Pandemic Of Coronavirus Infection Research Articles

Comparative Study of Occupational Burnout and Job Stress of Frontline and Non-Frontline Healthcare Workers in Hospital Wards during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background:Paying attention to the issue of mental health in the workplace, especially with current pandemic conditions of COVID-19 is of significant importance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors affecting occupational burnout among health care center staff during the pandemic of coronavirus infection.Methods:The present study was a case-control study carried out in the first half of the year 2020 on medical staff working in hospitals in Tehran. The sample size was 324 individuals, including 175 employees working in general (non-COVID) wards and 149 people working in COVID-19 wards. Demographic characteristics questionnaire and two standard questionnaires of Maslach Burnout Inventory and Parker and DeCotiis Job Stress Scale were distributed.Results:Total score of job stress and its two dimensions (time and pressure) had a significant relationship with different levels of occupational burnout. Logistic regression analyses showed significant relations between job stress with emotional exhaustion (95% CI, 1.11–1.19, OR=1.15) and depersonalization. Participants in both wards experienced statistically significant increasing trends given the different components of occupational burnout concurrently by increasing their total stress score.Conclusion:Hospital staff’s levels of stress and occupational burnout regardless of where they worked (COVID-19 wards or general wards) were not significantly different and existed among the members of both groups. On the other hand, job stress and its dimensions (time pressure and anxiety) had a significant relationship with the main dimensions of occupational burnout.

PHARMACOTHERAPY OF SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: INNOVATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

The article presents the results of an innovative experimental study of pharmacotherapy of systemic autoimmune diseases in a pandemic of coronavirus infection is a timely and socially oriented way. The methodology of conducting a content analysis based on the theoretical principles of pharmaceutical and medical law and its components. Author used the method of drug selection developed by the Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Law, General and Clinical Pharmacy of the Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Content analysis was performed by dosage forms by grouping them using the Sturgess formula, followed by the construction of discrete series of variations and distribution polygon. Received data made possible to state, that in some circumstances, doctors have a choice of both drugs and dosage forms. However, the data obtained show a lack of balance between supply and demand for patients and physicians. The analysis allows to obtain a complete description of the balance of "supply and demand" between the range and types of dosage forms of drugs INN Silymarin ATC code A05BA03, that approved for use.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN TERMS OF THE SPREAD OF THE NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19

One of the vulnerable categories of the population during a pandemic of coronavirus infection is the disabled, both from the point of view of the high risk of a severe course of the disease, and from the point of view of the possibility of significantly limiting everyday, professional and social activities. The article discusses the regulatory and organizational measures taken to ensure the rights of people with disabilities in Russia to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. The epidemiological situation and features of the spread of coronavirus in long-term care facilities have been analyzed. The mortality rate from COVID-19 among residents of inpatient institutions in the EU countries ranged from 24 to 80%, in Russia the average mortality rate was 2.34 per 100 patients, in St. Petersburg from 1.4% to 2.2% of the number of people living in dependence on the type of institution. Using the example of one of the stationary social service institutions in St. Petersburg, it has been shown that the timely introduction of a set of organizational measures makes it possible to successfully manage the spread of coronavirus among residents and staff of long-term care institutions.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia of Bacterial Etiology and the Spectrum of Pathogen Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Corona-Positive and Corona-Negative Patients in Rostov-on-Don

