Corrosion Of Low Carbon Steel Research Articles

Corrosion of carbon steels subjected to chloride and sulfate in simulated concrete pore solutions with different pH

The present study explores low-carbon steel corrosion in simulated concrete pore solutions with varying pH, focusing on the influence of chloride and/or sulfate ions. Employing electrochemical techniques, ToF-SIMS, XRD and DFT calculations, the results reveals that higher pH strengthens the passivation film and reduces corrosion by limiting corrosive ions adsorption. Notably, sulfate triggers corrosion at higher thresholds, while chloride alone significantly elevates corrosion rates. The presence of both ions shows mitigated corrosion risk due to competitive absorption onto steel interface of sulfate. The two-stage mechanism involving competitive adsorption and catalytic corrosion is initially proposed and elucidates the interaction mechanism of chloride and sulfate during steel corrosion process.

Influence of metal ions on cysteine as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in sulfuric acid: Polarization, EIS, XPS, and DFT analysis

This study examines the effectiveness of cysteine as an eco-friendly in inhibiting the corrosion of low-carbon steel in a sulfuric acid solution and the impact of adding various metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+) to the media. All solutions were prepared using distilled water. The results show that 5 mM cysteine inhibits corrosion (IE = 65%), increasing to 93.5% in the presence of 4×10-5 M Cu2+ ions, but decreasing with the addition of Co2+ or Ni2+ ions. The inhibitive action of cysteine-Cu is the best one and that may be attributed to the formation of a protective coating on the metal surface, which prevents chemical reactions in an aggressive environment. Moreover, the DFT calculation found that the adsorption energy increased from −17.2 to −97.7 and −104.6 kcal/mol in the case of cysteine, Cysteine-Cu SAM, and Cysteine-Cu(II) Salt and the closest atom to the surface reduced from 2.576 to 2.128 and 2.146 Å which indicates Cysteine-Cu better adhere to the surface. SEM, XRD, and XPS were used to analyze the formation of the protective layer. This has the potential to develop new and more effective corrosion inhibitors for industrial applications.

Accelerated corrosion of low carbon steel by oscillatory acidic streams generated with a bio-inspired claw device.

A mechanical device inspired by the pistol shrimp snapper claw was developed. This technology features a claw characterized by a periodic opening/closing motion, at a controlled frequency, capable of producing oscillating flows at transitional Reynolds numbers. An innovative method was also proposed for determining the corrosion rate of carbon steel samples under oscillating acidic streams (aqueous solution of HCl). By employing very-thin carbon steel specimens (25 μm thickness), with one side coated with Zn and not exposed to the stream, it became possible to electrochemically sense the Zn surface once the steel sample was perforated, thus providing the average dissolution rate into the most relevant pit on the steel surface. Furthermore, a laser light positioned beneath the metallic sample, along with a camera programmed to periodically capture images of the steel surface, facilitated the accurate counting of the number of newly formed pits. The system consisting of the thin steel sample and the Zn coating can be seen as a type of corrosion sensor. Furthermore, the proposed laser illumination method allows corroborating the electrochemical detection of pits and also establishing their location. The techniques crafted in this study pave the way for developing alternative corrosion sensors that boast appealing attributes: affordability, compactness, and acceptable accuracy to detect in time and space localized damage.

Evaluation of the efficiency of coconut dust extract as a corrosion inhibitor for steel reinforcement in concrete by mass spectrometry

Ethanol extraction was employed to isolate a range of compounds from waste products derived from coconut fiber production (coconut dust) in Ben Tre, Vietnam. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flobatannins, and anthraquinones among the extracted substances. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis supported the identification of oxygen and nitrogen atoms within functional groups (e.g., O–H, N–H, C–O) and aromatic rings, characteristic of typical corrosion inhibitors. Mass spectrometry investigations indicated that when St3 steel was exposed to an alkaline solution lacking chlorides, a passive film composed of FeOOH formed on the surface. However, upon the addition of NaCl at a concentration of 1.00 mol/dm3, FeCl, FeCl2Cl–, and FeCl3Cl– compounds were detected across the analyzed surface, while peaks corresponding to FeOO– were absent. Remarkably, areas with the highest concentration of particles corresponded to regions exhibiting visible corrosion damage under magnification. The addition of 2.00 g/dm3 of coconut dust extract to the chloride solution prevents the formation of Fe and Cl compounds on the steel surface. Consequently, only peaks characteristic of FeOO– and organic fragments containing oxygen atoms from the extract were observed. Based on these results, it can be assumed that coconut dust extract has the potential to inhibit local (pitting) corrosion of low-carbon steel (St3) when exposed to aqueous alkaline solutions simulating concrete pore liquid containing chlorides. The addition of 2.00 g/dm3 of the extract has been shown to prevent pitting formation at a chloride concentration of 1.00 mol/dm3. Conversely, in the absence of the extract, visible local corrosion damage was observed upon magnification. These findings provide a basis for further exploration of the protective properties of coconut dust extract as an environment-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in concrete environments containing chlorides.

