Conversion Formula Research Articles

The Effect of a Moving Boundary on the Shear Strength of Granular Materials in a Direct Shear Test

The boundary state significantly influences the soil shear strength. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the limitations of existing indoor test instruments and determine the differences in the shear properties of granular materials to ensure the economic feasibility and mechanical integrity of engineering structures. In this study, the core formula for the direct shear test was derived from the static balancing analysis of the shear box, the external force on the specimen, and the internal force on the shear surface. Three loading methods were then developed by the staggered state of the upper and lower boxes: the upper box moving shear loading method (UM), the lower box moving shear loading method (LM), and the bidirectional moving shear loading method (BM). Finally, by manipulating the motion boundary, the discrete element method (DEM) was employed to simulate the shear test of granular materials. Among the three loading methods, the order of the peak shear stresses was as follows: UM > BM > LM. Moreover, the order of the sample post-peak stress uniformities was as follows: LM > BM > UM. A shear strength conversion formula was then proposed. The findings of this study promote the advancement of the shear mechanics theory of granular materials in direct shear testing and can serve as a scientific basis for the design and manufacture of shear equipment.

Fabrication of three-dimensional orthodontic force detecting brackets and preliminary clinical test for tooth movement simulation

This study aimed to develop an ultraminiature pressure sensor array to measure the force exerted on teeth. Orthodontic force plays an important role in effective, rapid, and safe tooth movement. However, owing to the lack of an adequate tool to measure the orthodontic force in vivo, it remains challenging to determine the best orthodontic loading in clinical and basic research. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) orthodontic force detection system based on piezoresistive absolute pressure sensors was designed. The 3D force sensing array was constructed using five pressure sensors on a single chip. The size of the sensor array was only 4.1 × 2.6 mm, which can be placed within the bracket base area. Based on the barometric calibration, conversion formulas for the output voltage and pressure of the five channels were constructed. Subsequently, a 3D linear mechanical simulation model of the voltage and stress distribution was established using 312 tests of the applied force in 13 operating modes. Finally, the output voltage was first converted to pressure and then to the resultant force. The 3D force-detection chip was then tested to verify the accuracy of force measurement on the teeth. Based on the test results, the average output force error was only 0.0025 N (0.7169%) (p = 0.958), and the average spatial positioning error was only 0.058 mm (p = 0.872) on the X-axis and 0.050 mm (p = 0.837) on the Y-axis. The simulation results were highly consistent with the actual force applied (intraclass correlation efficient (ICC): 0.997–1.000; p < 0.001). Furthermore, through in vivo measurements and a finite element analysis, the movement trends generated when the measured orthodontic forces that acted on the teeth were simulated. The results revealed that the device can accurately measure the orthodontic force, representing the first clinical test of an orthodontic-force monitoring system. Our study provides a hardware basis for clinical research on efficient, safe, and optimal orthodontic forces, and has considerable potential for application in monitoring the biomechanics of tooth movement.

Weierstrass elliptic function solutions and degenerate solutions of a variable coefficient higher-order Schrödinger equation

In this paper, the auxiliary equation method is used to study the Weierstrass elliptic function solutions and degenerate solutions of the variable coefficient higher order Schrödinger equation, including Jacobian elliptic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions and hyperbolic function solutions. The types of solutions of the variable coefficient higher-order Schrödinger equation are enriched, and the method of seeking precise and accurate solutions is extended. It is concluded that the types of degenerate solutions are related to the coefficients of the equation itself when the degenerate solutions are obtained from the solutions of the Weierstrass elliptic functions. In addition, the solutions form of the equation is extended from the power series expansion form to the Laurent series expansion form, and the corresponding solutions are obtained. After the conversion formula between the Weierstrass elliptic function solutions and the Jacobian elliptic function solutions is constructed, the Jacobian elliptic function solutions of the higher order Schrödinger equation with variable coefficients are also obtained. These have not been previously studied.