Relevance. In the context of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus infection, the course of viral pneumonia is often complicated by the addition of bacterial microflora due to a decrease in the body's immune status. The causative agents of such a co-infection can exhibit multiple drug resistance, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of etiotropic therapy. In this regard, it seems expedient to provide microbiological support to patients in order to select the most optimal treatment regimens. Aim. To study the composition of bacterial pathogens’ species, that cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in corona-positive (COVID-19+) and corona-negative (COVID-19–) patients and to determine the spectrum of their sensitivity/resistance to antibacterial drugs. Material and methods. The species composition of microorganisms in sputum samples from 723 patients with CAP, who were admitted from the healthcare facility in Rostov-on-Don in August and December 2020 were studied. The isolated cultures were identified using bacteriological and mass spectrometric methods. The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method. Results. It was shown that in August pneumococci and staphylococci prevailed in the spectrum of CAP pathogens, while in December the percentage of excretions of Acinetobacter spp. and S. haemolyticus increased. Various types of p. Candida yeast were found with a high degree of isolation, COVID-19 + patients showed a tendency towards greater contamination (I104 mcl/ml). Some pathogens (A.baumannii, S.haemolyticus, P.aeruginosa, S.maltophilia) are characterized by polydrug resistance, and some strains of these species are pan-resistant to all groups of antibiotics. Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate that severe forms of community-acquired pneumonia can be caused by viral-bacterial and viral-bacterial-yeast combinations of pathogens, including bacteria with a narrow spectrum of sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.

Spread of Multi-Antibiotic-Resistant Health-Care Pathogens in Hospitals to Treat COVID-19 Patients

Relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant overloads in the work of health systems in many countries, a shortage of beds and staff, which contributes to a decrease in adherence to measures to prevent and control nosocomial infections, which can significantly worsen the course of viral pneumonia. Aim. To assess the possibility of the formation of hospital strains of multidrugresistant microorganisms in hospitals repurposed to provide medical care to patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods. The study included patients with severe and moderate forms of COVID-19 (ICD codes U07.1, U07.2), who were admitted to two large hospitals repurposed for the treatment of this infection. The data of microbiological studies of the biomaterial associated with the respiratory tract (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, tracheal aspirates) obtained from 1101 patients from May to January 2021 were analyzed using a combination of molecular genetic methods (RAPD-PCR, detection of integrons and the carbapenemase gene bla NDM.), and molecular typing of carbapenem-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii was carried out. Results. It was found that carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacteria predominate in the structure of the nosocomial microbiota of the respiratory tract of patients with COVID-19 in both hospitals. Based on molecular typing made the wide distribution of several genetic lines of integron-positive carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii was detected. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the spread and circulation of bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance in hospitals. This study has demonstrated the possibility of the formation of hospital strains of nosocomial infections in COVID-19 hospitals, which justifies the need to improve infection control measures in the context of a new coronavirus infection pandemic.

RELEVANCE AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN PATIENTSWITH COVID-19

This article presents the results of a study of the features of the course of diabetic retinopathy in patients withCOVID-19. The data of foreign literature are given. The importance of the further study of this ophthalmic disease and the possibility of working with patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy in the context of a coronavirus infection pandemic has been substantiated.Keywords:COVID-19; diabetic retinopathy;clinical features; management

Установление «налога на выход» как потенциально возможный путь расширения российских мер по деофшоризации

The article examines the European regulation of the «exit tax» enshrined in the Council of the European Union Directive No. 2016/1164 of July 12, 2016. The situations in which the «exit tax» is levied are analyzed, the procedure for determining the tax base, the procedure for the payment of tax, the possibility of presenting a deferral of tax, cases in which the tax is to be paid immediately in full, the problematic issues of the practical application of the Directive with regard to the «exit tax» are identified. The practice of implementing the provisions of the Directive about «exit tax» in Luxembourg is examined, as well as the specifics of the implementation of the Directive into national legislation on the example of Ireland’s experience. It is proposed to establish an «exit tax» in the Russian Federation as an additional source of budget revenues in the face of capital outflows and a pandemic of coronavirus infection. It is proposed to take a balanced approach in establishing an «exit tax» in order to maintain the balance of private and public interests. The establishment of a minimum value threshold will not prevent the movement of small assets when the state obtains the right to tax large assets when they move outside the Russian Federation.

Biochemical, molecular genetic and clinical aspects of COVID-2019

The 2020 coronavirus infection pandemic has potentiated a large number of studies in the world on the etiopathogenesis, clinical and morphological manifestations of COVID-2019 infection. This review presents biochemical, molecular genetic and clinical aspects of COVID-2019.