Experimental and computational aspects of green corrosion inhibition for low carbon steel in HCl environment using extract of Chamaerops humilis fruit waste

The inhibition effect of a methanolic extract of Chamaerops humilis (CHFE) on the corrosion of low-carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution was evaluated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The extract was obtained from the fruit seeds by the Soxhlet extraction method. The CHFE demonstrated promising anticorrosive performance, and the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing the concentration of the extract, peaking at 93% at only 500 ppm. Importantly, the inhibitor exhibited a remarkable stability after 48 h of immersion, reaching an efficiency of 94%. The extract revealed a mixed-type inhibitive behavior. In addition, elevating the solution temperature showed a negative influence on the inhibition efficacy. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the steel dissolution is an endothermic, spontaneous process. In addition, the experimental findings match well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and physisorption of the extract prevails. Furthermore, SEM/EDX and UV-Vis analyses demonstrated that the steel surface is protected by the extract molecules, confirming the electrochemical results. Density functional theory (DFT), Fukui function and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations unraveled the nature of inhibitor—metal surface interactions and provided insights into the most favorable electrophilic and nucleophilic active sites of oleic acid, a major constituent of the extract, helping to elucidate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition at the molecular level.

Inhibition of low-carbon steel corrosion by derivatives of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol

Inhibition of low-carbon steel corrosion by derivatives of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol

Neodecanoic Acid Diamides as Inhibitors of Acid Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel

Neodecanoic acid diamides were prepared by a simple one-step procedure involving condensation of neodecanoic acid with diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and pentaethylenehexamine. The inhibiting effect of these diamides on the corrosion of St3 low-carbon steel in 2 М H2SO4 and in 1 and 5 М HCl was studied gravimetrically. All the compounds synthesized efficiently inhibit the steel corrosion with the degree of protection at room temperature of 94–95% in 2 М H2SO4 and 96–97% in 1 М HCl.

Inhibition of corrosion of low carbon steel in using the bark and root extracts of Acacia nilotica: Thermodynamic, electrochemical and phytochemical evaluation

Inhibition of corrosion of low carbon steel in using the bark and root extracts of Acacia nilotica: Thermodynamic, electrochemical and phytochemical evaluation

Insight into the use of 1,3,5,7-tetrahexyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane-1,3,5,7-tetraium bromide as a highly efficient inhibitor for the corrosion of C1018 low-carbon steel in acidic medium: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical studies

Insight into the use of 1,3,5,7-tetrahexyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane-1,3,5,7-tetraium bromide as a highly efficient inhibitor for the corrosion of C1018 low-carbon steel in acidic medium: Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical studies

Influence of grain size and crystallographic orientation on microbially influenced corrosion of low-carbon steel in artificial seawater

How the microstructure of steel affects a material’s response to microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) in marine applications remains largely unclear, partly because of the challenge in mapping local structure–property relationships. Focusing on sulphate-reducing bacteria, the onset and rate of MIC on low-carbon marine steel samples were analysed with a wide range of grain size and as a function of the local surface crystallography using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, mass loss measurements, and electrochemical testing. It is shown that the alloy’s resistance to MIC decreases with increasing in grain size. A significant effect of the local crystallographic orientation on the material’s dissolution rate is also recorded, which is lowest along the 〈100〉 crystallographic orientation in this steel when exposed to artificial seawater. These findings outline a clear relationship between the microstructure and the susceptibility to MIC in marine steel, which may be used to design alloys with enhanced resistance to MIC in marine applications.

Low carbon steel corrosion inhibition using environment-friendly Solanum Lycopersicum extract in monoprotic and diprotic acidic medium

The stem extract of Solanum Lycopersicum prepared using the methanol extraction method has been investigated as an environment-friendly inhibitor for low-carbon steel in monoprotic(1N HCl) and diprotic(1N H2SO4) solvents and characterized with FT-IR. A maximal inhibition efficiency of 81.8% in 1 N Hydrochloric acid and 92.92% in 1 N Sulfuric acid is assessed under a certain set of conditions of inhibitor concentration and temperature using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The results present Solanum Lycopersicum extract as a mixed-type inhibitor that predominantly influences the cathodic reaction and followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Reduction in the value of average roughness (Ra)of the surface from 217 nm to 55 nm (in 1 N HCl) and 139.6 nm to 28 nm (in 1 N H2SO4) was observed with AFM after the application of the inhibitor which confirms the formation of a protective membrane and provides green inhibition on the low-carbon steel/solution interface.