Anomaly detection method for spacecraft propulsion system using frequency response functions of multiplexed FBG data

Anomaly detection and section estimation methods using multiplexed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been developed to identify propellant supply anomalies rapidly and autonomously in spacecraft propulsion systems. FBGs were used to measure the external strain of the pipe due to internal pressure fluctuations in the pipe during the pressure response caused by a water hammer. The measured strain was substituted into the constructed conversion formula to obtain the differential pressure through the FBGs. As a result, compared with the differential pressure measured by a conventional pressure sensor at the same position, the error was 2% for the maximum pressure of the water hammer and 1% for the natural frequency, indicating high applicability as a differential pressure sensor in piping with FBG simply wrapped around the outside of the pipe. Since the peak intensity and frequency of the measured values in the frequency domain change during flow anomaly and bubble localization, the frequency response function (FRF) between response data of the section to be detected was calculated, and the least-squares error of the FRF was used as the degree of anomaly. As a result, flow anomalies and bubble localization became detectable and sectional estimation was possible.

Potential of NT-proBNP and sST2 rapid tests in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Aim. To compare two methods for the determination of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and soluble ST2 (sST2): rapid immunochemical methods and standard enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), as well as to determine the possibility of rapid tests for determining these biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Material and methods. This open, non-randomized, single-center observational study included 41 patients: 20 with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) and 21 with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), without cardiogenic shock and active inflammatory process. During hospitalization, all patients underwent the level of NT-proBNP using an immunological fluorometric analyzer AQT90 FLEX (Radiometer, Germany) and sST2 immunological method for assessing lateral flow using an ASPECT Reader™ T2 analyzer (Critical diagnostics, USA). Then, studies of these biomarkers by standard ELISA were delayed.Results. The Spearman correlation coefficient for rapid NT-proBNP and NT-proBNP-ELISA was 0,5937 (p=0,00000087). At the same time, the proportion of patients with an NT-proBNP level &gt;300 pg/ml in the rapid test was significantly higher than in the ELISA: 90% vs 44% (p&lt;0,05). In a comparative analysis of two methods for sST2, the Spearman correlation coefficient for rapid sST2 and sST2-ELISA is 0,9561 (p=0,0000007). The proportions of patients with sST2 &gt;35 ng/ml with rapid and ELISA methods did not differ significantly and amounted to 53 and 55%. Rapid NT-proBNP were significantly different between Killip I and Killip III (p=0,043): Me=1375,00 (669,00; 3140,00) vs Me=3660,00 (1815,00; 6890,00). There were no significant changes in the rapid sST2 level depending on Killip class.Conclusion. Correlations were found between rapid and ELISA methods in patients with AMI: medium in strength for NT-proBNP and strong for sST2. The proportion of patients with NT-proBNP levels &gt;300 pg/mL in the rapid test was significantly higher than in the ELISA. Therefore, a conversion formula is needed, for which the available data are insufficient. The proportion of patients with sST2 &gt;35 ng/ml in the rapid and ELISA methods did not differ significantly. A direct relationship between the level of rapid NT-proBNP and Killip class was found. No dependence of the level of rapid sST2 on Killip class was found.

A new formula for converting dose-area product to effective dose in dental cone-beam computed tomography

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine a dedicated conversion formula between dose-area product (DAP) and effective dose (E) for dental CBCT, which incorporates X-ray beam energy as well as geometric factors. MethodsCBCT exposures of an adult phantom were simulated using PCXMC 2.0 (STUK, Finland). Fifty-seven fields of view (FOV) were included, ranging from Ø4x4cm to Ø21x19cm. Six tube voltages (70 kV to 120 kV), eight combinations of Al (2.5 to 10 mm) and Cu (0 to 0.5 mm) filtration, and four source-isocentre distances (35 to 65 cm) were used, resulting in 10 896 simulated scan protocols. In addition, 10 944 random combinations of scan parameters within the aforementioned ranges were simulated, resulting in 21 840 scan protocols that were used for fitting a formula using multiple linear regression with 8 independent variables. Finally, 2304 random scan protocols were simulated as validation data to evaluate the formula’s generalizability. ResultsE/DAP ranged between 0.031 µSv/mGy.cm2 and 0.294 µSv/mGy.cm2, with a mean of 0.150 µSv/mGy.cm2. Due to extensive clustering of the E/DAP, three formulas were determined according to FOV categories (Small: <100 cm2, Medium: 100–400 cm2, Large: >400 cm2). The resulting formulas showed mean absolute errors of 7.9%, 4.0% and 3.6%, respectively, for the validation data. ConclusionThe new formulas allow for a straightforward, yet accurate, estimation of the effective dose for dental CBCT based on DAP. Further fine-tuning of the model could be achieved by incorporating, for example, bowtie filtration and off-axis beam geometries.

