fabrication processes. The development process of integrated circuits is represented by a simple model that describes the technology specifications at the beginning and the product specifications at the end of the product development cycle. Considering this model, different intermediate tasks are defined to obtain initial guess process recipe from the target product specifications. The complete technology development is shown to be achieved using TCAD in three different phases such as the generation of initial guess process recipe, the optimization of process technology, and the evaluation of process manufacturability. A simple quantitative analysis to estimate the major advantages of TCAD in reducing the cycle time and cost of technology development is presented. The technical limitations of TCAD and the measures to address these limitations are discussed. The organizational and social issues of the implementation of TCAD and the managerial responsibilities in adopting TCAD for the development of integrated-circuit fabrication process are also discussed.

Nonexclusive Patent Licensees Unite: Use Bankruptcy Committees to Sue for Patent Infringement

2. See Stuart P. Meyer, Exploiting Intellectual Property Assets Through Licensing: Strategic Considerations, in PROTECTING YOUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: HOW TO VALUE, MAXIMIZE AND ENHANCE YOUR ASSETS 29, 34 (PLI Patents Series No. 468, 1997) (noting that most common type of license is a non-exclusive license). 3. For example, in 1994, IBM earned $640 million from patent and technology licensing agreements. See Peter C. Grindley & David J. Teece, Managing Intellectual Capital: Licensing and Cross-Licensing in Semiconductors and Electronics, CAL. MGMT. REV., Winter 1997, at 8, 14. An active licensing strategy instituted in 1985 by Texas Instruments resulted in cumulative royalty earnings of over $1.8 billion between 1986 and 1993. See id. at 20. Hoping to offset skyrocketing R&D and technology development costs, Dow Chemical, a company known for its reluctance to license new technology, recently decided to pursue an active licensing strategy. David Rotman & Alex Scott, Turning Process Know-How into Profits, CHEMICAL WK., July 23, 1997, at 45, 45. Dow hopes that this licensing business will generate annual revenues of $100 million by the year 2000. See id. Chemical giants Monsanto and DuPont also have begun to reconsider their aversion to licensing. See id. In fact, DuPont has set a licensing revenue target of $100 million by the year 2005. See id. Even chemical companies with well-established licensing programs have decided to increase their emphasis on licensing. See id. at 45-46. It is relatively safe to assume that the licenses underlying these royalty streams are nonexclusive since the licensor-companies would want to maintain the ability to utilize their licensed technology. See George E. Frost, General Motors' Approach to Licensing, in 2 THE LAW AND BUSINESS OF LICENSING 734.663, 734.665 (Marcus B. Finnegan & Robert Goldscheider eds., 1980) (noting that General Motors employs a nonexclusive licensing strategy because it simply cannot afford to license away [its] own right to use [its] own invention).

A model-based approach for process design and its application to the titanium salicide process

Process technology development constitutes a significant cost in manufacturing integrated circuits. In this paper, we present a model-based approach for developing new process technology rapidly and inexpensively, using the salicide process to demonstrate the concepts. This approach is applied to evaluate performance tradeoffs, to develop insight into the underlying process physics, to quantify the impact of the salicide process on the device and circuit performance, and to estimate the process variability. The key idea of this approach is to group a sequence of process steps into a process module, and build simple and accurate process models for the module. The paper also illustrates the use of this model-based approach in synthesizing optimal processes rapidly based on requirements, contributing to the reduction of technology development cost and cycle time.

A Cost Comparison of New MCM Technologies

In the course of technology development, decisions must be made about the nature of future progress. To aid in this decision‐making process, Technical Cost Modelling has evolved from traditional cost modelling methodologies in order to accurately predict the dynamics of a system of manufacture. As an example of the utility of this methodology, a new MCM technology has been chosen for cost analysis: deposited dielectric on laminate (MCM‐D/L) electronic packages. For this illustration, the cost drivers are determined and cost/performance trade‐offs with MCM‐D and MCM‐L analysed. With this disciplined approach to cost prediction, technology development cost issues can be decided thoroughly yet fairly quickly.