Conversion Formula Research Articles

Development and comparison of the test methods proposed in the Chinese test specifications for fuel cell electric vehicles

Fuel cell electric vehicles are generally considered to have broad development prospects due to their high efficiency and zero emissions. The governments of the United States, Japan, the European Union, and China are taking action to promote the development of the industry. In 2020, China launched a fuel cell electric vehicle demonstration project, and there will be 30∼50 thousand FCEVs included in this project by the end of 2025. How to standardize the consistency of data and develop a unified and accurate evaluation method is an important topic. The difficulty is how to keep balance among scientificity, neutrality and feasibility in the evaluation method. In order to evaluate the performance of vehicles in demonstration operation projects, China has issued the ”Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Test Specifications”, which is an important guide for the future development of fuel cell electric vehicles in China. This paper compares the test methods for critical parameters in this specifications with those used in the United States and Japan. It explains China’s technical considerations in detail, including fuel cell system rated power, the volume power density of the fuel cell stack, fuel cell system specific power, fuel cell system sub-zero cold start, and fuel cell electric vehicle range contributed by hydrogen.For the volume power density of the fuel cell stack as an example, both the US Department of Energy and Japan’s New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization have proposed technical goals. However, the lack of specific and detailed test methods has confused the industry. We propose a new test method using bipolar plate measurement based on scientificity, feasibility and neutrality This is the first time to define the measuring method of the volume and specific power density of the fuel cell stack. For sub-zero cold start, we put forward a feasible scheme for sub-zero cold start at the system level. For range contributed by hydrogen, we propose a new test method that can distinguish the contributing of electric and hydrogen energy. Furthermore, a hydrogen-to-electric conversion formula is proposed to calculate the equivalent hydrogen consumption, which makes it possible to compare the energy consumption between plug-in and non-plug-in vehicles. At the same time, this approach is significant in helping fuel cell-related enterprises to understand the formulation of China’s “Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Test Specifications”. It should also be helpful for guiding product design and predicting fuel cell electric vehicle policy direction in China.

Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks with Unique Oriented Layers for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Tailoring the Activity through Exposed Crystal Facets

Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Frameworks with Unique Oriented Layers for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Tailoring the Activity through Exposed Crystal Facets

Implementation of Two-step Hybrid Block Adams Moulton Solution Methods for First Order Delay Differential Equations

In this paper, Hybrid Block Adams Moulton Methods for step number k = 2 merged with two and three off-grid points were obtained and implemented in solving first order delay differential equations without the use of interpolation condition in evaluating the delay expression. The discrete schemes of these off-grid hybrid block methods were assessed through the continuous development of the linear multistep collocation method using a matrix conversion formula. The results obtained after the implementation of the proposed method in for numerical experiment of some first-order DDEs, the BHAMM2 schemes performed better and faster in satisfying the axioms for convergence and region of absolute stability than the BHAMM3 schemes at fixed step size z when examined with other existing methods.

THE MODEL OF GRAVITATIONAL FLOWS THROUGH A SINGLE OPENING

In order to calculate air flow rate by gravitational ventilation using the mass flow balance and the conversion formula of pressure difference and dynamic pressure, following two values at the boundary are required, (1) Windward speed, (2) Temperature profile.

Least square and Gaussian process for image based microalgal density estimation

Efficiently monitoring microalgal density in real time is critical in closed systems of cultivating algae. In the monitoring methods proposed in the literature, image based techniques present practically potential since they are nondestructive and more biosecured. However, in the existing image analysis methods, parameters of the color-to-grayscale conversion formulae are predefined and only applicable to monitor some specific microalgae strains. Therefore, in this paper we propose a generic approach based on least square to optimize those parameters, which are data-driven and can be used to monitor any type of microalgae. More importantly, apart from the widely used linear regression paradigm, we propose a nonlinear regression model based on Gaussian process to better learn relationship between data representation of measured images and densities of microalgae. The nonlinear regression model is then utilized to efficiently estimate density of algal species. The proposed approach was evaluated in the real-world dataset of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae, where the obtained results as compared with those obtained by some existing techniques demonstrate its effectiveness.