Study on the characteristics of actinic radiation and direct aerosol radiation effects in the Pearl River Delta region

Combined air pollution prevails in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in recent years; large amounts of aerosols have caused a significant attenuation of actinic radiation. Solar radiation is the driving energy for photochemical reactions and plays an important role in the ozone formation. In this study, characteristics of actinic radiation and atmospheric composition in the PRD region have been analyzed based on long-term observation. The radiation transfer model (SBDART) is used to quantitatively estimate the direct radiation effect and actinic radiation effect of aerosol. Results indicate that PM2.5 concentration and atmospheric extinction coefficient have shown a downward trend. Meanwhile, ozone and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) have increased. The average value of SSA is 0.914 ± 0.041, attaining the highest level in spring, followed by autumn and summer, and the lowest is found in winter. A linear relationship between UVA/UVB of actinic radiation flux and solar shortwave radiation has been revealed. Through the conversion formula proposed in the article, conventional radiation data can be converted into actinic radiation flux and species photolysis rate. The actinic radiation and radiation attenuation caused by aerosols shows an overall downward trend at the surface. In the ultraviolet to visible wavelength range (280–670 nm), the annual average attenuation of aerosol direct radiation and actinic radiation is 61.6 ± 31.8 W/m2 and 120.1 ± 59.7 W/m2, respectively. The radiation attenuation caused by aerosols is the largest in spring, with little difference in summer, autumn and winter, which are 92.9 ± 42.1 W/m2, 53.7 ± 21.3 W/m2, 48.0 ± 13.7 W/m2 and 52.1 ± 15.8 W/m2, respectively. The attenuation of actinic radiation caused by aerosol is the largest in spring, followed by winter, and there is little difference between summer and autumn, which are 174.8 ± 78.4 W/m2, 111.1 ± 33.1 W/m2, 98.3 ± 38.4 W/m2 and 96.7 ± 26.9 W/m2, respectively. The direct radiation effect of aerosol and the actinic radiation effect have opposite trends with increasing height. Below the aerosol scale height, the larger SSA is corresponding with greater radiant flux, and it is opposite above the aerosol scale height. SSA has the same effect on the actinic radiant flux of the entire layer: The larger SSA is in accordance with greater actinic radiant flux.

P-395 Protective effect of metformin on the ovarian reserve of prepubertal mice under cyclophosphamide chemotherapy