Failure analysis on abnormal damage and corrosion of methanol distillation column in MTBE production plant

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a commonly used gasoline additive that improves combustion and reduces pollutant emissions. The methanol distillation column is an integral part of the recovery system in MTBE production plants, used to separate and recycle unreacted methanol from water through distillation. During regular maintenance, severe damage to the support ring and abnormal perforations in the column were discovered. Despite repair welding, the column still leaked. Various investigations were conducted to determine the root cause of the failure. The chemical composition, metallurgical structure, and hardness of the support ring and column materials were examined, and the medium in the column was characterized. The medium at the bottom of the column was unexpectedly subjected to an undesirable excessive acidity (with a pH of approximately 3.8) dominated by the upstream etherification reaction deacidification, and provided common basic conditions for localized pitting and uniform corrosion of low carbon steel. What's more, the appearance of clean and smooth corrosion pits and scour traces on the perforated column wall, as well as honeycomb pits and arc-shaped layered traces on the support ring, revealed that the corrosion failure was intensified due to the interaction of selective erosive corrosion and medium concentration accelerated corrosion caused by multiple corrosion types of the acidic medium. In addition, the unpolished surface from incomplete repair welding was another significant factor. Based on these findings, specific countermeasures were implemented and proved effective.

Inhibition Study of Low Carbon Steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Media Using Pluchea indica Less Extract

This research aims to determine the ability of Pluchea indica Less methanol extract as an inhibitor in the low carbon steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid media. HCl solution was reacted with P. indica Less leaves extract to decelerate the process of oxidation of iron (Fe) with concentration variations of 0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm immersion time of 2, 4, and 6 days. The corrosion level was determined by the loss of weight and the method of potentiodynamic polarization. Low carbon steel delineation was analyzed using the instrument of Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The loss of weight and the method of potentiodynamic polarization indicated the lowest level of corrosion at six days of immersion with the concentration of extract of 2000 ppm, each of 2.5195109 mmpy with 97 % efficiency 2.18225455 mmpy with the efficiency of 98 %. The superficies of carbon steel immersed in HCl 1 M solution without inhibitor contained more holes and cracks than the superficies of carbon steel immersed in HCl 1 M solution in the presence of P. indica Less leaves extract. The results showed that P. indica Less leaves extract can inhibit corrosion of low carbon steel in acid media HCl 1 M. Greater extract concentration and longer immersion time result in a lower level of corrosion and greater efficiency of inhibition.

Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in a Flow of Phosphoric Acid Solution Containing Iron(III) Phosphate

Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in a Flow of Phosphoric Acid Solution Containing Iron(III) Phosphate

Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in a Flow of Phosphoric Acid Solution Containing Iron(III) Phosphate

Theoretical aspects of low-carbon steel corrosion in H3PO4 solutions containing FePO4 are considered. In the system under study, reactions of iron with the acid solution and Fe(III) salt are thermodynamically allowed. The oxidizing power of this medium, characterized by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple redox potential, is mainly determined by its anionic composition. Phosphate anions of a corrosive medium bind Fe(III) cations into complex compounds, reducing their oxidizing ability. In H3PO4 solutions containing FePO4 and Fe3(PO4)2, the dependence of the system’s redox potential on the Fe(III) and Fe(II) cation relative content is poorly described by the Nernst equation, which is due to the nonequivalent complex formation of these cations with phosphate anions. Analysis of the effect of the studied media convection on the low-carbon steel electrode reactions allowed revealing some of their features. In a FePO4-containing H3PO4 solution, kinetically controlled partial reactions of iron anodic ionization and H+ cathodic reduction, as well as diffusion-controlled Fe(III) cation cathodic reduction, occur on the steel. The FePO4 accelerating effect on the steel corrosion in H3PO4 solution is due only to the Fe(III) reduction but does not affect the H+ reduction and the iron ionization. The value of the Fe(III)-cation diffusion coefficient in the studied corrosive medium was experimentally determined from the data of cyclic voltammetry of the Pt electrode therein and the results of the studying of the cathodic reaction of a steel disk electrode at different rotation velocities. The data on the low-carbon steel corrosion in the flow of the studied media, obtained from the metal samples mass loss, are in full agreement with the results of the study of the electrode partial reactions. An accelerating effect of FePO4 on the steel corrosion in H3PO4 solutions is observed. In this environment, steel corrosion is determined by the convective factor, which is typical of processes with diffusion control. The empirical dependence of the steel corrosion rate on the medium flow intensity is described by the linear dependence k = kst + λw1/2, where kst is the steel corrosion rate in a static medium, w is the rotation velocity of the propeller stirrer that creates the medium flow, λ is the empirical coefficient.