On the Implementation of Policies and Measures in the Field of Economic Integration and Entrepreneurship within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union

The article examines the situation in the sphere of economic integration and entrepreneurship within the Eurasian Economic Union, related to the pandemic of coronavirus infection, proposed possible measures aimed at transforming the economy as a whole well as a gradual way out of the crisis. As a result of the implementation by most countries of the world of measures to limit the spread of COVID-19 virus infection, there was a drop in financial markets and commodities prices. It also caused a significant deterioration in the external situation for the EAEU. Forecasts of the situation indicate the beginning of the global recession, comparable in magnitude to the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009 (in an optimistic version) or the Great Depression of the 1930s (in a pessimistic scenario). In 2020, world trade was expected to contract by tens of per cent, a sharp drop in economic activity in the EU, a slowdown in China, which accounts for the bulk of foreign trade of the EAEU countries.

Influence of the pandemic of coronavirus infection on the state of the world and domestic economy

The article examines the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the state of the world economy in General and on the economic state of the Republic of Moldova in particular. The impact of the pandemic on the market of energy carriers, precious metals, the impact on the market of food and pharmaceutical products is investigated. Key indicators of the state and development of the domestic economy in the context of Covid-19 are presented.

FEATURES OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF URGENT SURGICAL ABDOMINAL PATHOLOGY DURING A PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION

Summary. Aim. To analyze the features of differential diagnosis of urgent surgical pathology during a coronavirus infection pandemic.
 Materials and methods. The work is based on the analysis of the results of additional examination of 28 patients at the admission department, who sought medical help in an urgent manner.
 Results. The advantages and disadvantages of using instrumental methods for detecting atypical forms of coronavirus infection and acute abdominal pathology are analyzed. Based on this, a diagnostic algorithm was developed using express tests for the determination of COVID-19 and urgent ultrasound protocols, which made it possible to identify lung lesions without clinical symptoms in 8 (28.6 %) patients, and to confirm acute surgical pathology in 5 (17.9 %) patients.
 Conclusion. Еxamining patients with suspected acute abdominal pathology for the purpose of differential diagnosis with the gastrointestinal form of COVID-19, it is necessary to use rapid tests for detecting antibodies to coronavirus infection and sonographic examination of the abdominal organs (FAST protocol), chest organs (BLUE protocol).

Variants in ACE2; potential influences on virus infection and COVID-19 severity.

The third pandemic of coronavirus infection, called COVID-19 disease, was first detected in November 2019th. Various determinants of disease progression such as age, sex, virus mutations, comorbidity, lifestyle, host immune response, and genetic background variation have caused clinical variability of COVID-19. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an enveloped coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that invades host cells using an endocytic pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the main viral protein that contributes to the fusion of the virus particle to the host cell through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The highly conserved expression of ACE2 is found in various animals, which indicates its pivotal physiological function. The ACE2 has a crucial role in vascular, renal, and myocardial physiology. Genetic factors contributing to the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown; however, variants in the specific sites of ACE2 gene could be regarded as a main genetic risk factor for COVID-19. Given that ACE2 is the main site for virus landing on host cells, the effect of amino acid sequences of ACE2 on host susceptibility to COVID-19 seems reasonable. It would likely have a substantial role in the occurrence of a wide range of clinical symptoms. Several ACE2 variants can affect the protein stability, influencing the interaction between spike protein and ACE2 through imposing conformational changes while some other variants are known to cause a decrease or an increase in the ligand-receptor affinity. The other variations are located at the proteolytic cleavage site, which can influence virus infection; because soluble ACE2 can act as a decoy receptor for virus and decrease virus intake by cell surface ACE2. Notably, polymorphisms of regulatory and non-coding regions such as promoter in ACE2, can play crucial role in different expression levels of ACE2 among different individuals. Many studies should be performed to investigate the involvement of ACE2 polymorphism with susceptibility to COVID-19. Herein, we discuss some reported associations between variants of ACE2 and COVID-19 in details. In addition, the mode of action of ACE2 and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are highlighted which is followed by addressing the effects of several ACE2 variants on its protein stability, viral tropism or ligand-receptor affinity, secondary and tertiary structure or protein conformation, proteolytic cleavage site, and finally inter-individual clinical variability in COVID-19. The polymorphisms of regulatory regions of ACE2 and their effect on expression levels of ACE2 are also provided in this review. Such studies can improve the prediction of the affinity of mutant ACE2 variations with spike protein, and help the biopharmaceutical industry to design effective approaches for recombinant hACE2 therapy and vaccination of COVID-19 disease.