A Modeling Approach on the Correction Model of the Chromatic Aberration of Scanned Wood Grain Images

There always exists subjective and objective color differences between digital wood grain and real wood grain, making it difficult to replicate the color of natural timber. Therefore, we described a novel method of correcting the chromatic aberration of scanned wood grain to maximally restore the objective color information of the real wood grain. A point-to-point correction model of chromatic aberration between the scanned wood grain and the measured wood grain was established based on Circle 1 by adjusting the three channels (sR, sG, and sB) of the scanned images. A conversion of the color space was conducted using the mutual conversion formulas. The color change of the scanned images before and after the correction was evaluated through the L∗a∗b∗ color-mode-based ΔE∗. and the lαβ color-model-based CIQI (Color Image Quality Index) and CQE (Color Quality Enhancement). The experimental results showed that the chromatic aberration ΔE∗ between the scanned wood grain and the measured wood grain decreased and the colorfulness index CIQI of the scanned wood grain increased for most wood specimens after the correction. The values of ΔE∗ of the twenty kinds of wood specimens decreased by an average of 3.1 in Circle 1 and 2.3 in Circle 2, thus the correction model established based on Circle 1 was effective. The color of the scanned wood grain was more consistent with that of the originals after the correction, which would provide a more accurate color information for the reproductions of wood grain and had an important practical significance.

Comparison and commutability study between standardized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for aldosterone measurement in blood

A commutability confirmation test for the blood aldosterone measurement was performed on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as a designated comparison method (DCM) and four chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) measurement procedures based on metrological traceability. A conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) and two measurement procedures of CLEIA which obtains RIA equivalent values were also compared. The relationship between the DCM value and the CLEIA value with respect to 120 pg/mL of the RIA value, which is the screening criterion of primary aldosteronism (PA) was clarified. For the correlation test, 75 samples of patient serum and plasma were used. Regression analysis revealed that the standardized LC-MS/MS and four CLEIA measurement procedures were in good agreement. This is the effect of measurement specificity and calibration using by certified reference material (CRM). The median of the LC-MS/MS corresponding to 120 pg/mL of RIA was 48.5 pg/mL. In the mean of standardized four CLEIA values corresponding to the 48.5 pg/mL of LC-MS/MS value was 47.51 pg/mL and the standard deviation (SD) was 2.93 pg/mL. However, the correlation between the RIA value and the RIA equivalent of the two measurement procedures by CLEIA differed depending on the measurement procedure. This is due to the influence of RIA measurement performance. Standardized CLEIA measurements are suitable for routine measurement procedure. When converting the LC-MS/MS equivalent value by the standardized CLEIA to the conventional RIA value, it is necessary to use the conversion formula.

Control of Large-Scale Delayed Networks: DDEs, DDFs and PIEs

Delay-Differential Equations (DDEs) are the most common representation for systems with delay. However, the DDE representation has limitations. In network models with delay, the delayed channels are typically low-dimensional and accounting for this heterogeneity is challenging in the DDE framework. In addition, DDEs cannot be used to model difference equations. In this paper, we examine alternative representations for networked systems with delay and provide formulae for conversion between representations. First, we examine the Differential-Difference (DDF) formulation which allows us to represent the low-dimensional nature of delayed information. Next, we consider the coupled ODE-PDE framework and extend this to the recently developed Partial-Integral Equation (PIE) representation. The PIE framework has the advantage that it allows the H∞-optimal estimation and control problems to be solved efficiently using the recently developed software package PIETOOLS. In each case, we consider a very general class of networks, specifically accounting for four sources of delay - state delay, input delay, output delay, and process delay. Finally, we use a scalable network model of temperature control to show that the use of the DDF/PIE formulation allows for optimal control of a network with 40 users, 80 states, 40 delays, 40 inputs, and 40 disturbances.

The problem of English communicative clichés classification

Regular combinations of verbal units, which are defined as autonomous linguistic formations with a given traditional meaning and form, i.e., language clichés, attract particular scientific interest in the process of communication. The author considers the nature of the concept of language clichés, and the laws of their existence in English in Ukrainian and foreign scholars’ viewpoints. The researcher believes that the issue of classification of English communicative clichés is still relevant. The study aims to analyze and compare existing classifications of English clichés. In the course of the research different approaches to the classification of English clichés on a situational basis are considered and analyzed. It is established that the most common are those classes that are distinguished by the majority of the researchers (clichéd appeals, cliché to attract attention, cliché-farewell, cliché-acquaintance, cliché-congratulation, cliché-request, cliché-gratitude, cliché-apology, cliché of agreement or disagreements, clichés to express position, clichés of approval and disapproval, clichés of consolation, clichés of compassion, clichés of advice). Conversational formulas for the meeting appointment and formulas of expression of indifference are singled out. The classification of colloquial clichés given by Martin Hunt is also considered. The classification given by R. Delevska is analyzed in detail. It is based on thematic and functional features, due to which the classification becomes more generalizing. Language clichés are divided into informative, motivational, evaluative-modal, contact, and metacommunicative ones. As a result of the study it is concluded that the considered classifications are reasonable and practically used in describing the arrangement of language clichés in English. It is also noted some shortcomings related to the thematic aspect of clichés, which is due to the difficulty of distinguishing certain language situations. Analysis of these classifications shows that there is no consensus among researchers of English clichés on the allocation of classes based on situational characteristics, as selected by one linguist classes of language clichés are controversial to cliché classes identified by other researchers.