Abstract Study question Can metformin reduce the side effects of cyclophosphamide on the ovaries of prepubertal mice treated with cyclophosphamide? Summary answer Yes, metformin, as an inhibitor of mTOR and, by affecting the HIPPO pathway, can exert its protective effect in the chemotherapy mice model. What is known already PI3K/AKT and HIPPO pathways are influential pathways in the process of activation of primordial follicles and proliferation of cell growth, which are affected by various agents and drugs such as cyclophosphamide. One of the side effects of cyclophosphamide is the reduction of the ovarian reserve through abnormal changes in the PI3K/AKT and HIPPO pathways. Metformin is a drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes and at the same time regulates PI3K/AKT and HIPPO pathways and prohibits the proliferation of cancer cells. Study design, size, duration Controlled experimental study. After metformin and cyclophosphamide dose adjustment, 12 female NMRI 14-day-old mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (CONT), metformin group (MET), cyclophosphamide group (CYC) and metformin with cyclophosphamide group (MET-CYC). Participants/materials, setting, methods Mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection of a dose of 150mg/kg of metformin for 11 consecutive days, and/or a dose of 65mg/kg of cyclophosphamide every three days (The third, sixth and ninth days). The mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the last metformin injection or 3 days after the last cyclophosphamide injection. The ovaries were collected for stereological evaluation, and expression of Pten, Mtor, Yap-1, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax genes by qRT-PCR method. Main results and the role of chance The stereological evaluation showed that the ovarian volume and primordial follicle number in the CYC group were decreased compared to the other groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and also in the MET-CYC group reduced compared to the CONT and MET groups, but increased significantly compared to the CYC group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). A significantly increased number of growing follicles was observed in the CYC group compared to the other groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The molecular analysis showed that the Pten expression in the CYC group was lower than CONT and MET groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Mtor expression in the CYC group was significantly increased compared to other groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The expression of Yap-1 was significantly decreased in the MET group compared to other groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and was lower in the MET-CYC than in the CYC group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The of P53 expression in the MET-CYC group was higher than CONT and MET groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and was increased in the CYC compared to the CONT group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Bcl-2 expression was higher in CONT and MET groups than in MET-CYC and CYC groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The expression of Bax in the CYC group was significantly increased compared to CONT and MET groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Limitations, reasons for caution Due to ethical issues in less use of mice, dose of metformin was obtained according to the articles used in adult mice and also by using the human to animal dose conversion formula. Wider implications of the findings It can be concluded that metformin during cyclophosphamide treatment can maintains ovarian volume, reserve, and activity in prepubertal mice by regulating PI3K/AKT and HIPPO pathways. Considering the relatively acceptable cost and long-term safety of metformin, it is a promising factor to be used to preserve fertility during chemotherapy. Trial registration number not applicable

#3619 CKD EPI 2021 EQUATION FOR EGFR HAS GOOD EFFICACY TO PREDICT CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN A LARGE PROSPECTIVE COHORT OF ADULT KOREANS

Abstract Background and Aims A new eGFR equation using serum creatinine (CKD-EPI 2021) without race were developed by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration in 2021. We projected the changes of eGFR, CKD prevalence, and incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality in a large prospective cohort of adult Koreans who had voluntary health check-ups, using current (CKD-EPI 2009) and new equation (CKD-EPI 2021). Method We included 112,772 adult participants, aged 18 years or older, who had voluntary routine health check-ups including serum creatinine at three medical centers in Korea from 2003 to 2009. We compared the difference of eGFR and predictability of mortality and ESRD between eGFR values calculated by CKD-EPI 2009 and CKD-EPI 2021. Serum creatinine was expressed as the IDMS-traceable creatinine according to the manufacturer's conversion formula from the original value measured by the alkaline picrate Jaffe kinetic method. The incidence of mortality data was extracted from Statistics Korea and the ESRD data from the ESRD registry of the Korean Society of Nephrology. Results At baseline study, there were 60,723 males (53.8%). Age was 48.9 ± 12.0 years. The value of IDMS-traceable serum creatinine was 0.86 ± 0.21 mg/dl. Levels of eGFR at baseline study were 93.5 ± 15.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI2009, and 97.1 ± 15.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI2021. Values subtracted eGFRs by CKD-EPI2009 from eGFR by CKD-EPEI2021 were 3.6 ± 1.2 (range: -32.9∼6.1) ml/min/1.73 m2. The difference of eGFR was higher in males compared to females (p&amp;lt;0.001), was the highest in the oldest group among patients aged 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years or more (p&amp;lt;0.001). Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension showed higher difference of eGFR compared patients without DM or hypertension, respectively (each p&amp;lt;0.001). Patients with eGFR ≥120.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI 2009 showed the highest difference between two eGFRs compared to patients with the other values. CKD stage was improved in 11,828 (10.5%) participants using eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI 2021 instead of CKD-EPI 2009, however, only 0.63% of participants with eGFR &amp;lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI equation was reclassified into eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 by CKD-EPI 2021.During 11.6 ± 2.0 years, 3354 (3.00%) subjects were dead and 151 (0.13%) subjects had end stage renal disease (ESRD) before death. Any eGFR or stage of eGFR was an independent risk factors to ESRD or mortality estimated by Cox's hazard proportional model adjusted by related factors. AUC to estimate renal survival by eGFRs was not different between eGFRs by CKD-EPI2021 and CKD-EPI2009 [0.739 (0.687-0.790) vs 0.740(0.688-0.792), p = 0.170]. p&amp;lt;0.001]. AUC to estimate survival by eGFRs calculated through CKD-EPI equation was slightly higher than that by CKD-EPI2021 equation [0.673(0.664-0.682) vs 0.667(0.658-0.676), p&amp;lt;0.001], however, the difference of AUC was negligible [standard error of AUC difference by two eGFRs; 0.96 (95% CI; 0.006-0.007)]. Conclusion The eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI2021 was higher compared to eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI2009. The power to estimate renal survival was not different between eGFRs by CKD-EPI2021 and CKD-EPI2009.