Медицинское образование в условиях пандемии коронавирусной инфекции: социально-этические рекомендации

Presented are social-ethical recommendations for medical education under conditions of pandemic of coronavirus infection. In the modern world there are many social and ethical problems, that depend on the worldview, philosophical and spiritual and moral positions of the state, society in general and individual in particular. Social and ethical issues of digital learning technologies caused by the new coronavirus infection have not yet been fully studied. The author analyzes a number of these aspects, related to medical education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The following research methods were used in the work, i.e. study and analysis of special literature, synthesis, modeling, comparison, generalization, observation, system analysis and theoretical knowledge. The article contains a number of social and ethical recommendations to help teachers and students better adapt to the distance learning format.

Asthenic syndrome in context of COVID-19 pandemic

The article is devoted to the current problems of fatigue during the new coronavirus infection pandemic. The pathogenetic mechanisms of fatigue in the acute period of infection are considered, as well as potential mechanisms and factors influencing post-viral fatigue development after COVID-19 infection. A biopsychosocial approach to the pathogenesis and treatment of post-viral fatigue is proposed. In conclusion, the factors contributing to quarantine fatigue development and methods of its therapy are considered.

MODERN MIGRATION SITUATION IN KRASNODAR REGION

t. Based on statistical data, the article analyzes the transformation of the migration movement of the population of the Krasnodar Territory in the context of natural decline and a pandemic of coronavirus infection. It is shown that in the region, as well as in Russia as a whole, there is a deterioration in demographic development. Due to the excess of the death rate over the birth rate in the region, the natural population decline resumed in 2017, the volume of which increased 8.5 times by 2020. The demographic indicators worsened especially noticeably in 2020, primarily in relation to the mortality rate of the population, the level of which has sharply increased. Despite the deteriorating demographic situation, the number of residents of the Kuban continued to increase, while in the Russian Federation in recent years the absolute population began to decline. An analysis of the components of population change showed that the determining factor in the increase in the number of Kuban residents was migration gain, which not only compensated for the natural decline in the population, but also ensured an increase in the number of inhabitants of the region. It was revealed that significant changes took place in the migration movement of the Krasnodar Territory in the analyzed period: the intensity of migration processes has noticeably decreased, and in recent years, the volume of net migration has also decreased. The region’s contribution to the total migration gains of the Southern Federal District has significantly decreased - in 2020 the region’s share in the total migration growth of the district amounted to only 31.6% versus 78.9% in 2017. The decrease in the volume of net migration was mainly due to a decrease in the number of arrivals to the region, which is not least due to quarantine measures to combat the pandemic

ЦИФРОВАЯ МОБИЛИЗАЦИЯ ПАРТИЙНОГО ЭЛЕКТОРАТА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЬНОЙ КАМПАНИИ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННУЮ ДУМУ РФ 2021 ГОДА)

The purpose of the work is to determine the mechanisms of digital mobilization of the party electorate in the Internet. This problem is being updated due to the increasing popularity of the protest agenda among the population of the country, the pandemic of coronavirus infection and, as a result, the popularization of Internet resources, the change in the ways of obtaining new information among Russians in the 20s of the XXI century. As part of the study, the author conducted an expert interview of party workers, SMM-specialists, representatives of the scientific community. Also, the groups of United Russia and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation were monitored in VKontakte for the tonality of information and the mechanisms of citizen mobilization presented, using content analysis. As a result of the analysis, the author came to the opinion that the feature of modern digital mobilization in 2021 is the pedaling of «covid» issues. The author identifies two modes of the tonality of mobilization: creative, based on party projects and volunteer movement, and protest, which is based on collective actions against the policies of the party in power. The paper draws conclusions according to which in 2021 the role of social media has changed, if earlier they acted more for the dissemination of information, then in modern realities within the framework of this topic they are used as tools for uniting people and motivating them to collective actions, whether it is voting or taking to the streets (rallies, marches, demonstrations).