Role of the Convective Factor in the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Solutions of Sulfuric Acid Containing Iron(III) Sulfate

The authors study the corrosion of low-carbon steel in solutions of H2SO4 containing Fe2(SO4)3 with and without additives of individual and mixed corrosion inhibitors. It is established that the oxidizing capacity of the given system (in which the reactions between iron, an acid solution, and Fe(III) salts are thermodynamically allowed), characterized by the redox potential of an Fe(III)/Fe(II) pair, is largely determined by its anionic composition: sulfate anions of a corrosive medium bind Fe(III) cations into complex compounds, reducing their oxidizing ability. Partial reactions of the anodic ionization of iron and the cathodic reduction of H+ and Fe(III) cations are revealed in analyzing the effect convection of the medium has on the electrode reactions of low-carbon steel. The first two reactions are characterized by kinetic control; the third, by diffusion. It is shown that the accelerating effect Fe2(SO4)3 has on the corrosion of steel in a solution with H2SO4 is mainly due to the reduction of Fe(III). In contrast, the accelerating action of Fe(III) cations affects all partial reactions of steel in an inhibited acid. There is a large drop in the apparent coefficient of diffusion of Fe(III) cations (DFe(III)) in inhibited solutions, relative to an uninhibited medium. Data on the corrosion of low-carbon steel in the given media, obtained from the mass loss of metal samples, are in full agreement with results from studying partial electrode reactions. Consideration is given to the accelerating effect Fe2(SO4)3 has on the corrosion of steel in solutions of H2SO4 with and without inhibitors. In these environments, the corrosion of steel is determined by the convective factor, which is typical of processes with diffusion control. The empirical dependence of the rate of steel corrosion on the intensity of the medium’s flow is described by linear dependence k = kst + λw1/2, where kst is the rate of the corrosion of steel in a static environment, w is the rotational speed of the propeller agitator creating the flow of the medium, and λ is an empirical coefficient.

Role of the Convective Factor in the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Solutions of Sulfuric Acid Containing Iron(III) Sulfate

Role of the Convective Factor in the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel in Solutions of Sulfuric Acid Containing Iron(III) Sulfate

Convolvulus microphyllus Extract as a Green, Effective, and Affordable Corrosion Inhibitor: Theoretical Calculations and Experimental Studies

This study demonstrates the ability of Convolvulus microphyllus extract to prevent low-carbon steel corrosion (LCS) by varying inhibitor concentration. The effectiveness of the corrosion reaction was examined using gravimetric techniques and electrochemical procedures in a corrosive 0.5 M sulfuric acid medium. The results of polarization show a mixed adsorption nature on the LCS surface. C. microphyllus-derived film (extract) had an inhibition efficiency (IE) of 92.47% at an inhibitor concentration of 600 mg/L and a temperature 298 K. To examine the morphology, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to analyze the external films that protect LCS from sulfuric acid. A thin protective coat of inhibitor outside the LCS substrate follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Additionally, computational exploration provided vital insights. The results of these experimental inhibitory outcomes are consistent with those of molecular dynamic simulations.

A synthesis 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione as an inhibitor against low carbon steel corrosion in simulated reinforced concrete: Experimental and theoretical studies

A synthesis 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione as an inhibitor against low carbon steel corrosion in simulated reinforced concrete: Experimental and theoretical studies

Expired Colxacillin, Amoxicillin, and Ceflaxin Drugs as Inhibitors for Low Carbon Steel Corrosion in Sodium Chloride

The ability to inhibit corrosion of low carbon steel in a salt solution (3.5%NaCl) has been checked with three real expired drugs (Cloxacillin, Amoxicillin, Ceflaxin) with variable concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750) mg/L were examined in the weight loss. The inhibition efficiency of the Cloxacillin 750 mg/L showed the highest value (82.8125 %) and the best inhibitor of the rest of the antibiotics. The different concentrations of Cloxacillin drug (0, 250, 500, 750) mg/L and temperature (25, 35, 45, 55) oC were studied as variables with potentiodynamic polarization, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) depending on current values and the resistance of charge to calculate the inhibition efficiency. The main observations of these tests were that polarization curves showed a mixed-type inhibition of expired Cloxacillin. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing Cloxacillin concentration but not with increasing temperature.