New and Old Parameterizations of the Cassinian Ovals and Some Applications

A plethora of new explicit formulas that parameterize all three types of the Cassinian ovals via elliptic and circular functions are derived from the first principles. These formulas allow a detailed study of the geometry of the Cassinian curves which is persuaded to some extent here. Conversion formulas relating various sets of the geometrical parameters are presented. On the way some interesting relationships satisfied by the Jacobian elliptic functions were found. Besides, a few general identities between the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind were also established. An explicit universal formula for the total area within the Cassinians which is valid for all types of them is derived. Detailed derivation of the formulas for the volumes of the bodies obtained as a result of rotations of the Cassinian ovals is presented.

Odniesienie do Boga i tradycji chrześcijańskich w codziennej komunikacji na przestrzeni wieków

The article deals with commonly used (in typical communicative situations) conventionalized linguistic forms containing in their lexical structure elements, referring to widely understood Christian traditions. The research material includes conversational formulas in Polish extracted from the Polish-German phrasebooks. The study has a diachronic character. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it is possible to trace changes in the area of language use in the abovementioned scope, which have taken place from the 16th century to the present day.

A Conversion for Average Grain Size Based on Gamma Ray Well Log: Application in the Second Member of Xujiahe Formation of Anyue Area, Sichuan Basin

The grain sizes of clastic rock sediments serve as important depositional indicators that are significant in sedimentology and petroleum geology studies. Generally, gamma ray, spontaneous-potential and resistivity well logs are utilized to qualitatively characterize variations in sediment grain size and determine the lithology in clastic reservoirs. However, grain size analysis of modern sedimentary samples collected from active rivers and deltas indicates that the percentage of fine depositional component has a logarithmic relationship with the average grain size in delta and river systems. Using the linear relationship to process the lithology interpretation, siltstones or mudstone is likely to be interpreted as sandstone. Therefore, a logarithmic conversion formula was built up between the gamma ray logs and measured grain size for the second member of the Xujiahe Formation of Anyue Area in the Sichuan Basin. Using the formula, the average grain size and lithology of the exploration wells were determined for the interest intervals. Furthermore, the calculated grain size gives a better understanding of the controlling factors of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the study area.

Measurement report: Characterization of the vertical distribution of airborne <i>Pinus</i> pollen in the atmosphere with lidar-derived profiles – a modeling case study in the region of Barcelona, NE Spain

Abstract. This paper investigates the mechanisms involved in the dispersion, structure, and mixing in the vertical column of atmospheric pollen. The methodology used employs observations of pollen concentration obtained from Hirst samplers (we will refer to this as surface pollen) and vertical distribution (polarization-sensitive lidar), as well as nested numerical simulations with an atmospheric transport model and a simplified pollen module developed especially for this study. The study focuses on the predominant pollen type, Pinus, of the intense pollination event which occurred in the region of Barcelona, Catalonia, NE Spain, during 27–31 March 2015. First, conversion formulas are expressed to convert lidar-derived total backscatter coefficient and model-derived mass concentration into pollen grains concentration, the magnitude measured at the surface by means of aerobiological methods, and, for the first time ever, a relationship between optical and mass properties of atmospheric pollen through the estimation of the so-called specific extinction cross section is quantified in ambient conditions. Second, the model horizontal representativeness is assessed through a comparison between nested pollen simulations at 9, 3, and 1 km horizontal resolution and observed meteorological and aerobiological variables at seven sites around Catalonia. Finally, hourly observations of surface and column concentration in Barcelona are analyzed with the different numerical simulations at increasing horizontal resolution and varying sedimentation/deposition parameters. We find that the 9 or 3 km simulations are less sensitive to the meteorology errors; hence, they should be preferred for specific forecasting applications. The largest discrepancies between measured surface (Hirst) and column (lidar) concentrations occur during nighttime, where only residual pollen is detected in the column, whereas it is also present at the surface. The main reason is related to the lidar characteristics which have the lowest useful range bin at ∼ 225 m, above the usually very thin nocturnal stable boundary layer. At the hour of the day of maximum insolation, the pollen layer does not extend up to the top of the planetary boundary layer, according to the observations (lidar), probably because of gravity effects; however, the model simulates the pollen plume up to the top of the planetary boundary layer, resulting in an overestimation of the pollen load. Besides the large size and weight of Pinus grains, sedimentation/deposition processes have only a limited impact on the model vertical concentration in contrast to the emission processes. For further modeling research, emphasis is put on the accurate knowledge of plant/tree spatial distribution, density, and type, as well as on the establishment of reliable phenology functions.