Fertilitopes

We introduce tools from discrete convexity theory and polyhedral geometry into the theory of West’s stack-sorting map s. Associated to each permutation pi is a particular set mathcal V(pi ) of integer compositions that appears in a formula for the fertility of pi , which is defined to be |s^{-1}(pi )|. These compositions also feature prominently in more general formulas involving families of colored binary plane trees called troupes and in a formula that converts from free to classical cumulants in noncommutative probability theory. We show that mathcal V(pi ) is a transversal discrete polymatroid when it is nonempty. We define the fertilitope of pi to be the convex hull of mathcal V(pi ), and we prove a surprisingly simple characterization of fertilitopes as nestohedra arising from full binary plane trees. Using known facts about nestohedra, we provide a procedure for describing the structure of the fertilitope of pi directly from pi using Bousquet-Mélou’s notion of the canonical tree of pi . As a byproduct, we obtain a new combinatorial cumulant conversion formula in terms of generalizations of canonical trees that we call quasicanonical trees. We also apply our results on fertilitopes to study combinatorial properties of the stack-sorting map. In particular, we show that the set of fertility numbers has density 1, and we determine all infertility numbers of size at most 126. Finally, we reformulate the conjecture that sum _{sigma in s^{-1}(pi )}x^{textrm{des}(sigma )+1} is always real-rooted in terms of nestohedra, and we propose natural ways in which this new version of the conjecture could be extended.

Биоимпедансная оценка состава тела с использованием анализаторов АВС-01 «Медасс» и Диамант-АИСТ: результаты сравнения

Introduction. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an indirect method of body composition assessment. The equipment for BIA measurements is produced in many countries including Russia and may differ in electrical current frequencies, measurement schemes and built-in algorithms for the evaluation of body composition. In view of this, body composition estimates from various BIA instruments may be inconsistent which limits the ability to combine and generalize BIA data. Our purpose was to analyze the consistency and possibility of joint use of the BIA data obtained using the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ (SRC Medas, Moscow) and Diamant-AIST (LLC Diamant, St. Petersburg) instruments in adults. Materials and methods. 185 adult volunteers (107 women and 78 men) aged 18 to 61 years were examined according to the standard anthropometric measurement protocol and on the basis of paired consecutive measurements with the bioimpedance body composition instruments ABC-01 ‘Medas’ and Diamant-AIST. The estimates of fat-free mass (FFM), body fat (BF) and percentage body fat (%BF) were compared. Mutual calibration of the bioimpedance data was carried out based on transformation of the Diamant-AIST data using a conversion formula between the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ and Diamant-AIST resistances and subsequent application the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ body composition assessment algorithm. Results. There were significant differences in the median values of FFM, BF and %BF estimates provided by the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ and Diamant-AIST instruments. The FFM values in females using the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ instrument were significantly lower, and the BF and %BF were significantly higher as compared to the Diamant-AIST data. In males, the inverse relationship was observed while maintaining significant differences between the medians. The differences in paired estimates of body composition data provided by the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ instrument and the transformed Diamant-AIST data in males and females, respectively, were statistically insignificant. Also, the confidence intervals for the differences of paired body composition estimates reduced essentially, but still not ensured good consistency of individual body composition data. Conclusions. Significant differences in paired values of fat-free mass, fat mass and relative body fat using the ABC-01 ‘Medas’ and Diamant-AIST bioimpedance instruments are obtained. The possibility of mutual calibration and joint analysis of the related bioimpedance data at the group level is established. @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Evaluation of Skinfold Techniques in People with Down Syndrome: Development of a New Equation.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements for the estimation of %Fat when compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The secondary aim was to develop a new SFT-based body fat equation (SFTNICKERSON). SFT-based %Fat was estimated using a body fat equation from González-Agüero (SFTG-A) and body density conversion formulas from Siri (SFTSIRI) and Brozek (SFTBROZEK). Criterion %Fat was measured via DXA. SFTG-A, SFTSIRI, and SFTBROZEK were significantly lower than DXA (mean differences ranged from -7.59 to -13.51%; all p < 0.001). The SEE values ranged from 3.47% (SFTBROZEK) to 8.60% (SFTG-A). The 95% limits of agreement were greater than ±10% for all comparisons. Mid-axilla and suprailium were significant predictors of %Fat (both p < 0.05). %Fat SFTNICKERSON = 10.323 + (0.661 × mid-axilla) + (0.712 × suprailium). Age and all other skinfold sites were not statically significant in the regression model (all p > 0.05). Current findings indicate that SFTG-A, SFTSIRI, and SFTBROZEK erroneously place an individual with excessive adiposity in a normal healthy range. Accordingly, the current study developed a new equation (SFTNICKERSON) that can easily be administered in people with DS in a quick and efficient time frame. However, further research is warranted in this area.