Analytical Review and Mid-Term Forecast of the Development of the Russian Meat Market in the Context of a Pandemic of a New Coronavirus Infection

Currently, the Russian Federation has a difficult economic situation on the meat market. The problems affecting the effective development of this market were especially aggravated in the context of the new coronavirus infection pandemic, and directly affected the food security of the Russian Federation. The authors of the article reviewed the meat products market at the turn of 2019 - 2020, and also presented two options for its development for the medium term - basic and crisis ones. In addition, barriers to the export of meat products to the world market have been identified and directions for their early overcoming have been proposed. The results obtained in the course of this study not only provide an answer to the question about the role of external interventions in the economy of the state, but may become the basis for thinking about the importance of careful planning of long-term studies to assess difficult-to-predict risks, such as a new coronavirus infection, in terms of concerning the food security of the state.

Национальные проекты на Дальнем Востоке: проблемы и перспективы развития

The work considers the main categories of national projects of Russia 2019–2024 at the regional level. An assessment of the effects and consequences of the implementation of regional projects taking into account regional specifics and financial resources is given. The article shows the development indicators lag behind the planned goals as a result of a decrease in the number due to natural population decline, a decrease in real incomes of citizens, and the preservation of a high level of poverty of the population. The problem of coordination of regional projects with the current federal and regional programs and strategies for socio-economic development has been updated. The impact of the pandemic of coronavirus infection on the implementation of national projects in the Far East is analyzed.

Влияние эпидемии коронавируса на торгово-экономическое сотрудничество провинции Хэйлунцзян с Россией и меры по его восстановлению

The article presents a brief overview of the state of Sino-Russian trade and economic cooperation in the context of the pandemic of coronavirus infection that has swept the whole world. On the example of regional cooperation between the Heilongjiang Province (PRC) and Russia, it is shown that under the influence of coronavirus epidemic, trade turnover decreased, while Russia retained the position of the main trading partner of the Heilongjiang Province. The results and prospects for the operation of the Heilongjiang Province free trade pilot zone are shown. The author presents characteristics of the measures taken by the province and aimed at the restoration and development of the Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation. Among them, in particular, measures of anti-epidemiological, institutional and infrastructural nature are highlighted; examples of positive results of these measures are shown.

Family education in a comparative legal perspective

Due to its specific character, family education is not the main direction of development for either foreign or domestic educational systems. However, the transition from the educational paradigm of an industrial society to the educational paradigm of a post-industrial society leads to an inevitable change in the goals of education and upbringing, their motives, forms, methods, etc. In modern society, family education makes it possible to provide qualitatively new opportunities for the socialization of the individual, due to the receipt of individualized, free education that ensures a person’s self-realization. In addition, family education may be preferable to other forms of education in the context of the exponential growth of information and communication technologies, which made it possible to predict its development in the future. Alternative forms of education, including elements of distance and family education were in great demand in connection with the COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic. All the above actualizes the problems of family education, including the issues of its legal regulation. The research aims to study the experience of legal regulation of obtaining family education in foreign countries with the aim of its reception in Russian legislation. To achieve this goal, the article considered several areas that are of fundamental importance for the normal functioning of the family education such as the implementation of the parents’ right to choose the form of education, the control over the quality of education received, setting the requirements for compliance with established educational programs and standards, financial support and other material participation of the state in providing education received in the family form, as well as sanctions for violation of the norms of educational legislation on family education. The article concludes that family education is not a fundamental right, but qualifies as an acceptable form of education. The organization of family education in different countries proceeds from the balance of interests of the child, the parents, and the society as the main principle of the legal regulation of family education.