In-situ measurement of tephra deposit load based on a disdrometer network at Sakurajima volcano, Japan

In recent years, optical disdrometers have been used to observe tephra sedimentation at several volcanoes, but a method for calibrating disdrometer observations to accurately match corresponding samples has yet to be determined. In this study, tephra sedimentation samples were taken and disdrometer measurements were made simultaneously for more than 100 eruptions at Sakurajima volcano. Collected tephra samples were sieved and classified into two groups, larger than or smaller than 0.25 mm, the assumed detection threshold of the disdrometer used in this study. A comparison between disdrometer observations and collected samples revealed that particles smaller than 0.25 mm were detected when they formed aggregates or when many particles fell close enough together to be falsely registered as a single particle, even though they were individually smaller than the detection threshold. Two particle groups can be distinguished by their effective densities (assuming spheroid particles). Using samples collected during 44 collection periods (which could each consist of multiple eruptions), the tephra deposit load per particle for each combination of diameter and settling velocity classified by the disdrometer was calculated using multivariate linear regression. Compared to simpler approaches the conversion formulas presented here were found to lead to more accurate estimates. The tephra deposit load values estimated using this method for real-time simultaneous observations were constrained to be within two and six times the sample load. Although the formula is developed based on data from Sakurajima volcano, it can be applied to other volcanoes with similar activity and expected tephra morphology and the methodology presented here can be replicated to produce a tailored formula given enough input data.

Comparison between Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sodium Nitrate Flotation Microscopy in Diagnosing Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections

ABSTRACT. There is evolving interest in alternate microscopy techniques and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 540 schoolchildren across six primary schools in three municipalities of Timor-Leste, we compared the performance of microscopy using sodium nitrate flotation (SNF) and qPCR in determining STH prevalence and infection intensity. Prevalence by qPCR was higher than SNF for Ascaris lumbricoides (17.5% versus 11.2%), hookworm (8.3% versus 1.2%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.7% versus 1.6%). Agreement between SNF and qPCR was fair for hookworm (κ = 0.21) and moderate for A. lumbricoides (κ = 0.59) and T. trichiura (κ = 0.44). Moderate or heavy intensity infections were identified in 15.9% of infections detected by SNF, whereas qPCR identified 36.1% as moderate or heavy infections using cycle threshold to eggs per gram conversion formulas. Quantitative PCR is a promising diagnostic technique, though further studies validating infection intensity correlates are required.

Creation of an MRI phantom based on super-paramagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide (SPIO) for standardization of the conversion of T2 * values in the concentration of iron in the liver

In this study the standardization method for T2* maps acquisition on various MR scanners (3T and 1.5T) is proposed. The reproducibility of the obtained T2* values is realized through the MR-compatible phantom containing paramagnetic complex iron oxide nanoparticles. The repeatability of measurements results has shown that the created phantom retains all the required characteristics (homogeneity, stability of concentrations and manifested paramagnetic properties) over a long period of time. The application of standardized T2* values allows to use previously received T2*, [ms] to iron concentrations in the dry substance of the liver (LIC), [mg/ml] conversion formulas for accurate, fast and non-invasive MRI diagnostics of liver iron overload.