Levodopa Dose Equivalency in Parkinson's Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Proposals.

To compare drug regimens across clinical trials in Parkinson's disease (PD) conversion formulae between antiparkinsonian drugs have been developed. These are reported in relation to levodopa as the benchmark drug in PD pharmacotherapy as 'levodopa equivalent dose' (LED). Currently, the LED conversion formulae proposed in 2010 by Tomlinson et al. based on a systematic review are predominantly used. However, new drugs with established and novel mechanisms of action and novel formulations of longstanding drugs have been developed since 2010. Therefore, consensus proposals for updated LED conversion formulae are needed. To update LED conversion formulae based on a systematic review. The MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Embase databases were searched from January 2010 to July 2021. Additionally, in a standardized process according to the GRADE grid method, consensus proposals were issued for drugs with scarce data on levodopa dose equivalency. The systematic database search yielded 3076 articles of which 682 were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Based on these data and the standardized consensus process, we present proposals for LED conversion formulae for a wide range of drugs that are currently available for the pharmacotherapy of PD or are expected to be introduced soon. The LED conversion formulae issued in this Position Paper will serve as a research tool to compare the equivalence of antiparkinsonian medication across PD study cohorts and facilitate research on the clinical efficacy of pharmacological and surgical treatments as well as other non-pharmacological interventions in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Conversion between B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in perioperative risk assessment: protocol for a prospective cohort study

IntroductionBoth B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP) are used to identify patients at risk of perioperative vascular events, but prognostic thresholds have been established in a large prospective...

What would be the conversion formula in order to tax e-cigarettes similar to cigarettes?

1. Spindle TR, Eissenberg T. Pod Mod Electronic Cigarettes - An Emerging Threat to Public Health. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(6):e183518. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3518 CrossRef Google Scholar

O frazeologii i pragmatemach z perspektywy dydaktyki i translacji

The topic of the article is phraseology analyzed from the perspective of didactics and translation. The author presents phraseology as a subject of research and shows its development over time. In the mid-twentieth century, the scope of phraseology mainly encompassed traditional, well-established expressions, such as pictorial phraseologisms, idioms or proverbs. At present, the concept of phraseology has grown significantly, and the research of phraseologists often focuses on structures not typical of traditional phraseology, such as, for example, collocations, multi-word specialist terminology, or reproducible conversational formulas, also known as pragmatemes. In the second part of the text, the author describes the research. Its aim was to find out to what extent philology students are familiar with frequently used pragmatemes. The study was conducted among students of Romance philology at the University of Silesia and covered 50 people. The study used 15 pragmatemes that are often used in modern French communication. The author presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research. It also presents synthetic conclusions that are important in the context of didactics and translation.