Research on analytical conversion method of self-balanced test pile results

An analytical conversion method of self-balanced test of foundation pile bearing capacity is proposed. First, the load transfer matrices for the elastic-plastic state of the upper and lower segment piles in a multi-layer foundation were derived under the assumption of the load transfer function of the pile side associated with the ideal elastic-plastic model. Then the internal forces and vertical displacements at each micro-element of the upper and lower segment of the pile were calculated by programming, and the results of the self-balanced test pile were converted into the load-displacement curve of the conventional static load test by substituting the accurate conversion formula, and the ultimate bearing capacity was obtained. Finally, by combining with an engineering test pile example, two groups of loading results of anchor pile method and self-balanced method were used to verify the theoretical analysis of conversion method in this work. It can be concluded that the load-displacement curves obtained by this conversion method are more consistent with the results of the conventional static pressure tests compared with the simplified conversion method. Moreover, the proposed model can be widely used in the self-balanced test engineering of pile bearing strength with sufficient accuracy.

An automated data cleaning method for Electronic Health Records by incorporating clinical knowledge

BackgroundThe use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) data in clinical research is incredibly increasing, but the abundancy of data resources raises the challenge of data cleaning. It can save time if the data cleaning can be done automatically. In addition, the automated data cleaning tools for data in other domains often process all variables uniformly, meaning that they cannot serve well for clinical data, as there is variable-specific information that needs to be considered. This paper proposes an automated data cleaning method for EHR data with clinical knowledge taken into consideration.MethodsWe used EHR data collected from primary care in Flanders, Belgium during 1994–2015. We constructed a Clinical Knowledge Database to store all the variable-specific information that is necessary for data cleaning. We applied Fuzzy search to automatically detect and replace the wrongly spelled units, and performed the unit conversion following the variable-specific conversion formula. Then the numeric values were corrected and outliers were detected considering the clinical knowledge. In total, 52 clinical variables were cleaned, and the percentage of missing values (completeness) and percentage of values within the normal range (correctness) before and after the cleaning process were compared.ResultsAll variables were 100% complete before data cleaning. 42 variables had a drop of less than 1% in the percentage of missing values and 9 variables declined by 1–10%. Only 1 variable experienced large decline in completeness (13.36%). All variables had more than 50% values within the normal range after cleaning, of which 43 variables had a percentage higher than 70%.ConclusionsWe propose a general method for clinical variables, which achieves high automation and is capable to deal with large-scale data. This method largely improved the efficiency to clean the data and removed the technical barriers for non-technical people.

К вопросу об использовании формул Матейки для определения жировой компоненты массы тела. Методические рекомендации (краткое сообщение)

For this work were taken measurements of the skinfolds of Russian children and adolescents of both sexes 7-17 years old, with a total number of 1103 pupils. Was made a comparison of the mean values of the average skinfolds. Results and discussion. In the investigated group significant differences in the average thickness of the skinfolds were revealed between the initial set of Matiegka and the modification of Lutovinova et al. The revealed differences significantly influenced the final estimates of the mass of body fat. However, the estimates obtained turned out to be highly correlated and with a high level of agreement, on the basis of which conversion formulas between them were proposed. Conclusion. When using Matiegka's formulas, it is necessary to give a detailed description of the method for measuring skinfolds, taking into account the influence of the choice of skinfolds on the final estimate of the fat mass.

Validation of the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS) for the prediction of 30-day mortality in a Swedish cohort of hip fractures.

Hip fracture is a common osteoporotic fracture with great morbidity and mortality. The utility of ASA classification is limited, as most patients are ≥ASA 3. A reliable predictor of mortality risk could support decision-making. We aimed to evaluate Nottingham hip fracture score (NHFS) for the prediction of 30-day mortality and then to recalibrate the formula converting NHFS to risk of 30-day mortality. All patients >60years with surgically treated hip fracture surgery during 2015-16 were assessed. Data was extracted manually from routinely collected clinical data in registry and medical records. Discriminative performance of NHFS and ASA was assessed with C-statistics. The conversion formula from NHFS to risk of 30-day mortality was recalibrated using logistic binominal regression. Observed vs expected ratios of 30-day mortality were compared with the 2012NHFS-formula and recalibration was performed in a split dataset. 1864 patients were included, with 213 deaths within 30days. C-statistic were 0.64 for NHFS and 0.62 for ASA. Comparing expected values from the 2012-revision with our observed deaths gave a ratio of 1.37. Relating predicted levels of 30-day mortality based on 70% of our cohort vs. 30% test portion of our Swedish dataset gave a ratio of 0.97. NHFS underestimated mortality in our cohort and showed poor discrimination. Revision of the formula based on a split dataset improved calibration. We suggest NHFS to be routinely implemented to support clinical judgements, expand preoperative assessment and escalate intraoperative monitoring.