P‐6.1: Research about LCD Flicker Testing Methods and Conversion Relationship

As a common technology product in life, display screen has been deeply embedded in various fields, and the display performance is the key indicator to determine the quality of display products. The evaluation of screen flicker is one of the key control parameters to evaluate the optical performance of the screen. As the paper introduced, commonly there are two methods of testing flicker: FMA method and JEITA method. This paper makes a research about the above two evaluation methods in time and frequency domain. Particularly, by using nonlinear regression of the mathematical statistics, this paper deduces the mathematical relationship of the two methods for the evaluating in the normal data field. Also, this paper gives accurate conversion formula and the precision analysis. By using the empirical formula, the complexity of existing test equipment can be simplified, the cost and test time can be saved greatly.

Determination of the critical fatigue crack length for orthotropic steel decks

Due to the difficulty in determining damage tolerance, orthotropic steel decks (OSD) lack a uniform failure judgment criterion, leading to various fatigue damage evaluation results. One fatigue damage tolerance determination method was proposed based on critical crack length (CCL), which is calculated by log-linear unary functions. Both fatigue tests and numerical simulations were conducted to verify this method. The results indicate stress intensity factor at critical cracks is mainly controlled by the crack length. CCL is affected by stress magnitude and boundary size with a quantitative conversion relationship, and the conversion formulae were established with errors within 15%. The proposed method could reasonably predict CCL with an average error of around 10%. Compared with IIW, this method showed superior applicability in the failure judgment of OSD welded joints.

Familiar language in treatment-resistant depression: Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate

Communication, specifically the elements crucial for typical social interaction, can be significantly affected in psychiatric illness, especially depression. Of specific importance to conversational competence are familiar expressions (prefabricated expressions known to the language community) including formulaic expressions (conversational speech formulas and idioms; these are high in nuance) and lexical bundles (fixed linguistic segments that are prevalent in naturalistic conversation; low in nuance). The goals of this study were to examine familiar language production in the naturalistic, conversational speech of individuals with treatment-resistant depression before and after receiving surgical deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate white matter pathways and to compare their performance to healthy adults’ familiar language use. Results revealed fewer conversational speech formulas (typically nuanced) produced by those with depression pre- and post-operatively as compared to healthy controls. There was an increase in the production of non-nuanced familiar expressions (largely lexical bundles) and a decrease in nuanced expressions (formulaic expressions) post-operatively when compared to the pre-operative condition for those with depression. These results conform to a recent model that distinguishes three distinct classes of familiar language, based on linguistic and neurological criteria. This study offers a first look at familiar language in depression and provides a foundation for further study into the pragmatic components of communication to help address the often-reported diminished social connectedness experienced by those with depression. • Fewer conversational speech formulas (nuanced) produced by those with depression. • Non-nuanced familiar phrases increase and nuanced phrases decrease post–SCC–DBS. • Model that distinguishes three classes of familiar language supported.

Stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs and its microscopic mechanism

In order to evaluate the stress sensitivity of carbonate reservoirs, a series of rock stress sensitivity tests were carried out under in-situ formation temperature and stress condition. Based on the calibration of capillary pressure curve, the variable fractal dimension was introduced to establish the conversion formula between relaxation time and pore size. By using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method, the pore volume loss caused by stress sensitivity within different scales of pore throat was quantitatively analyzed, and the microscopic mechanism of stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs was clarified. The results show that fractures can significantly affect the stress sensitivity of carbonate reservoirs. With the increase of initial permeability, the stress sensitivity coefficient decreases and then increases for porous reservoirs, but increases monotonously for fractured-porous reservoirs. The pore volume loss caused by stress sensitivity mainly occurs for mesopores (0.02–0.50 μm), contributing more than 50% of the total volume loss. Single high-angle fracture contributes 9.6% of the stress sensitivity and 15.7% of the irreversible damage. The microscopic mechanism of the stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs can be concluded as fracture closure, elastic contraction of pores and plastic deformation of rock skeleton.